600 page report on CIA Drug Traffick

[Ralph McGehee]

Re queries:

As far as I know the 600-page report has not yet been released to Congress
-- it is classified and may never be released to the public.

The 16 March 1998 hearing report is entitled: HEARING OF THE SENATE SELECT
INTELLIGENCE COMMITTEE. SUBJECT: CIA INVOLVEMENT IN DRUG TRAFFICKING.

Ralph McGehee
CIABASE
----------------------------------------------------------
Listed below is a heavily edited compilation (about 2/3 of the entries
deleted for brevities sake) from CIABASE re CIA and drugs. This is being
posted now in anticipation that the CIA's 600-page report will eventually
be passed to Congress as promised.

Congressional testimony by the CIA's Inspector General in the mid-March
1998 hearing admitted that the CIA used in its Contra operations, dozens of
assets and agents; and, companies -- a number of whom smuggled drugs into the
United States.

Dissemination of the 600-page classified report to Congress apparently
has been delayed or postponed due to the CIA's fear of public reaction to
this official documentation of its role in the drug traffic.

Ralph McGehee
CIABASE

--------------------------------------------------
Extracts from CIABASE:

Drugs

CIA responsible beginning 1969 for coordinating all clandestine intel re
drugs. rockefeller commission report. (1975). Report on CIA activities
within the U.S. 221-224

50-90 CIA assigned minus-zero to narcotics. Agency has its philosophy
geared to communist threat. "it didn't give rats ass about opium." corn, d.
(1994). blond ghost: ted shackley and the CIA's crusades 274

Costa Rica, 84-87 despite widespread drug trafficking there was not a
single case against a drug trafficker which was made on the basis of a tip or
report by an official of a U.S. intel agency. drugs, law enforcement and
foreign policy, report by senate committee on foreign relations, 12/88 122

Costa Rica, 89 Lt. Col. North, Secord, Poindexter, Tambs and former CIA
station chief Fernandez declared persona non grata because their activities
led to the establishing of narcotics nets. The Nation 12/18/89 742

Central America, 84-88 from early 84 to fall of 86, North directed a
clandestine resupply operation "project democracy" which used a military
airbase in El Salvador to fly weapons and supplies to the contras. for a
year the DEA agent castillo investigated it. North's personal notebooks
subpoenaed by congress contained one entry, for 7/12/85, "$14 million to
finance came from drugs." Castillo, C. (1994). Powderburns 17,141

47-89 I am absolutely convinced that we have...had various branches of
our government - CIA, etc. - who have operated, who have worked with drug
traffickers for various geopolitical reasons, etc. that is absolutely
intolerable. "we gave up the drug war in favor of a war against communism.
in fact we made a conscious choice." (senator d'amato). marshall, j.
(1991). Drug Wars 35

Nicaragua, Colombia, 89 Reagan administration repeatedly undercut law
enforcement efforts against Colombian drug cartels to support its contra
aid policy according to report released by sen john kerry (d-ma) on 20
april 89. four companies owned and operated by drug traffickers received
$800,401 from state dept to supply contras in 1986. companies were
setoc/hondu carib, frigorificos de puntarenas, diacsa and vortex, directed
respectively by juan ramon mata ballestros, ramon milian rodriguez, alfredo
caballero and michael b. palmer. note: only 200 copies of report were
issued by senate subcommittee on narcotics, terrorism and international
operations. intelligence newsletter 4/26/89 3

from circa 60-70 CIA used approximately 150 cubans to watch and compile
files on other cubans and americans in contact with them. other refugees
picketted foreign consulates in new york and miami and waged a boycott of
products manufactured by countries that traded with cuba. op carried out
with knowledge and consent of fbi. ops in miami, new york, san juan, los
angeles. about 150 informants in a special counterintel office here. office
based originally in miami later moved to coral gables, fort lauderdale and
pompano beach. if detained by miami police, someone would contact police
and they immediately released. this op an outgrowth of op 40 to set up
parent intel agency in cuba after the expected overthrow of castro. it had
a budget of about 2 million, not including logistical support, which
included private aircraft. op began winding down after crash in
S. CALIFORNIA. in wreck police found several kilograms of cocaine and
heroin. New York Times 1/4/75

from about 48-91 CIA involved in drug traffic at 3 levels: 1)
coincidental complicity thru covert alliances with groups actively engaged
in drugs; 2) support of traffic by covering up for drug lord allies; 3)
active engagement in transport of opium and heroin. from Burma's opium
traffic in 50s and growth of golden triangle in sea in 60s and 70s U.S.
role a catalyst. in 5/80 dr. david musto, angry. in late 77 he on carter's
w.h. strategy council on drug abuse. next two years CIA and other intel
agencies denied council access to all classified info on drug traffic. CIA
lied about dollar role of drugs. dr. joyce lowinson another council member
in nyt op-ed criticized policy. both musto and lowinson worried about drugs
in afghanistan and pakistan. DEA investigated surge of drugs from southern
asia. drug traffic in U.S. in large part due to failure DEA's interdiction
and CIA's covert ops. CIA ops transformed southern asia to major supplier
of world heroin. by 88 there an estimated 100 to 200 heroin refineries in
kyber district alone. trucks from pakistani army's logistics with CIA arms
often returned loaded with heroin - protected with papers from pakistan's
isi. DEA said 40 significant narcotics syndicates in pakistan. annual
earnings $8 to 10 billion. pro 7/91 20-26. info from alfred mccoy's adapted
from book, politics of heroin: CIA complicity in global drug trade, a
revised edition to be pub in july 91

50-92 "the big white lie: the deep cover operation that exposed CIA
sabotage of the drug war" by michael levine with laura kavanau-levine 1993
thunder's mouth press. on his resignation, kerry's chief investigator, jack
blum, said, "i am sick to DEAth of the truths that cannot be spoken." as a
25-year veteran undercover agent for DEA working deep-cover drug cases from
bangkok to buenos aires, i was witness to the most scandalous of these
truths. CIA would have us believe their protection of drug DEAlers for past
two decades - from heroin-producing tribes of southeast asia to the
cocaine-dealing Nicaraguan contras - was well-meaning and in the interests
of national security. enter the inner sanctum of the biggest, whitest,
DEAdliest lie of them all - the war on drugs. fortfan aol.com 10/20/96

76-89 a classified memo of understanding between DEA and CIA gives CIA
primary responsibility for the use of foreign drug informants. marshall, j.
(1991). Drug Wars 36

80-97 "Raging Waters," re congresswoman Maxine Waters and her
investigation of CIA crack cocaine in poor neighborhoods. george 10/97

80-98 CIA acknowledged that cocaine traffickers played a significant
early role in the Nicaraguan contra movement and it intervened to block an
image-threatening 1984 federal inquiry into a cocaine ring with suspected
links to the contras. CIA also admitted that it received intel from a
law-enforcement agency as early as 1982 that a U.S. religious group was
collaborating with the contras in a guns-for-drugs op. the admissions are
buried in a 1/29/98 report. in the report's volume one, entitled "the
california story," CIA inspector general hitz reasserts CIA contentions
that key figures from the crack ring did not have direct ties to the CIA
and that their donations to the contra cause were relatively small. toward
the end of the report, the CIA includes broad admissions that many of
webb's contentions were not only true, but understated the contra-cocaine
connection. the consortium 2/16/98

80-99 stewart a. baker, former general-counsel of nsa, in dec issue of
foreign policy magazine, "should spies be cops," looks at strenuous
struggle among federal agencies that operate at intersection of law
enforcement and intel gathering. since end of cold war and growth of
transnational organized crime, it is harder to distinguish between targets
of law enforcement and national security. baker reports serious risks to
civil liberties and threats to foreign intel sources and methods grow
exponentially. distinction may erode even further. BNDD now DEA found
people they sought to bust had been recruited by CIA - that was content to
leave them in place as long as they got intel. in book "the big white lie,"
by michael levine he charges in early 80s, CIA protected bolivia's
cocaine-running dictator gen. luis garcia meza and his interior minister as
well as their drug baron patrons. venezuela anti-drug unit funded by CIA
revealed to have smuggled more than 2000 pounds of cocaine into U.S. with
CIA knowledge. drugs sold on the streets. long-time CIA asset vladimiro
montesinos, is now behind autocratic gvt of president fujimori. in mexico,
CIA had fecund relationship with now dissolved federal security directorate
(dfs), responsible for much drug-trafficking and other state-protected
crime. emmanuel constant DEAth squad mainstay for haiti's ousted military
regime was on CIA's payroll. Washington Times 12/19/94 a25

81-97 editorial, CIA, crack, the media. The Nation 6/2/97 3-4

83-92 at an international conference former DEA officer, michael levine,
claimed he listened as speakers from many nations lambasted U.S. war on
drugs as fraudulent, phony, totally ineffective, as an excuse to invade
other countries, as epitome of hypocrisy with american politicians and
bureaucrats routinely consorting with biggest drug DEAlers and only
prosecuting those without political power. extra 3/93 19-21

90-96 a former DEA agent has filed a federal class action suit against
the CIA, NSA and state department for unlawfully spying on him and other
unnamed DEA employees. lawsuit, filed 9/12/96 in federal district court in
washington, d.c., claims the illegal electronic surveillance and
eavesdropping of DEA agents has been going on all over and has subverted
crucial DEA activities. richard horn, a 23-year veteran of the DEA who
currently serves as a group supervisor in field division in new orleans, is
the only agent named in the class action suit. in 1994, horn had filed a
lawsuit charging the former U.S. charge d' affairs for Burma and Burma CIA
chief of station with violating his civil rights by spying on him during
his tour of duty in rangoon, Burma. the defendants in that suit have
successfully sought delays claiming, in part, that the suit threatens
national security interests. horn, 49, served in Burma in 1992 and 1993.
pacific news service 9/12/96

90-96 statement of jack blum, once special counsel to the senate foreign
relations committee. testimony before the senate select committee on intel,
10/23/96

90-97 alleged CIA link could tangle miami drug trial. U.S. prosecutors
say subject helped smuggle drugs into the U.S. while his boss, a general
also now wanted on U.S. drugs charges, allegedly worked for CIA. adolfo
romero gomez charged. centerpiece of the indictment charges romero was that
his boss, gen. ramon guillen davila, who later claimed to be a CIA
operative, smuggled up to 22 tons of cocaine into the U.S. while he was
chief of venezuela's national guard anti-drug bureau between 1987 and 1991.
the former head of venezuela's national guard has acknowledged that he
helped ship 2.3 tons of cocaine through venezuela, but he said it was part
of an op sanctioned by the CIA that targeted Colombian drug cartel leaders.
reuter 9/15/97

91-92 CIA established counternarcotics center, or cnc. an analytic
non-operational intel center. perry, m. (1992). eclipse: the last days of
the CIA 15

92 DEA to expand ops in cocaine-growing nations. Washington Times 7/6/92
a10

92-93 DEA may have as many as 1000 fbi agents transferred to DEA.
intelligence newsletter 121/93 4

92-93 now CIA developing agents in cali and medellin cartels. CIA helped
organize 89 ambush of drug kingpin jose gonzalo rodriguez gacha who killed
in firefight with Colombian police. newsweek 4/12/93 31

92 conference held in paris of "drugs: the new world disorder."
presentations by former DEA agent michael levine, alfred mccoy, alan block,
and jack blum. conference centered on drug trafficking and money
laundering. intelligence newsletter 12/17/92 1,5

92 DEA faulted on computer security. DEA commo equipment operator got
info from DEA's database, narcotics and dangerous drug info system (naddis)
and gave it to a drug trafficker under investigation. other cases. jack
anderson Washington Post 10/19/92 d11

94 fake DEA bank stings cali cartel. DEA convinced cali cartel it an
offshore bank willing to launder money. it laundered $52 million in op
dinero. other DEA op - foxhunt. Washington Post 12/17/94 a1,9

94 justice and treasury departments to end turf wars have agreed to give
1,100 U.S. customs service agents extended authority to conduct
international drug smuggling investigations. now customs with strict
reporting requirements with DEA, can conduct in-country investigations
arising out of border and ports-of-entry enforcement. Washington Post
8/11/94 a29

95 CIA discovered a transshipment company was being used by rodriguez
orejuela and worked with DEA and police to intercept 5.5 tons of cocaine.
per Agency, CIA is involved in more than a dozen similar ops a year. ap
6/28/95

a.g. thornburgh summoned to court to explain why gvt abandoned settlement
involving a drug-laden plane leased to U.S. agents and the contras. pilot
michael tolliver testified he flew arms to contras and illegal drugs back
to U.S. Washington Post 3/21/90 a19

according to the author of "the big white lie," michael levine, war on
drugs is biggest, whitest, and Deadliest" lie ever perpetrated on U.S.
citizens. as a 25-year agent for DEA, levine worked deep-cover drug cases
from bangkok to buenos aires... in big white lie, levine leads reader
through the odyssey of over a decade of undercover work as he lived it -
repeating verbatim conversations...levine tells how the beautiful south
american "queen of cocaine" seduced CIA into protecting her from
prosecution as she sold drugs to americans; how pro-bolivian ruling party
was overthrown, its members tortured and killed by CIA-sponsored
paramilitary terrorists; and how CIA created "la corporacion," the general
motors of cocaine which led directly to current cocaine/crack epidemic. big
white lie book jacket cover

afghanistan, 79-90 mujaheddin commanders inside afghanistan control huge
fields opium poppies and reap harvest of as much as four million pounds
opium a year. by 89 afghanistan and pakistan produced as much heroin as
rest of world combined. weiner, t. (1990). blank check: the pentagon's
black budget 151-152

afghanistan, 81-83 tribal groups we supporting increased cross-border
sales opium. afghanistan opium crop, refined in pakistan, now dominates
heroin market in eastern U.S. peterzell, j. (1984). Reagan's secret wars 19

afghanistan. afghan rebels heroin ops. discussion of in counterspy 5/84 7

afghanistan. drug enforcement Agency acknowledging rebels financing war in
part with proceeds of opium. DEA estimates 4 to 4 and half tons heroin
smuggled into U.S. annually. counterspy 5/84 7

afghanistan, 82 sales of opium fund afghan afghan rebels. the DEA said
52% of the heroin brought into the U.S. last year is believed to have come
from the area of afghanistan, pakistan and iran. U.S. policy contradictory
it wants to fight the drug traffic and to drive the ussr out of
afghanistan. 250 to 300 tons opium were produced in afghanistan in 81
that quantity could be converted into 25 to 30 tons of heroin. processing
done in pakistan. drug traffickers in U.S. import 4 to 4 1/2 tons of heroin
a year. Washington Post 12/17/83

afghanistan, 86-90 a billion dollar trade in drugs, arms, and smuggled
goods provided the material basis for the jihad. the progressive 5/90 27-30

afghanistan, 86 a dos report describes afghanistan and the bordering
tribal areas of pakistan as "the world's leading source of illicit heroin
exports to the us and europe. the sale of this opium plays an important
part in the finances of the CIA-backed afghan rebels. nyt 6/20/86 from
intel parapolitics 9/86 p7

afghanistan, 89 adm dickering over how best to arm the mujahedeen. areas
controlled by them include some of the most fertile centers of opium
production. dos report circa 3/89 said afghanistan produced 700 to 800
metric tons of opium 88, most from territory held by rebels. rep bill
mccollum hit CIA over handling of mujahedeen and working thru pakistan's
intel service. The Nation 10/16/89 412

afghanistan, 89 the fight for control of prime poppy-growing areas near
pakistan has undercut mujahedin efforts to topple the afghan gvt according
to dos officials. newsweek 9/18/89 4

afghanistan, 92 per state dept big opium crop goes beyond 300 to 400 tons
- 500 tons probable. intelligence newsletter 5/28/92 7

afghanistan, 97 afghan fields already grow half of the world's 1998
opium. opium was a minor afghan crop until war and drought disrupted
supplies from the golden triangle in the 1970s. Washington Times 11/30/97
a11

afghanistan, iran, pakistan. (golden crescent) accounts for 75% all heroin
in U.S.in 83 4.5 tons heroin came to u.s from golden crescent. covert
action information bulletin (now covert action quarterly) summer 87 11

afghanistan, pakistan, 80-90 17 DEA agents assigned to U.S. embassy in
islamabad. DEA reports identified 40 significant narcotics syndicates in
pakistan. despite high quality DEA intel, not a major syndicate
investigated by pakistani police in a decade. hekmatyar himself controlled
six heroin refineries. without fear of arrest heroin DEAlers began
exporting product to europe an america, capturing more than 50% of both
markets. when pakistani police picked up hamid hasnain, v.p. of gvt's habib
bank, they found in his briefcase the personal records of president zia.
phc 455 blatant official corruption continued until gen zia's DEAth in an
air crash. typical of misinfo that blocked any U.S. action against
pakistan's heroin trade, the state dept's semi-annual narcotics review in
september called gen zia a strong supporter of anti-narcotics activities in
pakistan. mccoy, a.w. (1991). the politics of heroin: CIA complicity in the
global drug traffic 456

afghanistan, pakistan, 80-90 pakistan gvt officials involved in drugs,
mujaheddin manufacturing heroin, exporting it to europe and U.S. using
money to support guerrillas. z magazine 1/91 71

afghanistan, pakistan, 85-90 U.S. gvt avoids investigating drug trade run
by afghan resistance movement. gvt has info re heroin DEAls gulbuddin
hekmatjar, leader of mujaheddin but takes no action. barnett rubin of yale
university based on Washington Post story: "people attempting research this
connection receive hardly any support. our relationship with pakistani
military is centerpiece our strategic presence in southern asia and even in
the persian gulf." article outlines movement of weapons and drugs via
pakistani isi and The National logistic cell (nlc) entirely owned by
pakistani army. top secret s/a-90 17-18

afghanistan, pakistan, 89 as foreign aid declined in 89, afghan leaders
expanded opium production to sustain guerrilla armies. a scramble among
rival mujaheddin leaders occurred. mccoy, a.w. (1991). the politics of
heroin: CIA complicity in the global drug traffic 458

afghanistan, pakistan, 90 see article "U.S. declines to probe afghan drug
trade, rebels, pakistani officers implicated." Washington Post 5/13/90
a1,29

aid official in 72 reported "even though the CIA was in fact,
facilitating movement of opiates to U.S. they hid behind shield of secrecy
and said it done in the interest of national security." national reporter s
86 43

alberto sicilia falcon: miami cuban allegedly trained as a U.S. government
agent, who in 1972 emerged as a trafficker of drugs through mexico. scott,
p. & marshall, j. (1991). Cocaine Politics 262

alder berriman ("barry") seal: convicted drug smuggler who took photographs
allegedly showing sandinista official federico vaughan and Colombian
kingpin pablo escobar loading cocaine onto seal's plane. scott, p. &
marshall, j. (1991). Cocaine Politics 262

alfred mccoy's book, the politics of heroin: CIA complicity in the global
drug trade - review despite some reservations says book is a severe
indictment of U.S. drug policy. The Nation 12/30/91 852

americas, 93 NSC and AG reno and some members congress feel paramilitary
war against drugs total waste of money. state, dod, coast guard and customs
opposed to NSC's planned reorientation. pentagon had commissioned study,
"U.S. army counterdrug support: front end analysis, final report," by mitre
corp to provide cost-effective allocation of army resources in effort.
intelligence newsletter 10/14/93 5

an exchange of letters offering differing views re alfred w. mccoy's book,
the politics of heroin. comments by mccoy, peter dale scott, dave fratello
of the drug policy foundation and michael massing [who had written a nation
article somewhat critical of the book]. The Nation 2/17/92 182, 212

an open letter to members of congress re the link between U.S./cia/policy
and drug smugglers in Laos, cambodia, Vietnam, thailand, afghanistan,
pakistan, panama, Costa Rica, Honduras and guatemala. unclassified 11/91
10-11

aristides sanchez: contra leader whose relatives supplied cocaine in san
francisco frogman case. scott, p. & marshall, j. (1991). Cocaine Politics
262

article "noriega crony admits laundering role." gonzalo mora jr. pleaded
guilty to $32 million money-laundering scheme. another defendant in case,
amjad awan, former official of bcci. Washington Times 1/18/90 a3

australia, book called "cochin connection" by australian couple brian and
alison milgate questions links between asis and drug trade. a DEA official,
jerry moore, urged brian milgate to be careful [in testifying] since a
number of characters in drug org checked directly back to intel community -
the CIA as well as another foreign gvt. if CIA business threatened, he told
brian, their wrath would be DEAdlier than what might be expected from the
mafia. toohey, b., & pinwill, w. (1990). oyster: the story of the
australian secret intelligence service 254

bahamas, 87 athanasios "tommy" maillis gave testimony in 1987 which
implicated bahamian prime minister pindling to a large drug trafficking
ring. maillis, who claimed CIA trained him, said he obtained three photos
showing pindling with drug trafficker lehder. after showing them to dia he
handed them over to CIA - never to be seen again. in his first CIA op,
maillis penetrated bahamian banking system to report on financial
transactions. eddy, p. (1988). the cocaine wars 117,150-155

besides his deputy. first slot howard p. hart asked for when he took over
couternarcotics center in ddo was a lawyer. kessler, r. (1992). inside the
CIA 251

BNDD: bureau of narcotics and dangerous drugs, which in 1973 became drug
enforcement administration (dea). scott, p. & marshall, j. (1991). cocaine
politics 259

bolivia. luis garcia meza: bolivian general who came to power through 1980
cocaine coup; cal conference participant same year. scott, p. & marshall,
j. (1991). Cocaine Politics 260

bolivia. roberto suarz gomez: bolivian cocaine trafficker until arrested 88
after falling out with Colombian cartels. scott, p. & marshall, j. (1991).
Cocaine Politics 262

bolivia, 78-80 DEA agent michael levine as part of a sting op, paid $9
million to jose roberto gasser, of a rich and powerful bolivian family - a
family linked to world anti communist league and CIA. he was arrested after
leaving bank with alfredo gutierrez, a man in DEA files as one of biggest
drug DEAlers in world. soon U.S. attorney general (now prosecuting
noriega), michael sullivan, released gasser and within months gutierrez is
released. then gasser, roberto suarez, and gasser's father erwin gasser
meet with bolivian military and begin to foment a (cocaine) coup, the 80
bolivian revolution in which drug DEAlers took over country. during coup
people who helped DEA in sting were either exiled, killed or tortured.
levine learned that CIA was a supporter of this revolution and that was why
gasser was released. z magazine mag 1/92 27-30

bolivia, 88-91 see article "what war on drugs? troops, not talks in
bolivia." the progressive 7/91 27-29

bolivia, 90-91 president jaime paz zamora signed an agreement with U.S.
permitting participation of bolivia's armed forces in anti-cocaine efforts.
nacla (magazine re latin america) 7/91 33

bolivia, 91 gis' drug-war training of bolivian army draws fire.
Washington Post 4/23/91 a10

bolivia, Nicaragua, 88 roberto suarez levy, son of bolivia's cocaine king
roberto suarez, stated in 1988 that a cocaine factory in huanchaca was used
to finance Nicaraguan contras and was under control of U.S. DEA.
intelligence newsletter 11/16/91 6

bolivia, peru, and Colombia, 89 bush adm new anti-drug campaign designed
to bolster ci efforts. will provide $261 million in mostly military and law
enforcement aid. U.S. military personnel, including special forces will
train and support local forces fighting the traffickers. Washington Post
10/19/89 a24

brazil, ecuador, venezuela, 92 extent of drug activities in those
countries unknown due to a lack of info. levels not believed significant
compared with those of Colombia, bolivia and peru. countries have limited
countering programs and receive limited U.S. support. U.S. general
accounting office nsiad-92-226 1

Burma, 51 after delivering arms to KMT in Burma, an unknown number cat
pilots loading KMT opium for return flight to bangkok. one of these, jack
killam, was murdered in 51 after an opium DEAl went wrong and was buried in
an unmarked grave by CIA agent sherman joost. mccoy, a.w. (1991). the
politics of heroin: CIA complicity in the global drug traffic 178

Burma, 67-90 story of khun sa. mccoy, a.w. (1991). the politics of
heroin: CIA complicity in the global drug traffic 363-382

Burma, 89 article in newsweek "Burma's money tree: the drug lord uses
opium to underwrite antigvt warfare." newsweek 5/15/89 42-3

Burma, 90-96 article by dennis bernstein and leslie kean, "people of the
opiate: Burma's dictatorship of drugs." The Nation 12/16/96 11-17

Burma, 90 "as burmese opium production rises, U.S. debates resuming
anti-drug aid." Washington Post 11/5/90 a17,18

Burma, 92-93 DEA agent richard horn, now stationed new orleans accused
state and CIA officials in Burma of trying to thwart and undermine the
DEA's mission in Burma. he charges that franklin "pancho" huddle, jr of
state and a CIA agent, had his phone tapped and had him removed from Burma.
suit asks damages. Washington Times 10/28/94 a12

Burma, 93-94 DEA agent richard horn claims CIA and state department
forced him out of Burma to play down drug interests over other diplomatic
interests. time 11/7/94 50

Burma, 93-96 increase in burmese opium production in recent years
coincides with the takeover in Burma of the state law and order restoration
council, a military junta known as slorc. (60 percent of world's opium
production of which 92 percent is from Burma.) in "people of the opiate:
Burma's dictatorship of drugs," dennis bernstein and leslie kean tell how
CIA agents apparently helped slorc. The Nation 12/16/96

Burma, 94 thousands followers of warlord khun sa face starvation and
preparing to flee his base at ho mong. thais sealed (sic) their border
under pressure from U.S. Washington Times 10/8/94 a10

Burma, 96 Burma refuses to extradite opium warlord, khun sa, who
surrendered. Washington Times 2/10/96 a9

Burma, china, Laos, 61-65 after KMT troops chased out of Burma into
northwest Laos those that not resettled to taiwan (2,000 to 3,000) KMT
regulars were left behind in Laos. CIA hired them to strengthen rightist
position. per w. young these troops placed under nominal command of gen
phoumi nosavan and became bataillon speciale 111. mccoy, a.w. (1991). the
politics of heroin: CIA complicity in the global drug traffic 349

Burma, Laos, thailand, Vietnam, 50-90 american impact on region's drug
trade wether cover complicity or active suppression, relied on relations
with local allies. since CIA covert ops demand alliances with powerful
warlords or tribal leaders who necessarily DEAl in drugs, Agency has
repeatedly enmeshed its covert ops with region's opium trade. by investing
leaders with the authority of its alliance, CIA provides protection that a
drug lord can use to expand his share of traffic. thru alliance he gains
access to international transport or commercial contacts that facilitate
movement and marketing of drugs. mccoy, a.w. (1991). the politics of
heroin: CIA complicity in the global drug traffic 385

Burma, taiwan. within KMT's fractious intel establishment authority over
golden triangle under the intel bureau of ministry national defense
(ibmnd). this primary opium producing area. by late 70s, drug trade a
standard feature of KMT intel. KMT along with china lobby, wacl put out
torrent of propaganda asserting china exported huge quantities opium.
kaplan, d. (1992). fires of the dragon: politics, murder, and the
kuomintang 229,232

Burma, thailand, 68-90 khun sa, armed by the CIA, trained by the KMT, and
protected by the burmese and thai gvts, khun sa has drawn strength from the
complicity of powerful states and their intel agencies. if khun sa were to
fall, the same forces that empowered him would soon create another opium
warlord in his place. mccoy, a.w. (1991). the politics of heroin: CIA
complicity in the global drug traffic 435

Burma, thailand, 83 see article "battle of the warlords; at stake: the
golden triangle's $800 million opium trade." details of khun sa and his
drug ops. time 1/17/83 32

Burma, thailand, 91 "Burma, thailand battling opium warlord." khun sa is
on defensive against attacks by thai military and wa ethnic group.
Washington Times 4/15 91 a10

Burma, thailand, china, 51 in an interview with U.S. ambassador rankin,
chinat gen li mi gave a pessimistic account of his [cia-sponsored] ops and
showed pressures were leading him into drug trade. during his first
invasion of china from 6 june to 15 july 51 his troops rcvd 5 cat airlifts
inside yunnan totaling 875 rifles with 40 rounds each and 2000 carbines
with 50 rounds. he lost 800 men in pla counterattack. he withdrew with some
30,000 to 40,000 able-bodied men. at suggestion of 2 american officers with
his forces in Burma he traveled to bangkok for a conference. americans
unhappy he had withdrawn. li mi had 4 contacts with gen frank merrill a
wartime leader. he instructed li mi to try to bring karens closer to
burmese gvt. later merrill stopped contact and money from this channel.
mccoy, a.w. (1991). the politics of heroin: CIA complicity in the global
drug traffic 171-2

canada, 95 new drug route to U.S. increased coastal anti-drug measures in
the U.S. and comparatively lenient canadian drug penalties have resulted in
british columbia, and vancouver in particular, becoming a major north
american entry point for golden triangle heroin. once in british columbia,
a trek south into idaho, montana or north dakota seems to offer little
difficulty. intelligence - a computerized intelligence newsletter published
in france 2/13/95 35

carbbean, 90-98 a businessman has admitted delivering $4.6 million in
drug cash, entering a guilty plea in a DEAl that avoids a messy trial for
federal prosecutors whose chief witness was a scam artist with possible CIA
ties. franco nocito, 50, who runs a new york investment firm with major
interests in the caribbean, pleaded guilty earlier to one count of
money-laundering. he faces five years in prison. guilty plea means govt
won't use a key witness, vincent carrano, who has at least five fraud
convictions and has connections to U.S. agents. carrano played both sides
in the Nicaragua civil war in 80s. a federal prosecutor helped him avoid
prison in a 1986 fraud case, vouching for carrano as an informant. carrano
presented problems. he could testify about nocito's drug-cash deliveries
for two Colombian suppliers, but his past also exposed him to questions.
nocito claimed his involvement in money laundering was prompted by carrano,
who assured him that re his CIA connections. carrano, was accused by
Nicaragua of working for the CIA. prosecutors said carrano had helped the
DEA as part of an op into a Colombian drug network. DEA paid carrano
$36,500 for info and also admitted he had kept $265,000 from drug proceeds
in 1992. for a while, he cooperated with DEA agents, admitting he made
numerous deliveries -- including $1.6 million in houston and $421,000 in
miami to an undercover agent. in his plea DEAl, nocito admitted making six
deliveries of drug cash totaling $4.6 million. miami herald 3/17/98

caribbean, 97-98 gao updated report: "cocaine trafficking through the
caribbean and eastern pacific regions continues, and drug traffickers are
still relying heavily on maritime modes of transportation. recent info
shows traffickers are using go-fast boats, fishing vessels, coastal
freighters, and other vessels in the caribbean and fishing and cargo
vessels with multi-ton loads in the eastern pacific. sources briefings
1/16/98

Central America. 85-87 State used 4 companies owned and operated by
narcotics traffickers to supply humanitarian assistance to the contras.
companies were: setco air, a company established by honduran drug
trafficker ballesteros; diacsa, a miami-based air company; frigorificos de
puntaremas; and vortex, an air service used by michael palmer. drugs, law
enforcement and foreign policy, report by senate committee on foreign
relations, 12/88 p43-48

Central America. book by peter dale scott and jonathan marshall, "cocaine
politics: drugs, armies and the CIA." c. hitchens says this one of most
enlightening books of year. article also talks about john hull and costa
rica asking for his extradiction. he charged with murder and drug
smuggling. The Nation 8/19/91 184

Central America. francisco "paco" chanes was a partner in miami company
called ocean hunter seafood. terrell, j., and martz, r. (1992). disposable
patriot 246

Central America, 87-90 witness says drug lord told of contra arms. (miguel
angel felix gallardo was supplying weapons to contras to keep U.S. pressure
off his drug smuggling operation). los angeles times * 7/7/90 a1

Central America, 79-96 role of CIA in cocaine coup in bolivia in 1980 is
at least as significant as actions of DEAler oscar danilo blandon. CIA's
support for this coup, and their protection of major south american
DEAlers, is covered by former DEA agent michael levine in "the big white
lie: CIA and cocaine/crack epidemic -- an undercover odyssey" (new york:
thunder's mouth press, 1993). celerino castillo iii, another former DEA
agent who worked out of guatemala and was in charge of El Salvador, has
written about cocaine and contras in El Salvador with coauthor dave harmon
in "Powderburns: cocaine, contras and the drug war" (oakville, ontario:
mosaic press, sundial, 1994). both former DEA agents accuse CIA of
complicity in drug trade. this is story that needs to be investigated by
congress. dbrandt crl.com 10/22/96

Central America, 80-97 allegations of connections between CIA and the
contras in cocaine trafficking to the united states (96-0143-ig) volume i:
the california story office of inspector general investigations staff
1/29/88 see http://www.fas.org/irp/cia/product/cocaine/index.html

Central America, 80-98 per the inspector general's report, CIA maintained
contact with drug traffickers supporting contra Nicaraguan rebels in the
1980s. "dozens of people and a number of companies..." were involved in
drug trafficking. that trafficking involved bringing drugs into the U.S.
the information, will be detailed in a 600-page classified report scheduled
to be sent to congress later this month. the ig also said that under an
agreement in 1982 between then-attorney general william french smith and
the CIA, Agency officers were not required to report allegations of drug
trafficking involving non-employees -- defined as meaning paid and non-paid
"assets [meaning agents], pilots who ferried supplies to the contras, as
well as contra officials and others." this policy was modified in 1986 when
CIA was prohibited from paying "U.S. dollars" (emphasis added) to any
individual or company found to be involved in drug DEAling. rep. dicks,
ranking democrat on the intel panel, called for more hearings, including
possible testimony from Oliver l. North. Washington Post 3/17/98 a12

Central America, 81-85 DEA behind a film called doublecrossed, claiming
CIA wanted cameras mounted on the c-119 and was ultimately responsible for
the murder of barry seal in louisiana by a Colombian drug cartel.

Central America, 81-96 dci deutch said he found no evidence of wrongdoing
but has ordered the inspector general to investigate allegations CIA was
involved in drug trafficking to support Nicaraguan contras. drugs sold to
street gangs in los angeles. Washington Post 9/7/96

Central America, 81-96 jack blum says CIA ignored drug issue. Agency did
not encourage trafficking by contras. jack blum testified the justice
department blocked kerry subcommittee's inquiry in late 1980s into
allegations CIA intervened in court cases, "to help people who helped them
in covert wars." william weld, then assistant attorney general in charge
was an "absolute stone wall who systematically tried to discredit the kerry
investigation by preventing U.S. attorneys from cooperating with them.
panama, haiti, and Honduras were countries where the Reagan adm was aware
intel officers were tolerating drug DEAling by local citizens. washington
post 10/24/96 a18

Central America, 81-96 senator kerry committee chief counsel jack blum
says, "if you ask: in the process of fighting a war against the
sandinistas, did people connected with the U.S. gvt open channels which
allowed drug traffickers to move drugs to the united states, did they know
the drug traffickers were doing it, and did they protect them from law
enforcement? the answer to all those questions is yes." did someone turn a
blind eye? i would be quite surprised by that," said [former CIA director
robert] gates, who was the CIA's deputy director for intel during most of
the contra war. per CIA officials, "most of the allegations got turned over
to DEA." DEA officials, however, said they could not recall receiving any
significant info from CIA. los angeles times 10/21/96 1

Central America, 84-87 instances in which law enforcement and criminal
prosecutions subordinated to other foreign policy concerns listed. the
barry adler seal episode. drugs, law enforcement and foreign policy, report
by senate committee on foreign relations, 12/88 120-1

Central America, 84-88 gary betzner, morales' best pilot, took off from
executive international airport in fort lauderdale with a load of weapons
(for the contras). he landed in Costa Rica, where the weapons were
unloaded. morales testified to senator kerry that he expected 400 or so
kilograms of cocaine to come back from an american rancher's air base in
Costa Rica. morales gave the contras by the end of 1985 four to five
million dollars. morales said that about 100 percent of the money was drug
money. Castillo, C. (1994). Powderburns 141-2

Central America, 84-96 following are excerpts from "powder burns,"
cocaine, contras & the drug connection, a book by retired DEA agent,
cellerino castillo published in 1992. castillo has documented much of what
he saw and DEA has refused to honor foia requirements. from early 1984 to
the fall of 1986, (Lt. Col. Oliver) North directed a clandestine resupply
op dubbed "project democracy," which used a military airbase in El Salvador
to fly weapons and supplies to the contras. for the better part of a year,
i investigated it. in El Salvador, military officers took weapons seized
from the guerrillas and sold them to traffickers; in guatemala, i
discovered members of our host government running a smuggling ring for the
cartels. contra planes flew north to the U.S., loaded with cocaine, then
returned laden with cash. all under the protective umbrella of the U.S. ny
times "new media" forum on 10/8/96

Central America, 85-86 convicted drug smuggler gary betzner, a pilot, and
george morales, a Colombian emigre under charges of drug smuggling, both
claim that CIA agents and other U.S. officials helped the contras run
drugs-out guns-in op. the DEA and CIA helped them. newsweek 1/26/87 26

Central America, 85-87 a money launderer for the major Colombian cocaine
cartel testified before congress that he funneled nearly $10 million to
Nicaraguan contras thru former CIA operative felix rodriguez. ramon
milian-rodriguez who serving time in prison said the cartel thought it was
currying favor with the CIA. Washington Post 6/30/87 a4

Central America, 85-87 chief CIA's c.a. task force testified links
between contras in Costa Rica and narcotics trafficking broader then
earlier estimated.... it is not a couple of people it is a lot of
people....we knew that everyone around pastora was involved in cocaine....
his staff and friends (redacted) they were drug smugglers or involved in
drug smuggling. drugs, law enforcement and foreign policy, report by senate
committee on foreign relations, 12/88, p37-8

Central America, 85-87 contra ops in (Costa Rica) were funded by drug
operations. pilots unloaded weapons, refueled and headed north toward the
U.S. with drugs. drugs, law enforcement and foreign policy, report by
senate committee on foreign relations, 12/88 p41-2

Central America, 85-89 senator kerry said stopping drug traffic in U.S.
sacrificed for political and institutional goals such as changing gvt in
Nicaragua, supporting gvt in panama, using drug-running orgs as intel
assets, etc. covert action information bulletin (now covert action
quarterly) summer 90 6

Central America, 85 in personal diaries North kept in 85, he wrote down
aide's tip that drugs being brought into U.S. on a contra supply plane. he
recorded type of aircraft and a stop enroute - new orleans. in testimony he
said he gave info to DEA but DEA says it has no such evidence. North
declined an interview on subject. numerous officials said North never
mentioned shipments. plane and crew continued be used as official carriers.
North relied on robert owen, who traveled to Central America. nhao hired
owen who secretly worked for North. North wrote in diary on 8/9/85:
"honduran dc-6 which is being used for runs out of new orleans is probably
being used for drug runs into U.S." next day he wrote "meeting with a.c. -
name of DEA person in new orleans re bust on mario dc-6." a.c. could be
adolofo calero, brother of mario, who in charge of shipping and warehouse
op in new orleans. mario regularly used a dc-6 based in Honduras. jack lawn
former head of DEA denied North gave any info re those flights. special DEA
agent new orleans at time said they never received such info. mcfarlane did
not know. nhao director duemling and 5 other nhao officials said North
never told them. "on contrary" duemling said, "North wanted me to work with
mario." details of regular nhao flights. only dc-4 listed in nhao records
was miami-based vortex air international inc. one of whose key officers has
long series of drug allegations. owen's memo of 2/26/86 reads: "no doubt
you know the dc-4 foley got was used at one time to run drugs, and part of
crew had criminal records." "nice group of guys the boys choose. the
company is also one that mario has been involved with using in the past,
only that had a quick name change. incompetence reigns." in owen's
testimony, he identified foley as pat foley of summit aviation, which still
operates in delaware and identified the boys as CIA. North's notebooks show
he aware they were still working for Agency. vortex name appears twice, and
one of its officers, who had numerous drug chargers - michael bernard
palmer - appears twice. list of various charges against palmer. in 87
palmer was working for a gvt Agency. customs records at miami say that
"normal customs service procedures for incoming flights are expedited" at
request of unnamed Agency. in addition to vortex, senator's kerry's report
listed diacsa as doing nhao work two foreign firms listed; setco air, a
Costa Rican firm owned by alfredo caballero, and floyd carlton, who ran
drug and money laundering op out of diacsa's miami offices. carlton pleaded
guilty to cocaine conspiracy. Washington Post 10/22/94 a1,11

Central America, 98 Attorney General Renoa ordered justice IG to continue
to withhold 400-page report on the CIA-crack cocaine controversy. citing "law
enforcement concerns" that are not related to the report's conclusions,
reno said the report should continue to be withheld until those concerns
have ended. under the law cited by reno, among the info the ag can order
withheld includes undercover ops and the identity of confidential sources
such as protected witnesses. ig michael bromwich disagreed and said "i hope
that we will be able to release the report in its entirety in the
not-too-distant future." bromwich also said the CIA played no role in the
delay and that nothing in the report is classified. report is the outgrowth
of a year-long investigation by bromwich's staff into articles published in
august 1996 by the san jose mercury news. last month, CIA ig hitz released
a summary of his findings from his inquiry, which concluded there was no
evidence to support the allegation of CIA involvement in the california
crack cocaine trade. the complete CIA ig report, whose release was delayed
in december by the justice department, is now expected to be made public
late next week. Washington Post 1/24/9 a13

Central America, contras, 86-96 celerino castillo iii, a former agent of
DEA said that while assigned to ilopango air force base in El Salvador in
1986, he saw covert CIA agents loading planes with cocaine destined for the
U.S. he logged in his journal the amounts of cocaine, identification
numbers of the planes and even the names of pilots. he sent cables to DEA
hqs informing them of the heavy flow of drugs through ilopango. [this was]
an op run by Lt. Col. Oliver North and by max gomez, alias felix rodriguez,
a veteran of the CIA bay of pigs invasion of cuba and a friend of then-vice
president george bush. castillo expressed alarm to DEA official john marsh
and to U.S. air force Col. james steele, a U.S. military adviser in el
salvador who supervised the CIA op. he also warned U.S. ambassador edwin g.
corr. "i was told my career would end because i was "stepping on a white
house operation." "i continued to write reports but they disappeared into
the black hole" at DEA hqs. "the evidence is there. i have the case file
numbers, names and dates." people's weekly world 9/28/96

Central America, Nicaragua, 80-88 kerry's subcommittee issued a 1,166
page report on drug corruption in Central America and the caribbean that
concluded "there was substantial evidence of drug smuggling through the war
zones on the part of individual contras, contra suppliers, contra pilots,
mercenaries who worked with the contras, and contra supporters throughout
the region." "senior U.S. policy makers were not immune to the idea that
drug money was the perfect solution to the contra's funding problems." the
committee discovered that state department contracts worth $806,000 went to
no fewer than four aid conduits owned and operated by narcotics
traffickers. one of these was setco air, a honduran cargo firm hired by
state to transport goods to the contras in 85 and 86. firm a front for
ramon matta ballesteros a class i DEA violator. Reagan adm protection of
matta, represented a bigger blow to the war on drugs than smuggling ops of
any particular resistance group. matta practically owned Honduras, where he
corrupted the same ruling military officers whom the CIA relied on. the CIA
blocked a proposal by DEA agents and the DEA shut down its office in
tegucigalpa. Honduras then became a booming center for multi-ton loads of
Colombian cocaine. marshall, j. (1991). Drug Wars 44-5

Central America, Nicaragua, 81-96 jack blum, helped run kerry
investigation. a former senior CIA officer said that from 1981 to 1984
Agency case officers working in field with contra "weren't making
themselves fully aware of drug activity. we were focused on building up"
the contras. clarridge, in 1981 was chosen to head ops against sandinistas.
he said his interest in drugs was documenting cocaine trafficking by
sandinistas. morales case, seems to remain best-documented example of a
contra group cooperating with a drug trafficker and receiving substantial
aid in return. per pastora and chamorro, morales -- who was convicted in
1986 of drug trafficking and died in prison in 1991 -- contributed at least
two airplanes and $90,000 to the pastora group, known by its spanish
initials arde. in sworn testimony to the kerry committee and a separate
court case before he died, morales said he gave airplanes and cash to
contras because he was promised by chamorro that contras would use their
influence with the U.S. to help with his legal problems. although
imprisoned, he told kerry committee that he had in fact received some legal
help. Washington Post 10/31/96 a1

CIA and drug traffic 47-90 discussed in interview with alfred mccoy. info
similar to info in his book "the politics of heroin in sea." net result of
post-war anti-commie policy was revival of organized crime operating
initially under U.S. military gvt protection, ultimately under CIA
protection. the op in Burma with KMT to invade china. KMT fled to n.e.
Burma and CIA set up massive support op. CIA became involved in factional
politics in thailand and supported general phao who in opium business with
KMT. opium traffic up to 1,000 tons by time CIA's mercenaries driven out in
61. about 60% to 70% world's total illicit production. z magazine 1/91 69

CIA involved in drug traffic at three levels: 1. coincidental complicity by
allying with groups engaged in traffic; 2. support of traffic by covering
up known traffickers and condoning their involvement; 3. active engagement
in transport of opium and heroin. mccoy, a.w. (1991). the politics of
heroin: CIA complicity in the global drug traffic 23

CIA spokesman james greenleaf 3/90 announced CIA abandoned its former
reluctance and "narcotics is a new priority." intelligence newsletter
4/25t/90 4

Colombia. george (jorge) morales: convicted Colombian drug smuggler;
testified to shipping arms to contras for drugs in return for alleged
promises of official protection. scott, p. & marshall, j. (1991). cocaine
politics 261

Colombia. gilberto rodriguez orejuela: kingpin of Colombian cali cartel;
arrested with jorge ochoa in spain in 1984 and extradited to Colombia,
where he was later freed. scott, p. & marshall, j. (1991). Cocaine Politics
262

Colombia. isaac kattan kassin: Colombian money launderer for cali cartel.
scott, p. & marshall, j. (1991). Cocaine Politics 260

Colombia. jorge luis ochoa vasquez: leader of medellin caertel, indicted in
united states in 1984 and 1986; arrested in spain in 1984 and extradited to
Colombia, freed on $10,500 bail. scott, p. & marshall, j. (1991). cocaine
politics 261

Colombia, 83 a plane with southern air transport markings was seen being
used for a guns-for-drugs transfer at an airfield in barranquilla,
Colombia. justice dept investigating. Washington Post 1/20/87 a12

Colombia, 84 op to capture drugs named op chemcom, perhaps DEA's most
successful undercover op ever. DEA planted 2 barrels of there own among 76
barrels chemicals going Colombia. two barrels were equipped with radio
tracking devices and battery packs embedded in false bottom. military
satellites followed the beeping barrels and DEA passed coordinates to
Colombian police. dinges, j. (1990). our man in panama notes 322

Costa Rica. claims by carr and glibbery that much of activity around hull's
ranch involved transshipment of cocaine to U.S. carr found DEAd in van
nuys, california - police said he died of drug overdose. terrell, j., and
martz, r. (1992). disposable patriot 319,344

Costa Rica. frigorificos de puntarenas: a shrimp company in Costa Rica
allegedly created as a cover for laundering of drug money; it was involved
in North's contra support operations and used by state department to
deliver humanitarian contra aid. scott, p. & marshall, j. (1991). cocaine
politics 260

Costa Rica. john hull was CIA's man in Costa Rica, but he dabbled in every
illegal scheme from assassination to gunrunning. terrell, j., and martz, r.
(1992). disposable patriot 241

Costa Rica. john hull: U.S. rancher in Costa Rica who backed contras in
conjunction with local CIA station and whose airfield received contra
supply flights and allegedly drug shipments. scott, p. & marshall, j.
(1991). Cocaine Politics 260

Costa Rica. octaviano cesar: an aide to contra leader eden pastora;
arranged for drug trafficker jorge morales to provide support for contras
in Costa Rica. scott, p. & marshall, j. (1991). Cocaine Politics 259

Costa Rica. sebastian "guachan" gonzalez": arde contra official who fled
Costa Rica in 1984 after indictment for drug trafficking. scott, p. &
marshall, j. (1991). Cocaine Politics 260

Costa Rica, 85-87 five witnesses testified that hull who helped the CIA
supply the contras, had at least six airstrips, was involved in cocaine
trafficking. drugs, law enforcement and foreign policy, report by senate
committee on foreign relations, 12/88 53-54

Costa Rica, 87-89 john hull a CIA-connected rancher was arrested in 1/89
for, inter alia, illegal drug trafficking per president arias. The Nation
4/3/89 p440

Costa Rica, 89 Lt. Col. North, secord, poindexter, tambs and former CIA
station chief fernandez declared persona non grata because their activities
led to the establishing of narcotics nets. The Nation 12/18/89 742

Costa Rica, Nicaragua, 80-91 in april 91 Costa Rica asked U.S. to
extradite CIA operative john hull to stand trial on homicide charges. hull
was allegedly at center of North's illegal contra supply net. Costa Rican
authorities accuse hull of allowing his ranch to be used as an
arms-for-drugs swap meet. hull indicted in connection with bombing attempt
against eden pastora in la penca, Nicaragua. 5 died in bombing. washington
post 5/26 91 d7

cuba, 76-87 guillermo tabraue, a bay of pigs vet, is charged with running
a miami drug syndicate. tabraue also employed by CIA at $1400 a week to
give info about drug trafficking among bay of pig vets. tabraue's trial to
begin 4/3/89. The Nation 4/17/89 p512

DEA versus CIA operations in the "drug war." top secret 1-89 12-14

doc released under foia (19 pages) re CIA/justice department agreement
regarding possible criminal activities arising out of CIA activities. the
need to protect sources and methods and the duty to enforce laws. included
is a brief summary of 20 cases in which violations of criminal statutes
were reported to doj between 54-75 a detailed review involved in the
prosecution of putaporn khramkhruan, former CIA employee. hopc 5/10/84 p112
from center for national security studies c-37

El Salvador, 84-87 castillo recruited hugo martinez who worked at
ilopango, writing flight plans in and out of the civilian side. hugo
produced a flood of documentation on drug smuggling out of the air base. he
gave names of traffickers and their destinations, flight paths, tail
numbers and the date and time of each flight. hundreds of flights each week
delivered cocaine to the buyers and returned with money for the laundering
machine in panama. the traffickers air-dropped the cocaine before landing
in florida or the bahamas dropping to waiting speed boats. many loads found
their way to the streets through george morales who smuggled millions of
dollars of marijuana from the bahamas to florida before he was caught. the
contra planes flew out of hangars four and five. the CIA owned one hangar
and NSC the other. the pilots often brought the drugs to ilopango from
either numerous private airstrips in Costa Rica, or the U.S. military base
in panama. they flew weapons, cash, and cocaine from these safe havens to
the U.S. the names hugo provided run through the computer came back as
narcotics traffickers listed in DEA files. i tracked drug flights out of
hangars four and five -- date, time flight number, destination, and the
names and passport numbers of the pilots. Castillo, C. (1994). Powderburns
139-140

El Salvador, 85-88 the U.S. counselor in El Salvador told DEA man
castillo that the CIA had requested a visa for carlos alberto amador, a
Nicaraguan pilot documented in the computer as a narcotics trafficker.
Castillo, C. (1994). Powderburns 144

felipe ("morgan") vidal: miami cuban and alleged CIA agent who took over
small Costa Rica contra faction after drug indictment of sebastian
gonzalez. scott, p. & marshall, j. (1991). Cocaine Politics 263

floyd carlton: panamanian drug trafficker using diacsa as cover; after
conviction he became major U.S. government witness in indictment of
noriega. scott, p. & marshall, j. (1991). Cocaine Politics 259

france, 47-50 CIA joined forces with corsicans to break hold of communist
party over city gvt and to break two dock strikes - that threatened
efficientcy of marshall plan and 1st indochina war. mccoy, a.w. (1991). the
politics of heroin: CIA complicity in the global drug traffic 25

france, 47-53 CIA sent funds to the heroin-smuggling corsican underworld
of marseilles to assist its battle with communist unions. CIA's top
corsican agent was implicated in a massive opium smuggling ring from Laos
into Vietnam in the mid-1960s. marshall, j. (1991). Drug Wars 37

france, 93 on 2/16/93 french businessman for third time in 4 months, was
expelled from netherlands. michael bosio, is alleged victim of CIA/dea drug
op. intelligence newsletter 3/4/93 7

france, Laos, 87 prince sopsaisana of Laos to paris in april. one of his
suitcases contained 60 kilos of high-grade laotian heroin worth $13.5
million in new york. french refused to accept his credentials and he
recalled to vientiane in june. according to DEA, sopsai's venture was
financed by gen vang pao, and the heroin had been refined in lab at long
tieng, CIA's hqs for ops in n. Laos. mccoy, a.w. (1991). the politics of
heroin: CIA complicity in the global drug traffic 284-5

guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, 85-88 a contra pilot, an american
named william basher, was in charge of money, equipment, and training for
the contras. he was documented in seven DEA files for flying drugs and arms
from south america to the united states via ilopango. state department
political officer janis elmore confirmed that basher worked for Oliver
North. counselor general for the U.S. embassy in El Salvador, robert
chavez, said he knew about North's operation, and knew they were smuggling
dope. Castillo, C. (1994). Powderburns 155-7

haiti, 88-93 alexandra marks of christian science monitor wrote on
anti-drug intel center established in haiti in 88 by DEA but was
effectively controlled by CIA-created, financed and trained haitian
national intel service (sin). DEA believed sin was the U.S.-financed center
for drug ops with CIA protecting haitian officers in return for a
continuing intel relationship. unclassified 1/94 3

haiti, 88-93 tim weiner of nyt said "cia formed haitian unit later tied
to narcotics" - having created haitian intel service, CIA failed to insure
that several million dollars spent training and equipping service from 86
to 91 was actually used in war on drugs. unclassified 1/94 3-4

haiti, 90-94 DEA chief miami, thomas cash, told story from informant of
aristide's involvement in drug trade. info from uncorrobated source. the
nation 10/31/94 482,96

haiti, 92 only weeks ago U.S. adamant in resolve to force return of
ousted haitian president aristide to govern country. now he warned that he
would have to negotiate his possible return with current haitian
leadership. flip-flop due to a re-examining of aristide's brief tenure as
president. one concern whether drug corruption, which flourished under
previous regimes, also persisted under aristide. discusses roland seide.
jack anderson Washington Post 7/16/92 c11

haiti, 93 haiti's largest trafficker of cocaine, fernando burgos
martinez, operates freely per DEA study. Washington Post 4/4/93 a41

holland, 92-93 DEA sting catches two. intelligence newsletter 4/1/93 3

Honduras. jose bueso rosa: honduran general convicted in drug-financed plot
to assassinate president of Honduras. scott, p. & marshall, j. (1991).
Cocaine Politics 259

Honduras, 88 U.S. intel identified ten senior honduran military officers
involved in drug trafficking. they included Col. roberto nunez, chief of
military intel, Col. leonel riera lunatti, chief of police and Col. Leonel
gutierrez, head of navy. additionally Colonel Rigoberto regalado lara, former
ambassador to peru, was arrested in miami for possession of 11 kilos of
cocaine. intel parapolitics 7/88 8

Honduras, Colombia. pablo escobar gaviria: major Colombian trafficker in
medellin cartel fdn (frente democratio nicaraguense): leading contra
faction in Honduras. scott, p. & marshall, j. (1991). Cocaine Politics 260

Honduras, haiti, 91-97 Honduras denied a U.S. request to extradite a
haitian ex-police chief accused of helping ferry at least 33 tons of drugs
into the united states. the U.S. failed to provide credible evidence for
extradition of Lt. gen. michel francois, a leader of haiti's 1991-94
military regime. U.S. accused the former port-au-prince police chief of
helping Colombian traffickers bring drugs into the U.S. via haiti. ap
Washington Post 4/17/97 a28

Honduras, israel. during contra war honduran military intel officers on
double salary from CIA and Colombian drug cartels, who saw advantage of
using honduran airstrips for transiting cocaine under cover of war effort.
israelis also trained honduran DEAth squads. cockburn, a. & cockburn, l.
(1991). dangerous liaison 225

Honduras, juan ramon matta ballessteros: honduran drug trafficker with
important drug connections in mexico, cali, and honduran army. scott, p. &
marshall, j. (1991). Cocaine Politics 261

in 71 nixon made CIA chief drug intel Agency. old CIA hand lucien conein
headed DEA's special operations branch. he created deep-cover CIA/dea
narcotics op in miami, code-named buncin/deacon, and recruited a staff of
19 - anti-castro contract agents. documents released under foia to
researcher john hill describe a gentlemen's agreement between CIA and
justice department to ask for dismissals rather than expose sources or
techniques. convicted drug smuggler and bay of pigs vet carlos hernandez
rumbaut, continued his trafficking activity through 1976. justice dumped
agreement in 76, but conein had worked out a "crossover' arrangement
whereby DEA would claim that any CIA asset busted for narcotics smuggling
was on a deep-cover DEA assignment. none of CIA's cubans prosecuted for
drug smuggling. 27 U.S. prosecutions of latin america drug cases and two
other major cases had to be dropped because of CIA's domestic involvement.
hinckle, w. & turner, w. (1992). DEAdly secrets xxxvii

in an escalation in CIA's drug work, dci webster created an antinarcotics
unit that will "lend analytical and ops support" to fight drug traffickers.
impetus for the center was to respond to complaints about the quality of
intel the CIA has provided the DEA. DEA officials complain there little
intel of value from the CIA. one DEA agent assigned to the center as
liaison. Washington Post 5/28/89 a12-3

in drug war, nearly every Agency involved. U.S. general accounting office
nsiad-92-104 4/92 39

iran, 79 bakhtiar, a rich iranian, according to him, was approached by
the CIA to use heroin resources of his family to finance the overthrow of
khomeini. this in court. rebel 11/22/83 p83

jack terrell: former U.S. mercenary and contra supporter who was persecuted
by North and osg after he began talking to DEA and fbi about contra
smuggling activities; later indicted on antineutrality charges that were
eventually dropped. scott, p. & marshall, j. (1991). Cocaine Politics 263

asia, 88 larger share drugs entering east U.S. coming from southeast
asia. Burma still largest supplier. thai gvt accused lao gvt complicity in
heroin traffic. most sea heroin goes via bangkok to U.S. west coast.
Washington Post 3/16/88 a6

Burma, 50-59 CIA activities Burma (with KMT) helped transform shan
states into largest opium-growing region in world. KMT shipped heroin to
north thailand where sold to gen. phao sriyanonda of thai police, a CIA
client. mccoy, a.w. (1972). the politics of heroin in southeast asia 127

Burma/china, 50s CIA contract aircraft used to transport opium from Burma
to bangkok in li mi op. corson, w.r. (1977). armies of ignorance 321-4

Burma/china, 50s li mi's forces did little to china but became ensconced in
drug trafficking. CIA's aircraft carried guerrillas opium to market in
bangkok. corson, w.r. (1977). armies of ignorance 321-3

Central America, 86 smuggler michael tolliver paid to fly arms to
contras then allowed to return to U.S. with drugs. he would find his own
return load or be supplied with a network run by Oliver North. once landed
plane with 25,000 lbs marijuana at homestead air base in fla. drug route
protected by CIA. the progressive 4/88 11

Central America, circa 85-86 g.w. betzner testified before senator
kerry's committee re his participation in drug smuggling. said he made 2
trips into Costa Rica and landed near ranch of john hull. betzner said hull
watched as load of machine guns unloaded and replaced by cocaine. second
flight near strip near voice of america near hull's ranch where guns
unloaded and cocaine loaded. Washington Post 4/8/88 a1&15

Central America, 86 senator kerry said it clear there is networking of
drug trafficking thru contras. "and it goes right up to [contra leaders]
mario calero, adolfo calero [and] enrique bermudez." CIA has actively
blocked federal drug investigations of contra supporters. covert action
information bulletin (now covert action quarterly) summer 87 13, 15

Central America, 85-86 article in nation by jonathan kwitny, "money,
drugs and the contras." na 9/29/87 cover & p162

chairman of the house committee on narcotics abuse and control requested
the DEA, CIA and customs service to brief his committee on contra drug
links at a closed session. CIA and justice dept, which oversees DEA,
refused. The Nation 6/13/87 p787

chicago daily news reported CIA forced justice department to drop an
indictment against one of its (cia) agents involved in a plot to smuggle
100 pounds of raw opium into U.S. The Nation 7/5/75 4

china, Burma, taiwan. cat in op repat evacuated chinat troops from Burma of
the yunnan anti-communist national salvation army. invasions china
unsuccessful and it clear KMT irregulars more interested in drug trade than
fighting communists. leary, w.m. (1984). perilous missions 195

CIA, 76 testimony DEA agent indicates that CIA aware of drug smuggling
activities CIA backed kuomintang armies of Burma and Laos. allegedly CIA
ordered some smuggling activity. counterspy winter 76 33

CIA coordinates 69-75 clandestine intel collection overseas and provides
other gvt agencies with foreign intel on drug traffic. rockefeller
commission report. (1975). report on CIA activities within the U.S. 36-7

CIA never trafficked in drugs as matter of official policy, but willing
overlook fact that meo's primary cash crop was opium, while CIA planes of
air america were on occasion used to carry drugs. marchetti, v., & marks,
j.d. (1974). the CIA and the cult of intelligence 215

Colombia, Nicaragua, 84 drug Dealer ochoa, kingpin of medellin cartel
was capture. DEA proposed a deal if ochoa would implicate sandinistas. he
refused. CIA, DEA and bush's newly formed antidrug task force used barry
seal to try to implicate sandinistas in drug traffic. seal testified he
photoed sandinista soldiers and an official. seal a part of supply net
supervised by CIA and North. c-123 used by seal to implicate sandinistas
later shot down with hasenfus. The Nation 9/5/87 p189-192

contragate report does not discuss allegations of contra drug-running.
ignored is CIA's Costa Rican station chief joe fernandez's testimony that
"a higher authority" overruled his decision to cut off two contra leaders
he suspected of smuggling narcotics. The Nation 12/5/87 p669

contragate, 86 money launderer for Colombian cocaine cartel told senate
subcommittee on terrorism, narcotics, and international communications that
he passed nearly $10 million to contras thru felix rodriguez, former CIA
operative. The Nation 12/5/87

contragate, 87 memo from committees investigating allegations of contra
drug smuggling to iran-contra committee. says allegations unfounded,
further investigation unwarranted. ica 630-2. kelso investigation
discussed. iran-contra affair. (congress committees) 648

DEA dec 83 says afghanistan rebels are financing their battle at least
partially thru sale opium, some of which comes to U.S. in form of heroin.
david meloick, DEA's congressional liaison said 52% of heroin brought into
U.S. last year believed to have come from area of afghanistan, pakistan and
iran. american interests afghanistan contradictory over fighting drug
traffic and political goals. Washington Post 12/17/83

documents reveal that in 86 North, gen. paul gorman, CIA man dewey
clairridge, and elliot abrams lobbied justice dept to treat leniently
Honduras' gen. jose abdenego bueso rosa who was involved in plot to kill
honduran president roberto suazo cordova. iran contra report does not
mention name of conspirator nor central am leader. also, report does not
mention that gen. rosa, former head of honduran armed forces joint command,
was contra supporter and was to fund op thru cocaine smuggling into U.S.
american officials feared rosa might talk about contra drug ops if justice
dept did not go easy on him. The Nation 12/5/87 p668

Laos. beginning in 64 vang pao became drug lord of hmong. per ouane
rattikone, commander of laotian army, and gen thao ma, then commander
laotian air force, air america began flying hmong opium to markets in long
tieng and vientiane. tony poe, a CIA officer who worked with vang pao, said
vang pao made millions in drug traffic. air logistics for opium trade
further improved when CIA and usaid gave vang pao financial assistance in
forming his own air line, xieng khouang air transport. formed in late 67
with two c-47s acquired from air american and continental air services.
company's schedule limited to shuttle flights between long tieng and
vientiane. mccoy, a.w. (1991). the politics of heroin: CIA complicity in
the global drug traffic 318

Laos. chief of staff of laotian army, that rcvd 90% of its budget from the
U.S. operated largest heroin factory in world in n.e. Laos. traffic from
there to a relative of Vietnam's prime minister ky. whole svnese gvt
DEAling heroin to U.S. troops. number CIA operatives became involved. nugen
hand bank founded by michael john hand, a green beret and a CIA contract in
Laos. reported to be DEAling in heroin. bank a major money laundering
conduit sea, australia, golden triangle. z magazine 1/91 70

Laos. CIA complicitous laotian drug trade at number levels. felt it had to
support opium crop, because main hmong cash crop. CIA used extensive air
net of light propeller planes to move crop out of Laos for hmong. opium
taken to long tieng where vang pao operated a large heroin lab. gave vang
pao private airline called zieng khouang air transport. z magazine 1/91 70

Laos, 54-72 CIA's ig undertook a major field investigation of charges in
mccoy's book. the ig's report cleared the CIA of having "sanctioned or
supported drug trafficking as a matter of policy." report expressed concern
over agents and local officials with whom we are in contact who have been
or may still be involved in one way or another in the drug business. "the
war has clearly been our overriding priority in southeast asia and all
other issues have taken second place." marshall, j. (1991). Drug Wars 39

Laos, Vietnam, 75-85 after fall of south Vietnam, CIA and NSA expanded
their facilities in bangkok and chiang mai to monitor activity in Vietnam,
southern china and n. Burma. the smugglers were natural allies. DEA agents
in southeast asia in late 70s and 1980s said they frequently discovered
that they were tracking heroin smugglers who were on CIA's payroll. CIA
shut down the DEA investigation of lu hsu-shui one of the top heroin
DEAlers in the golden triangle claiming it had to use the him "in a
high-level, sensitive national security op." marshall, j. (1991). Drug Wars
40

Laos, Vietnam, mccoy's books on the politics of heroin, are amazing pieces
of work. after having worked in the mountains of lao and talking
extensively to many lao and hmong, i am pretty convinced that what mccoy
documents is true. i cannot vouch for the Vietnam side of things, but, CIA
-- like the french before them used opium production as the means of
exerting influence on mountain groups in the region. email coord
generation.net 2/9/96

latin america, 71-75 CIA immunized no fewer than 27 federal drug cases.
DEA said starting with dcis colby and george bush, CIA poached from both
DEA's pool of informants and investigative targets. when DEA arrested them
they used CIA as protection and because of CIA involvement they were
released. this amounted to a license to traffic for life because even if
they were arrested in the future, they could demand classified documents
about their prior CIA involvement and would have to be let go. CIA knew
their assets were drug smugglers. marshall, j. (1991). Drug Wars 41

latin america, 80-97 peter zirnite's "reluctant recruits - the U.S.
military and the war on drugs," published by the washington office on latin
america covers military ops in latin america against drugs. intelligence -
a computerized intelligence newsletter published in france 12/1/97 25

latin america, Colombia, 96 latin heroin replaces asian. 9/3/96, DEA
chief, thomas constantine, gave official figures on battle between asian
and Colombian heroin seized in the U.S.: 1993, 15 percent Colombian; 1994,
32 percent Colombian; and 1995, 62 percent Colombian. Colombian drug lords
"are positioning themselves to be central players in the western hemisphere
heroin market by the year 2000." this is coherent with their increasingly
widely-applied strategy of paying middlemen and DEAlers in heroin to
encourage use (see "new techniques on both sides of drug battle"; int, n.
38/2). intelligence - a computerized intelligence newsletter published in
france 9/9/96 52

latin america, Colombia, Nicaragua, 90 dozens weapons given by U.S. to
contras acquired by Colombia drug DEAlers. now an alliance between
Colombian drug cartels and criminal orgs in italy and spain to provide and
distribute cocaine in europe. contras appear to sell weapons in c.a.
market. m67 fragmentation grenades and ussr made ak-47 assault rifles and
rpg grenade launchers. contras when demobilized turned in only half of
weapons. half of redeye portable antiaircraft missiles missing. washington
post 9/18/90 a16

middle east, england, 85-91 chuck lewis, then associated press's
washington bureau chief met "six or seven" times with Oliver North over
hostage situation. reporters who wrote contra stories, robert parry and
brian barger, said lewis delayed publication of several of their stories
for weeks or months. reporters not told of meetings. "if he was Dealing
with Oliver North on terry anderson, at a minimum he shouldn't have
insisted on editing our stories on North,..." barger said the delayed
articles involved allegations of drug trafficking, corruption and CIA
involvement with the contras. "on some of these stories we had 2 or 3 dozen
sources." Washington Post 12/14/91 c1,8

Nicaragua. federico vaughan: official of Nicaraguan sandinistas whose
picture allegedly taken with pablo escobar by barry seal as part of a U.S.
government-financed sting operation. scott, p. & marshall, j. (1991).
Cocaine Politics 263

Nicaragua, 79-96 british media expose CIA-cocaine links by norman
solomon. "the CIA actively encouraged drug- trafficking in order to fund
right-wing contra rebels in Nicaragua during the 1980s, and a CIA agent in
Nicaragua was employed to ensure the money went to the contras and not into
the pockets of drug barons." the independent, summarized conclusions of
investigative journalists working for britain's itv television network.
their findings aired dec.12 on a highly regarded program called "the big
story." british news reports included statements by carlos cabezas, who was
a pilot for the Nicaraguan air force before the sandinistas came to power
in 1979. during the early 1980s, cabezas transported cocaine from central
america to california. he ended up spending six years in prison after the
1983 seizure of 430 pounds of cocaine in the san francisco bay. cabezas
said that he delivered cocaine proceeds to contra leaders in miami and
Costa Rica. cabezas said in Costa Rica he met CIA agent ivan gomez, who
responsible for overseeing transfer of drug profits to the contras. article
from "media beat" syndicated column. norman solomon mediabeat igc.apc.org
1/1/97

Nicaragua, 81-96 CIA, contras and drugs. in summer of 84, a wealthy
Nicaraguan exile invited two reps of contra rebels to miami to broker a
money-raising deal with a Colombian businessman george morales. morales was
a champion powerboat racer, socialite and big-league drug trafficker under
indictment. contra reps were octaviano cesar and adolfo "popo" chamorro,
healy's ex-husband. both were working with eden pastora, a maverick
revolutionary trying to open a southern front from a base in Costa Rica.
CIA had run out of money, and congress refused to provide more until the
next year. account from chamorro and cesar is one of clearest examples of
how groups fighting the sandinista regime during 80s cooperated with drug
traffickers and may have been traffickers themselves. Washington Post
10/31/06 a1

Nicaragua, 84-85 drug trafficker jorge morales claimed CIA approached him
in 1984 offering him legal protection if he agreed to fly weapons to
contras while returning with drugs. weapons were loaded at opa-locka
airport near miami or executive airport in fort lauderdale and flown to
Honduras, Costa Rica or El Salvador. $4.5 million in drug profits went to
contras. op went on for 18 months with full U.S. gov knowledge. eddy, p.
(1988). the cocaine wars 327-332

Nicaragua, 84-86 witness accuses adolfo chamorro, Nicaragua counsel in
miami and nephew of violetta chamorro, of helping smuggling more than a ton
of cocaine into south florida. fabio ernesto carrasco, a Colombian pilot
said he flew planeloads from c.a. to florida. testified that chamorro aka
popo was part of conspiracy. miami herald 10/12/90 6a

Nicaragua, Costa Rica. carr and glibbery had been in prison for more than
10 months - they had been abandoned by their sponsors in U.S. t. posey and
john hull in Costa Rica. glibbery said andy messing, a high-profile contra
supporter in d.c. and director of national defense council had met with
hull in Costa Rica. carr said he had flown to Costa Rica on plane owned by
florida aircraft leasing corporation and leased by american flyers, a
secretive air cargo company in s. florida. terrell, j., and martz, r.
(1992). disposable patriot 319

Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Honduras. charter airline "setco" owned by major
honduran drug lord - juan matta ballesteros and used by fdn. setco or air
contra became terrell's primary airline. terrell, j., and martz, r. (1992).
disposable patriot 217

Nicaragua, mexico, 87-90 CIA denies it used property of drug ring, denies
charge it stored weapons destined for Nicaragua contras on ranch owned by
mexican drug traffickers). New York Times * 7/21/90 6n

Nicaragua, panama 91 U.S. govt. witness floyd carlton caceres testified
in manual noriega trial of oct 91 that he had flown weapons to Nicaraguan
contras in 1983-84 while he was flying cocaine into U.S. for medellin drug
cartel. flights were organized by alfredo caballero, a miami-based
businessman later indicted with carlton on drug charges. Washington Post
10/2/91 a4

Nicaragua, panama, 87-88 bitterness between marshalls service and DEA on
one hand and CIA on other. CIA considered a defender of its agents who also
drug smugglers. matta case proved CIA's willingness to defend drug
smugglers as long as they anti-communists. senator kerry's staff noted that
matta's ownership of setco in mid 80s provides circumstantial proof CIA
willing tolerate drug corruption if it meant added chance for survival of
contras. they had evidence of matta's ties to colonel arias, who in turn
friendly with noriega. perry, m. (1992). eclipse: the last days of the CIA
124

pakistan, 91-94 pakistan's army chief proposed selling heroin to pay for
covert military ops in early 91, per former pm nawaz sharif. gen aslam beg
and gen asas durrani, then head of military's inter-services intel bureau
(isi), told him armed forces needed more money for covert foreign ops and
wanted to raise it thru large-scale drug DEAls. durrani, denied charges and
is now pakistan's ambassador to germany. a CIA consultant in 92, warned
that drug corruption had permeated virtually all segments of pakistan
society - including president and military intel services. about 30 tons
heroin produced annually in pakistan, about a third is smuggled abroad -
mostly to west, according to state dept's 1994 report on international drug
trafficking. about 20% of heroin in U.S. comes from pakistan and
afghanistan, second largest opium producer after Burma. 80% of heroin in
europe comes from region. isi powerful and pursues its own agenda. civilian
leaders have accused the military of developing nuclear technology and
arming insurgents in india and other countries without their knowledge and
approval. the military has been pinched for funds since war in afghanistan
ended in 89 and U.S. stopped funneling money and arms thru isi to
afghanistan. it difficult for military to fund militants fighting indian
troops in kashmir. now such funds from jamiat-i-islami, a leading
fundamentalist political party. sharif claims pakistan has a nuclear bomb.
Washington Post 9/12/94 a13

pakistan, afghanistan, 79-89 the mujahedden rebels keep their cause going
through the sale of opium. DEA spokesman said "no less than half of all
U.S. heroin came from that area of the world." gulbuddin hekmatyar has been
responsible for murdering hundreds of dedicated resistance fighters,
political workers, and intellectuals. he reportedly was a leading figure in
the heroin trade. details of corruption emerged from U.S. sources only
after the soviets began pulling out of afghanistan. by 89, pakistan had no
fewer than 100 heroin labs near the border of afghanistan. CIA had used an
lebanese-controlled currency firm in zurich, shakarchi trading to channel
aid to the afghan rebels. marshall, j. (1991). Drug Wars 49-52

panama. cesar rodriguez: panamanian arms and drugs trafficker under omar
torrijos and manuel noriega; killed in Colombia in 1986. scott, p. &
marshall, j. (1991). Cocaine Politics 262

panama. omar torrijos: panamanian strongman in 1970s whose family allegedly
included drug traffickers; killed in 1981 plane crash. scott, p. &
marshall, j. (1991). Cocaine Politics 263

panama, 71-91 motion in noriega's trial describes CIA efforts to arm
Nicaraguan contras - a guns-for-drugs policy. many heavy deletions re his
two meetings with bush, dci casey, and Oliver North. "noriega called upon
defuse situations which threatened U.S. interests in Central America and
elsewhere." prosecutors acknowledged noriega paid 161,000 by CIA dating
from 1971 and another 162,168 from army. Washington Post 9/4/91 a1,4

panama, 83-87 dci casey received from noriega assistance in facilitating
arms shipments to contras. noriega arranged end user certificates for arms
shipments to panama. noriega transformed panama into a base for drug
smuggling. Washington Post 12/22/89 a2

panama, 84 CIA and medellin drug cartel helped finance successful 84
campaign for former panamanian president nicholas ardito barletta campaign.
barletta, former world bank v.p., was elected in 84 and deposed by noriega
in 85. Washington Post 3/21/92 a5

panama, 85 hugo spadafora: panamanian enemy of noriega who murdered in 85
after talking to U.S. officials about drug trafficking in Costa Rica.
scott, p. & marshall, j. (1991). Cocaine Politics 262

panama, 86 North with approval sec state shultz and abrams met noriega
aide in england to talk about aid to contras. at time there extensive
reporting re noriega's drug trafficking. Washington Post 4/9/89 a18

paraguay, germany, 51-85 CIA docs released on 2/26/85 indicate that josef
mengele may have been heavily involved in narcotics traffic. Washington
Post 2/27/85 a14

pentagon scaling back op support justice - bush scheme to interdict drug
flights from peru, bolivia and Colombia. CIA recently reported counterdrug
and crop-substitution programs in andean nations had little effect. after 4
years and hundreds of millions, bolivian coca crop is down slightly. peru's
is up 9%, with larger increase projected for 94. newsweek 4/5/93 4

peru. 92 in op furtive bear a c-130h reconnaissance plane was secretly
photographing coca fields in counter-drug ops. plane shot at by peruvian
war planes and forced to land. one airman killed. DEA has a
counternarcotics base at santa lucia. neither side wants to investigate.
newsweek 5/31/93 35

peru. pip (peruvian investigative police): peru's elite, and corrupt,
police Agency assigned to combat drug trafficking but penetrated by drug
traffickers; responsible for atrocities against peasants and human rights
workers. scott, p. & marshall, j. (1991). Cocaine Politics 261

peru, 85-86 DEA, CIA and the guardia civil devised condor. after prodding
CIA provided DEA with satellite photos to help spot drug labs. Castillo, C.
(1994). Powderburns 95

peru, 87-94 DEA plane, 5 agents missing in peru's jungle. agents part of
"op snowcap," program aimed at stemming cocaine traffic from peru and
bolivia. program began in 87, to allow DEA agents help law enforcement in
peru and bolivia. about 10 DEA agents in peru and 12 assigned to bolivia.
peru source of 60% of world's coca, from which cocaine manufactured.
Washington Times 8/29/94 a5

santiago ocampo zuluaga: associate of cali cartel kingpin gilberto
rodriguez orejuela, president of mas; indicted in 1980. scott, p. &
marshall, j. (1991). Cocaine Politics 261

southeast asia, 92 58% of heroin in U.S. originated in the golden
triangle - remainder from southwest asia and mexico. DEA offices in sea
work to stem flow. DEA had 35 special agents and 4 intel analysts in Burma.
hong kong, singapore and thailand. ops in Burma limited and DEA has no
office in Laos. gao recommends DEA adequately identify its need for intel
analyst support and conduct an assessment of its need for analysts in sea
and reevaluate its recruitment selection and training process. U.S. general
accounting office nsiad-93-82 12/92 3-4

southeast asia, pakistan, 88 the majority of drugs coming into the U.S.
from the golden crescent around pakistan and southeast asia said DEA head
lawn. in sea most of the heroin goes thru thailand. Washington Post 3/16/88
a16

southern asia, 80-90 during 80s CIA ops in afghanistan transformed s.
asia from self-contained opium zone to major supplier heroin on world
market. phc 441. saudi arabia delivered their aid directly to client
guerrilla groups inside afghanistan, most allied agencies, the CIA
included, worked thru gen zia's [of pakistan], the inter service intel
(isi). CIA relationship with isi complex, CIA commanded vast arsenal funds
and high-tech weapons that dwarfed isi's meager budget. mccoy, a.w. (1991).
the politics of heroin: CIA complicity in the global drug traffic 49

steven carr: witness who said he saw cocaine stored with arms for contras
and who died mysteriously shortly after his story became public. scott, p.
& marshall, j. (1991). Cocaine Politics 259

thailand, 69-76 the CIA consistently attempted to have legal action
against khramkhruan puttaporn (who accused of smuggling drugs into the
U.S.) dismissed by a variety of legal procedures. it provided incomplete
docs to the U.S. attorney general's office and refused to provide a
rebuttal witness. greaney recommended asking the U.S. attorney general to
drop the prosecution because the Agency would have to resist the production
of files and documents as well as subpoenas for witnesses to testify. house
reps gvt ops committee memo 2/18/76

thailand, 70-76 CIA given the responsibility for narcotics intel but they
supporting the prime movers. even though CIA facilitating movement of
opiates to the U.S. it hid behind the shield of secrecy. the CIA mislead
senator percy and this subcommittee. puttaporn was a CIA operative for at
least 3 years on narcotics intel. purpose of stopping trafficking was not
his prime activity. he and the CIA both involved in supporting the
traffickers. house reps gvt ops committee memo 2/18/76

thailand, 70-76 puttaporn khramkhruan investigated by house reps gvt ops
committee re his CIA connections. puttaporn said he managed the hill tribes
project distribution firm in chiang mai. puttaporn had 3 bosses, the CIA,
the bpp and joseph z. taylor & associates - all of which interrelated.
puttaporn one of 49 thai/native specialists employed by taylor to act as
intermediaries with the hill tribe people. house reps gvt ops committee
memo 2/18/76

thailand, 70-90 thai general kriangsak chamanand who took power in a coup
in 77 had served as a key link in CIA covert ops during the Vietnam war,
including use of thai mercenaries to fight the secret war in Laos. he was
named in classified intel reports as the direct recipient of payoffs from
armed groups controlling the opium traffic in thailand and Burma. at least
three KMT rebel armies with present or past clandestine support of CIA.
marshall, j. (1991). Drug Wars 40

thailand, 72 a gvt report said joseph z. taylor, development consultant
(devcom) group is headed by ray coffey of CIA and eugene scales. eight
people of devcom are bpp advisors. the bpp is engaged in smuggling
activities. house reps gvt ops committee memo 2/18/76

thailand, 72 cos in chiang mai is robert (bob) brewer. ten americans
agents and one air america pilot. 90% of efforts in narcotics intel
collection. ironic CIA given responsibility for narcotics intel,
particularly since they supporting prime movers. even though CIA
facilitating movement of opiates to U.S. they hid behind shield of secrecy
for "national security reasons." much info given by them to various
congressional committees was inaccurate. congressional memo 7/18/76 7

thailand, 73-76 puttaporn khramkhruan, employed by CIA to get intel on
narcotics, was an alleged member of an opium ring. U.S. customs discovered
parcel of 59 pounds opium from thailand to U.S. they found his name and
address in chieng mai, thailand. he arrested in 7/73. CIA said it would not
cooperate in the case and case dismissed. corn, d. (1994). blond ghost: ted
shackley and the CIA's crusades 300

thailand, Burma, 87 opium warlord, khun sa, whose narcotics trafficking
supports an armed rebellion against Burma is reported under attacks from
thai and burmese forces. bangkok has a longstanding reward posted for the
capture of khun sa, whose real name is chang si fu. New York Times 2/22/87
18

turkey, ankara, 71-73 as deputy chief of station, clarridge was to
coordinate drug interdiction with the DEA, a complex task. problems between
CIA and DEA. providing evidence for court from technical ops -- CIA cannot
afford to lose these technical ops and are a real impediment to CIA support
to tactical drug enforcement. richard salmi was DEA rep in turkey.
clariddge, d. (1997). a spy for all seasons 119

venezuela, 85-96 a former head of venezuela's CIA-financed anti-drug
Agency, gen. ramon guillen davila, was indicted by a federal grand jury on
charges he plotted to smuggle cocaine into the us. it widely reported three
years ago that the CIA let guillen smuggle some cocaine into the us over
the objections of the U.S. drug enforcement adm. CIA denied the reports.
guillen said his venezuelan national guard anti-narcotics unit sent about
4,100 pounds of cocaine to the us with the knowledge of the CIA and the DEA
to help U.S. officials snare drug traffickers. but law-enforcement
officials said guillen's unit shipped as much as 22 tons of cocaine into
the us during the period when he headed it, between 1987 and 1991.
officials said CIA agents working with guillen approved the delivery of one
and possibly two cocaine shipments totaling more than a ton, which were
smuggled into the united states. purported motive was to help gather intel
about drug-smuggling networks and strengthen position of a key confidential
informant within Colombia's drug cartels. cocaine was not supposed to reach
U.S. users but it often did. no CIA officials were charged in the
indictment. AP 11/21/96

venezuela, 87-96 gen ramon guillen davila, the head of the venezuelan
national guard for four years and once CIA's most trusted man in that
country, indicted on drug trafficking charges. he is charged with smuggling
as much as 22 tons of cocaine into the U.S. while chief of the guard's
anti-drug bureau between 87-91. as head of the anti-drug unit he worked
closely with DEA and CIA. Washington Post 11/24/96 a16

venezuela, 90-97 a former CIA agent, mark mcfarlin, testified to
double-crosses and betrayal in venezuela, as leaders of an elite unit set
up by the intel Agency to fight smuggling instead protected huge drug
shipments to south florida. several large shipments were seized, but after
the fact they learned that hundreds of pounds got through. no major drug
lords were captured, and a large CIA-dea rift was revealed. mcfarlin's
testimony, came in the trial of adolfo romero gomez, former aide to a
retired venezuelan general, ramon guillen davila, who ran his nation's drug
war from 1988 to 1992. guillen, once a trusted operative of the CIA was
charged with romero with a broad conspiracy to smuggle up to 22 tons of
cocaine through venezuela to miami during that time. the CIA in venezuela
trained and equipped a special intel unit of The National guard. mcfarlin
and other U.S. agents taught venezuelans tradecraft. in 1989, guillen told
CIA and DEA that Colombian suppliers wanted to truck large amounts of
cocaine across the border to venezuela for storage and eventual shipment,
and romero was the Colombians' contact. U.S. agents saw a chance to track
``controlled deliveries'' of the drugs and capture major traffickers.
mcfarlin learned in late 1990 that the national guard was involved in the
drug-trafficking it was supposed to stop, allowing some of the cocaine to
be flown to south florida without U.S. knowledge. for his part, mcfarlin
was asked to resign from the CIA in 1992. mcfarlin's station chief was
retired. the miami herald 9/18/97

Vietnam, 58-62 ngo dinh nhu used vnese intel in Laos and indochina's
corsican underworld's charter airlines to ship opium. in 61-62 he also used
first transport group (which then flying intel missions into Laos for CIA
under control of gen ky) to ship raw opium to saigon. mccoy, a.w. (1991).
the politics of heroin: CIA complicity in the global drug traffic 197

Vietnam, australia, 75 an american intel officer who served with
australians, william corson, claimed CIA aircraft flew secret cargoes of
drugs in `black airfields' in remote parts of australia during final weeks
of vn war. toohey, b., & pinwill, w. (1990). oyster: the story of the
australian secret intelligence service 252

Vietnam, cuba, 47-90 lucien conein of long-term CIA ops fame, was given a
consulting job with the BNDD. conein recruited former CIA agents for ops.
his op was first code-named "buncin" and later "deacon" to create an
international net of deep cover assets. to "immobilize or eliminate
international sources of illicit drugs and significant drug traffickers."
all assets were former CIA agents from the miami area. although aimed at
drug traffickers, the intel gathered by DEAcon included reports on
"violation of neutrality laws, extremist groups and terrorism, and
information of a political nature." project in three years produced only a
single drug bust. marshall, j. (1991). Drug Wars 61

zodiac company a CIA front linked possible cuban exiles in drug traffic.
blum, w. (1986). the CIA a forgotten history 214

domestic op, michael tolliver speaking from wichita courtroom about his
CIA-protected drug smuggling. claims he landed 25,000 pounds marijuana at
air force base in florida. the progressive 4/88 11

drugs, thailand. thai national arrested re smuggling opium to U.S. did
antidrug intel work under cover of handicraft business set up by jospeh z.
taylor and associates a CIA proprietary whose corporate secretary once
worked for united business associates. law case would have exposed aid's
role in providing cover for CIA. air america 245-6

early 50 CIA recruited corsican gangsters to battle commie strikers. both
sicilian mafia and corsican underworld played key role in europe's post war
heroin traffic and provided most heroin in us for next two decades. CIA did
not dabble in drugs to finance its ops, CIA's role simply inadvertent
consequence its cold war tactics. mccoy, a.w. (1972). the politics of
heroin in southeast asia 7-8

enterprise. 86 secord and hakim two of four owners of tri-american arms.
two major ops planned for company were manufacture of submachine guns and
bulk manufacturing of opium alkaloids. iran-contra affair. (congress
committees) 349

western enterprises early 50 CIA's cover org on taiwan. closed down in
54 and resettled 7-10,000 nat guerrillas in Burma. most in Burma in drug
traffic using money and planes supplied by CIA. ready market in thailand
thru pha syrinod. garwood, d. (1985). under cover 223
CIABASE

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