On Mar 30, 12:36 am, "Ganesh J. Acharya" <
ganeshjacha...@gmail.com>
wrote:
Fatigue (also called exhaustion, tiredness, lethargy, languidness,
languor, lassitude, and listlessness) is a subjective feeling of
tiredness which is distinct from weakness, and has a gradual onset.
Unlike weakness, fatigue can be alleviated by periods of rest. Fatigue
can have physical or mental causes. Physical fatigue is the transient
inability of a muscle to maintain optimal physical performance, and is
made more severe by intense physical exercise. Mental fatigue is a
transient decrease in maximal cognitive performance resulting from
prolonged periods of cognitive activity. It can manifest as
somnolence, lethargy, or directed attention fatigue.
Medically, fatigue is a non-specific symptom, which means that it has
many possible causes. Fatigue is considered a symptom, rather than a
sign because it is a subjective feeling reported by the patient,
rather than an objective one that can be observed by others. Fatigue
and ‘feelings of fatigue’ are often confused.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_%28medical%29
First, notice that pain varies a great deal between individuals. 'How
do you know that it varies?', one may ask, and this shows us at once
another characteristic of mental occurrences, we each feel that we
know about our own, but can only learn of those of others indirectly
by their behaviour and especially by their speech. The responses that
people give to presumably painful situations certainly vary a great
deal, both between individuals and in the same person at different
times. Immediately after an injury there is sometimes little
indication of pain. Military surgeons have often reported that men
dreadfully wounded seem to feel no pain, perhaps partly because they
are thinking how glad they are to be alive and out of the battle.
However, the point is that severe pain usually comes some time after
injury (or of course from a chronic internal disturbance). It is a
signal that things are wrong and it sets off the search for a remedy.
Dentists report that patients often say that their pains have gone
away when they reach the safe care of the man who will relieve them.
Conversely we all know of people whose pains we feel may be
exaggerated in an attempt to gain sympathy and attention.
This tells us a lot about another very general characteristic of these
phenomena-they are greatly dependent on the social situation. Is it
possible that what we call our personal feelings are in some way
actually a product of man's deeply social way of life and dependence
on communication? This seems a contradiction, and we must be careful
to avoid any suggestion that to call pains social would be to pretend
that they are 'unreal'. Almost nothing is more real for a human being
than his reactions to those around him, and of them to him. Not only
are responses of pain social but they are also at least partly
learned, often according to the practices of the culture in which the
individual grows...
Programs to switch off pain
Electrical stimulation of certain regions of this central grey matter
seems to make rats insensitive to pinching, burning, and even to
surgery. The animals are not paralysed but seem instead to be
completely oblivious to stimuli that are normally painful. These nerve
cells of the reticular formation contain the substance enkephalin,
injection of which kills pain in the same way as does morphia (Hughes
1975). Enkephalin is probably the neurotrans-mitter involved in
synaptic transmission in these reticular brain centres. Morphine thus
acts by imitating the action of enkephalin in stimulating the nerve
cells that switch off the responses to traumatic stimuli, including
the subjective phenomena of pain. This is the brain's program for
reducing pain.
These actions are due to fibres that proceed from the reticular
regions of the brain downwards to the spinal cord (Fig. 11.8). They
inhibit the cells that send signals upwards from neurons that respond
to noxious stimuli, but they do not inhibit neurons that signal
combinations that indicate touch or other non-harmful events (Basbaum
et al. 1976). There have even been experiments in which stimulation of
particular regions of the central grey matter produce analgesia of one
particular part of the body. Once again we see how actively the brain
regulates everything that is allowed to enter it, even pain.
Programs of the brain.
J. Z. Young 1978
http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198575459/
usenet dying heading to Fakebook I see they have an Evolutionary
Psychology group with a couple thousand people, about as many people
that used to be in here a few years ago. Stupid Fakebook doesn't even
do threads yet.