Had fun meeting everyone, thanks. I promised a few folks that I would send some references on some topics, so here they are. Most of the following are in regards to using DNA sequencing for high-resolution brain connectivity mapping. If there is anything else that I am forgetting, please let me know.
High-throughput mapping of single neuron projections by sequencing of barcoded RNA
http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/05/20/054312
Cell lineage tracing using nuclease barcoding
recent-ish:
Rosetta brains: A strategy for molecularly-annotated connectomics
older:
On optical detection of densely labeled synapses in neuropil and mapping connectivity with combinatorially multiplexed fluorescent synaptic markers
Reconstruction of complete connectivity matrix for connectomics by sampling neural connectivity with fluorescent synaptic markers
only slightly related:
Continuous genetic recording with self-targeting CRISPR-Cas in human cells
Whole-brain imaging with single-cell resolution using chemical cocktails and computational analysis
Regarding ribosome display:
In vitro selection of fluorescent signaling peptide aptamers using ribosome display
Regarding "why not use a 'useful' proof-of-work function":
Regarding DDoS proof-of-work functions:
Regarding speech recognition:
Regarding probabilistically checkable proofs:
historical
Combinatorial PCPs with short proofs
Computational integrity with a public random string from quasi-linear PCPs
Quasi-linear size zero knowledge from linear-algebraic PCPs
Regarding merkle trees: