On 2/8/2015 7:58 PM, bigdog wrote:
> On Saturday, February 7, 2015 at 1:44:58 PM UTC-5,
tom...@cox.net wrote:
>> THE FBI TESTED THE RILE ON SATURDAY 11/23/63. IT FIRED HIGH AND TO THE
>> RIGHT MISSING THE TARGET BY 3THREE (3) INCHES AT 15 FEET FROM THE TARGET
>> AND, IT WAS BOLTED DOWN ! YOU DO THE MATH AT88 YARDS ! ! !
>>
>
> Of course the bullet is going to hit high at 15 feet. The fixed sights
> were zeroed for 200 yards. I don't know what range the scope was set for,
Wrong. We do know that the scope was set for 200 meters. In case you
didn't know it meters are not the same as yards.
> but I seriously doubt it was 15 feet. Bullets don't fly in a straight
> line. They arc. The arc is very slight but has to be taken into account.
For the Carcano the arc is very high and has to be taken into account.
Dave Emary on the Carcano:
SHOOTING THE 6.5 X 52 mm, 7.35 x 51mm CARTRIDGES AND THE CARCANO RIFLES
October 2002
The 6.5 X 52 mm cartridge has been largely ignored by both the shooting
public and the industry despite large numbers of rifles in the publics
hands. The 7.35 x 51 mm cartridge is even more obscure because of its’
step child status in history and its’ virtual total lack of interest by
the shooting industry. The Carcano rifles have been largely ignored by
military rifle collectors and have unjustly received much unfavorable
press and commentary. This article will discuss the characteristics of
the 6.5 X 52 mm and 7.35 x 51mm cartridges as well as the Carcano rifles
and how to extract the most performance from each. Misunderstood
characteristics of the Carcano rifles and unsubstantiated claims about
safety and quality of the rifles will be discussed. Methods and
components used by the author to extract the best accuracy and shooting
pleasure from the ammunition and rifles will be detailed. The shooting
and loading characteristics discussed will be from the view point of a
collector desiring to reproduce the military specification performance
as closely as possible with available components, striving for best
accuracy.
THE CARTRIDGES:
6.5 X 52 mm:
The 6.5 X 52 mm cartridge was the primary small arms cartridge of the
Italian military from the late 19th century until 1945 and was used in a
reserve capacity well into the 1970’s. The cartridge was the first in a
series of 6.5 mm military cartridges designed in the 1890’s. It was the
first military cartridge to use a low errosivity, smokeless propellant,
called Solenite. The cartridge was initially loaded with a double base
propellant that was licensed from Dynamit Nobel called Ballistite.
Ballistite had a very high percentage of nitroglycerine and it was found
early on that the high flame temperature of the Ballistite caused
excessive throat erosion. The Ballistite also showed problems with
propellant stability at temperature extremes, which was unacceptable for
a military applications. Solenite was also a double base propellant but
with a significantly lower percentage of nitroglyserine. The lower
nitroglycerine and other additives dramatically improved the errosivity
of Solenite and it was adopted as the standard propellant in 1896. It is
interesting to note that a nearly identical propellant was adopted by
Great Britain in 1901 known as Cordite. The primary loading for the
cartridge throughout its service was a 162-grain full metal jacket,
round nose bullet measuring nominally .267” diameter, and 35.2 grains of
Solenite. It is interesting to note the method I believe was used to
load cartridges. I had long wondered how the extremely course large
grain propellant was loaded in the small 6.5 mm neck. After doing some
research I found that the British loaded the .303 round by loading the
Cordite in a straight wall cartridge, then necking the cartridge to it’s
final dimensions and then loading the bullet. This would have obviously
been the same method the Italians used to load the 6.5 X 52.
A strain gage was fitted to a TERNI 91/41 rifle with an excellent
condition bore and several lots of military surplus ammunition were
tested. Measured pressures varied from 40,000 to 42,000 psi. Nominal
muzzle velocities of the military ammunition vary from 2,130 fps / 649
m/s in the 17 3/4” barreled carbines to 2,295 fps / 700 m/s in the 30
11/16” barreled M91 rifle. The same ammunition was tested in a Committee
Internationale Permannette (CIP) minimum specification test barrel with
a piezo electric transducer and the ammunition tested 50,000 to 52,000 psi.
The 6.5 X 52 mm cartridge has taken a great deal of criticism as being
underpowered and anemic. From a ballistic standpoint this is a little
hard to justify. The Swedish 6.5 X 55 mm cartridge is considered an
outstanding cartridge yet it is only able to produce 100 fps more
velocity with a 156-grain bullet in the M96 rifle. The 6.5 X 55 requires
a maximum average pressure of 55,000 psi and approximately 6 more grains
of powder to produce this meager gain in performance. The .30-30
Winchester, regarded as an adequate deer rifle and known to have killed
many moose and bear produces 2,220 fps in a 24” barrel with a 170 grain
bullet. The 6.5 X 52 mm fires a bullet with a higher ballistic
coefficient, at a higher velocity, shoots flatter and has far more
penetration capability than the .30-30. From the standpoint of a service
rifle cartridge the 6.5 X 52 with its relatively low operating pressure,
coupled with its modest powder charge would result in much less barrel
throat erosion and wear. This would equate to longer barrel life and
decreased operating cost. In fact, much of what was done in the Carcano
rifle/ammunition system was aimed at long barrel life, as will be shown
later. From my point of view the 6.5 X 52 is a very efficient cartridge,
offering adequate performance for what it was intended.
The only fault that one might level against the 6.5 X 52 as a military
cartridge is that it had relatively humane terminal ballistics. The very
long, blunt nosed bullet coupled with the fast twist rate of the gun
resulted in a bullet that was very stable with a very high resistance to
tumbling. The cartridge was known to have inflicted many “through and
through” wounds, just leaving a small wound channel. The bullet
typically would not tumble inside its’ target unless it encountered
something hard such as bone. When it did tumble the wounding effect is
well known.
7.35 x 51 mm
In 1938 the Italians introduced the new M38 Series of rifles and
carbines, as well as a new cartridge the 7.35 X 51mm. The cartridge is
simply the 6.5 X 52 necked up to .30 caliber. The cartridge is a true
.30 caliber, with the military issue ammunition having a nominal bullet
diameter of .299” - .300”. The cartridge came about as a result of the
desire for a flatter shooting more lethal round. To facilitate these
ends the bullet employed an aluminum core in the tip of the bullet,
above a core of lead. This type of bullet design had been more than
demonstrated by the British in the 174 grain bullet used in the .303
service round. This moved the center of gravity towards the rear of the
bullet thereby causing the bullet to be substantially less stable. The
bullets tumbled easily on impact causing far more traumatic wounds than
the 160 grain round nose of the 6.5 X 52.
The pressure specification for the 7.35 X 51 was identical to the 6.5 X
52. The round was loaded with a 128 grain full metal jacket spitzer
bullet and nominally 40.9 grains of a single base, extruded propellant.
This type of propellant is essentially the same as the U.S. IMR type
propellants. The single base, low flame temperature propellant along
with the modest operating pressures made for very long barrel life. The
round produced velocities of approximately 2,480 fps / 756 m/s in an M38
Short Rifle and approximately 2,410 fps / 735 m/s in the M38 Cavalry and
T.S. carbines.
The Italian Army planned to convert to the 7.35 X 51 caliber but stopped
in 1940, not being prepared for the War to begin as soon as it did. They
could not logistically support both calibers of weapons and could not
build 7.35 mm rifles fast enough to meet the demand once the war began.
According to Dick Hobb’s research, units of the Italian 8th Army going
into Russia in 1942 were issued 7.35 caliber Carcanos, but the guns were
immediately exchanged for 6.5 caliber weapons. Subsequently most of the
existing 7.35 M38 Short Rifles were given to the Finnish army and put to
good use by the Finns. All T.S. and Cavalry carbines were retained in
Italy. The M38 Cavalry carbines were given to a paramilitary youth
organization for training.
The 7.35 X 51 is ballistically nearly identical to the .30-30 in terms
of energy but shoots flatter because of the higher velocity and higher
ballistic coefficient bullet. Had the Italians been able to field the
7.35 X 51 mm it would certainly have proved a very effective combat
rifle for the time. The guns were light and easy to carry the wounding
capabilities of the bullet were substantial. The ammunition produced
mild recoil and essentially was the precursor to modern assault rifle
ammunition, first fielded by the Germans in the 7.9 X 33mm. The design
criteria being, a lightweight bullet/round fired at a modest velocity,
larger quantities of ammunition carried by the soldier, and easy for
anyone to shoot.
CARCANO RIFLES:
I will not attempt to make any detailed discussion of the many varieties
of Carcano rifles. For those interested in that I will refer them to
Richard Hobbs’ excellent book “The Carcano, Italy’s Military Rifle”. I
will discuss some specific characteristics of the Carcano design in
general and show how out of ignorance some of these have led to much of
the bad press this rifle has received.
To begin this discussion the caliber of a rifle refers to the diameter
of the bore of the barrel, or the diameter across the lands of the
rifling. In the case of the Carcano rifles and for that matter every
other 6.50mm caliber rifle this dimension is generally accepted as
.257”. The CIP minimum specification diameter for the 6.5 mm Carcano
barrel is .256 in / 6.50mm. The groove diameter of the barrel is where a
considerable amount of ignorance arises in the Carcano rifle. Nearly
every other 6.5mm caliber has a groove diameter of .263 - .264”. The
exceptions to this are the 6.5 X 54 MS with a .266” groove and the
Carcano with a CIP minimum specification groove diameter of .2677” /
6.80mm. I do not know what the production tolerances were for the
Carcano, but based on my knowledge of current rifle manufacturing
practice a tolerance of at least +.001” would be used for these
dimensions. I have slugged the barrels of approximately 20 different
types of Carcano rifles from 3 different manufacturers and have found
barrel diameters in good condition rifles typically running from .2680”
to .2690”. I have a 91-24 that has a groove diameter of .2710”. This
rifle still has strong rifling and a somewhat shiny bore, but has seen a
lot of use. Until very recently this bit of information has totally
escaped the shooting sports industry. No bullets of the correct size
were available, with the exception of only a few small bullet makers.
This problem almost entirely has resulted in the Carcano being
categorically called an inaccurate, poorly manufactured rifle. In fact
noting could be further from the truth. 6.5 Carcano owners now have
available to them as of the summer of 2002 an excellent .2675” 160 round
nose bullet specifically designed for the 6.5 Carcano. This bullet is
being offered by Hornady Manufacturing. The bullet is also being offered
in ammunition loaded by Hornady for Graf & Sons.
A similar discussion applies to the 7.35 X 51 mm cartridge. The diameter
of the grooves of the 7.35 X 51 mm typically run .300” - .301”. The
diameter across the lands typically runs .290” - .291”. There is no
specification for the 7.35 X 51 mm because no major manufacturer has
ever had any interest in standardizing the cartridge. I have slugged the
barrels of my two 7.35 Carcanos and one measures .300” and the other
measures .301”. Several small bullet makers make appropriately sized
bullets for the 7.35 X 51 mm. Bullets for the cartridge should be .299 -
.300” in diameter.
The original 6.5 X 52 mm Carcano design used a gain twist barrel. The
gain twist results in a very slow initial twist in the barrel
progressively getting faster until the full twist rate is attained at
the muzzle. The slow initial twist results in substantially less torque
being imparted to the bullet during the highest loading phase of the
interior ballistic cycle. This results in significantly less barrel wear
in the throat. This coupled with the very deep rifling of the barrel
would result in barrels that would have a very long wear and accuracy
life. This in fact is the case. Many M91 model rifles show signs of
considerable amounts of ammunition being fired through them, because of
the crazed/frosted condition of the bore, yet still show very strong
rifling and shoot well with the proper size bullets. The 7.35 X 51 mm
Carcano rifles used a standard fixed twist barrel.
The Carcano bolt is the model of a simple, easy to field strip bolt. It
is about as fool proof as you can get for a common soldier. The Carcano
trigger has taken a considerable amount of criticism. The trigger is
basically a Mauser type two-stage trigger. In almost all cases if you
find the trigger rough or creepy simply polishing the sear and trigger
mating faces result in a very acceptable trigger for a military rifle.
For the most part I have found Carcano triggers have less creep, are
more crisp and lighter than the majority of Mauser triggers I have
encountered.
The materials used in the Carcano are excellent. These rifles were made
from special steels perfected by the Czechs, for which the Italians paid
royalties. If you have ever tried doing any work on a Carcano receiver
you will find out just how hard and tough the steel is. The Carcano has
also received a reputation as being a “weak” design. Nothing could be
further from the truth. The Italians made a small run of Carcanos early
in WW II chambered for 8 X 57 JS. The Germans rechambered some Carcanos
to 8 X 57 JS late in WW II. These rifles were also proofed for this
cartridge. The CIP minimum suggested proof pressure for the 8 x 57 JS
cartridge is 73,500 psi. I hardly call this a weak action.
The best case I can make for the strength of the Carcano was a personal
experience attempting to blow one up for a hunter safety course video. I
was asked by the Department of Game and Fish of New Mexico about 12
years ago to help them with this. At the time I was one of the ones
ignorant about the Carcano, believing it to be a weak action and easy to
take apart. Well, the morale to this story was a full case of Bullseye
failed to do anything significant to the action or barrel. We finally
had to fill a cartridge case with C4 explosive and detonate it to get
anything that looked like what we wanted. One other incident I have
experienced with the Carcano further convinces me of the great strength
of these actions. In my early experiments with .268” bullets, and
loading data for them, I had several incidents of extreme pressure. The
bolt had to be opened with a hammer and the cartridge case appeared to
be a belted magnum. The headspace of the gun had grown slightly but
otherwise was fine and has been fired many times since. I know from my
experience as a ballistician that pressures in excess of 90,000 psi are
required to do this type of damage to a cartridge case. A good condition
Carcano rifle is as safe and strong as any other military bolt-action
rifle you will encounter. This incident will be discussed later, as it
was caused by propellants that should not be used in the 6.5 X 52
because of their ignition characteristics.
As far as quality of the rifles goes I have seen quite a spectrum,
mostly due to condition or wear of the rifle. The production quality
does seem to vary some from the different manufacturers in terms of fit
and finish, just as Mausers do. However, I have several Beretta Gardone
manufactured rifles in excellent condition that have as tight and smooth
an action as any VZ 24 I have ever seen.
One design feature of curiosity on the Carcano is the recess cut in the
bolt face and the recess in the rear face of the issue cartridge cases.
As I understand from the Italian information on the rifle the initial
cartridge case had intermittent problems with primer pockets leaking
gas. The recessed groove in the cartridges served to crimp in the primer
and provide a gas trap. The groove in the bolt face served further as a
gas trap and to increase the sealing pressure between the cartridge and
bolt face as I will discuss below. Subsequent future improvements in
cartridge case metallurgy and manufacturing probably solved this
problem. I can offer one other benefit it would have for a military
rifle. This groove collects dirt and gunk that might accumulate on the
bolt face or be introduced by a dirty cartridge. It would allow a
considerable amount of dirt to be present and the bolt still close and
the gun function.
The groove in the bolt face both creates a higher contact pressure
between the bolt face and cartridge head as well as create a very useful
situation for the hand loader. Because of the groove in the bolt the
surface area contact between the bolt face and cartridge head is
significantly reduced. This serves to magnify the contact pressure that
exists between the bolt face and cartridge case during firing. The
increased pressure makes it more difficult for gas to escape if the
primer or primer pocket happens to leak. This condition also serves as a
safety valve for the hand loader. In effect it exaggerates the force the
rear of the cartridge experiences. This also increases the friction
between the cartridge and bolt. In the Carcano you will feel stiff bolt
lift long before you have reached any kind of dangerous pressure. This
in no way makes the gun weak it is simply a by product of early efforts
to solve what was primarily a cartridge case problem.
SIGHTS:
6.5 mm
6.5 mm Carcanos were equiped with a wide variety of sights. Early model
M91 series rifles had adjustable sights with a fixed battle zero sight.
Most models of rifles made just before or during WWII had fixed sights.
The exception to this was the M41 model. From a user standpoint the WWII
era Carcano’s sights are the model of effectiveness and simplicity. The
early model M91 version rifles with the fixed battle sight being at 300
meters was probably not the greatest decision but reflected the trend of
that time. With this sight setting the rifles would have a maximum
height of trajectory of approximately 15” – 17” at a range of 175 to 200
yards, depending on barrel length. I suspect more than one Austrian
soldiers life was spared in WWI because someone shot over his head
The Italians apparently realized that a 300-meter battle zero was a bit
impractical and with the introduction of the M38 models went to a 200
meter battle zero. This zero results in a maximum height of trajectory
of 5.5” – 6.5” at a range of approximately 100 yards, depending on
barrel length. With this sight setting, by simply holding on the middle
of the torso, it would have been hard to miss the target out to about
220 meters. The Carcano’s also used a unique sight picture. The proper
sight picture for regulated sights on a Carcano is with the front sight
in the very bottom of the rear sight groove. This is how the Italian
army manuals instructed that the sights be used. Potentially, this would
allow for two battle sight settings. The normal use as mentioned above
would be a 200 meter zero. Using the Mauser sighting method, the front
sight level with the rear sight, would result in a zero of 330 – 350
meters. This is about the maximum range practical for attempting to
engage a target with iron sights.
I contend with the Carcano the Italians had a very intelligent approach
for a battle rifle. The fixed sights were basically fool proof. The
Italians must have realized with the M38 models that nearly all small
arms engagements occurred inside of 200 meters. The fixed sights with a
200 meter zero would have been fool proof for a soldier under stress,
who was probably a poor judge of distance to begin with. The soldier
would have had to do nothing but point and shoot at the middle of his
enemy for ranges out to 220 – 230 meters. How much more simple and
effective could it have been made.
Following is a table of different models of rifles with all the
information needed to properly set one up with the sights regulated for
the military issue type load, approximately a 160 grain bullet at 2,100
to 2,250 fps depending on barrel length. The table lists the approximate
muzzle velocity for the different types of rifles with issue ammunition,
the battle zero range, the front sight elevation/windage adjustment
necessary to move the point of impact 1” at 100 yards and the proper
height of trajectory at 100 yards for the given battle zero range.
TRAJECTORY COMPARISON FOR THE 6.5 X 52 mm CARTRIDGE
M91 CAV/TS M38 CAV/TS M38 SR M41 M91
M91-24/28
RIFLE:
MUZZLE
VELOCITY: 2,110 2,110 2,150 2,225 2,270
(FPS)
BATTLE ZERO: 300 200 200 200 300
(METERS)
SIGHT RADIUS: 14.25” 14.25” 17” 23” 26.4”
FRONT SIGHT
ADJUSMENT FOR .002” .002” .0025” .0035” .004”
1” @ 100 YARDS:
H.O.T. FOR BATTLE
ZERO @ 100 YARDS: 13.75” 6.5” 5.75” 5.25” 11.5”
For those wishing to do their own trajectory calculations the ballistic
coefficient for the Italian 162 grain FMJ RN bullet is approximately
.275. A gun can be set up to be zeroed at 100 yards with the proper
height front sight. You will probably have difficulty finding Carcano
sights tall enough to accomplish this. To raise the point of impact the
front sight must be lowered and just the opposite is required to lower
the point of impact. To move the point of impact left or right the front
sight must be moved in the direction it is off. Mauser front sights are
a bit loose in the Carcano but can be made to work.
7.35 mm
The sights on the 7.35 Carcano rifles are identical to the M38 6.5 mm
rifles. The three models of rifles produced all had a fixed battle zero
of 200 meters. With the military issue 128 grain FMJ load the 200 meter
zero gives the rifle a maximum height of trajectory of approximately 4”
at a range of 100 yards. The bullet is approximately 11” low at 300
yards. The practical result of this is that by holding on the middle of
the torso of the target, a soldier was certain of a body hit out to a
range of approximately 270 meters, approximately 50 meters further than
the 6.5 mm cartridge.
The table below gives the same trajectory comparison for the 7.35 X 51
as the above 6.5 X 52 table. The figures shown are for a nominal 128 –
130 grain bullet with a ballistic coefficient of .285.
TRAJECTORY COMPARISON FOR THE 7.35 X 51 mm CARTRIDGE
RIFLE: M38 SR M38 Cavalry/T.S.
MUZZLE
VELOCITY: 2,480 2,410
(FPS)
BATTLE ZERO: 200 200
(METERS)
SIGHT RADIUS: 17” 14.25”
FRONT SIGHT
ADJUSMENT FOR .0025” .002”
1” @ 100 YARDS:
H.O.T. FOR BATTLE
ZERO @ 100 YARDS: 4” 4.5”
RELOADING:
6.5 x 52 mm:
The 6.5 mm Carcano presents several peculiarities when it comes to
reloading. First, as I stated above, the military issue bullets were
nominally .267” diameter. The only .264 “ bullet I have ever achieved
any kind of reasonable results with is the Hornady 160 grain RN. This is
due to the bullets long bearing surface. Even with this bullet I have
some rifles that are hard pressed to shoot less than 5” at 100 yards.
Shooting .264” spitzer pointed bullets in the Carcano is an exercise in
futility.
.264” bullets are fine for informal plinking, etc. To get accuracy from
the Carcano rifles and ammunition .267 - .268” diameter bullets must be
used.
CAUTION: .268” bullets should not be used in any Vetterli rifle, which
is intended for Black Powder loads.
As discussed earlier in the article some exciting things have happened
for the Carcano owner in the summer of 2002. Hornady introduced a .2675”
purpose built bullet for the 6.5 X 52. In addition, in the fall of 2002
Graf & Sons began selling Hornady ammunition loaded with the same
bullet. The ammunition uses the excellent Privi Partizan cartridge case.
Graf & Sons is also selling the cases as a component. Hornady has
updated their reloading die set to accommodate the bigger diameter bullet.
Reloading dies present some issues for the 6.5 X 52. The current
specifications for the 6.5 X 52 mm Carcano were developed by CIP. I have
found that the specification for minimum chamber dimensions does not
match that of a large number of rifles. The problem is in the minimum
diameter of the breech end of the chamber. The minimum CIP dimension for
this is .451”. After casting the chambers of a number of rifles I have
found chambers with this dimension as small as .4485”. There are also
rifles that are within the CIP specification. The largest chambers I
have observed measure .4535”. All other chamber dimensions have been
within the specification. I do not know how this discrepancy has come
about. It could be an error in the CIP specification from the original
Italian manufacturing practices or a result of original chamber reamers
being sharpened too many times. I have also observed this dimesional
discrepancy in 7.35 X 51 chambers.
The result of this is that reloading dies made per the CIP
specifications are not correctly dimensioned for the tighter chambered
rifles. Because of this the dies will not size the base of the cartridge
enough to allow proper chambering in many rifles. I have only used
Hornady dies so I can’t speak for other manufacturers, but as of the
time of this writing Hornady is offering dies that account for this
problem. Reloading dies should be made for a maximum cartridge base
diameter of .447”. Figure 1. shows a drawing of a maximum cartridge
based on the observed chambers. The correct headspace range is also
shown for a .375” shoulder datum. This will allow you to check the
headspace of your rifle with the Stoney Point headspace gages. I have
used Hornady 7.35 X 51 mm New Dimension dies and have not had the
resizing chambering problems like what have been encountered with the
6.5 X 52.
Figure 1.
.
Norma 6.5 Carcano cases are very high quality. However, the cases
extractor groove is narrower than the original specifications called
for. The Norma cases will not function well. The feeding and ejection is
difficult if not impossible in some guns. The narrow extractor groove
tends to bind up in the stripper clip, compromising feeding, and also
binds on the extractor during ejection. The recently imported Privi
Partizan cases, also used in the Hornady ammunition, have correct
extractor groove width. I have used these cases extensively and they
function flawlessly.
For my shooting of the Carcano rifle I have used Hornady .2675” 160 gr
RN bullet. These bullets are nearly an exact copy of the profile of the
original 162 gr FMJ bullet. These bullets have produced excellent
accuracy in a number of rifles, 1.5 “ groups at 100 yards being the norm
instead of the exception. The only other .268” diameter production
bullets I am aware of are offered by Buffalo Arms. See the excellent
Carcano homepage for the address.
At this point in time a somewhat in depth discussion of the interior
ballistics of the 6.5 X 52 is required as it pertains to the use of the
.2675” bullet as well as primer and propellant selection. As I discussed
above, when talking about the strength of the Carcano rifle, I mentioned
some very high pressure rounds I had experienced. It wasn’t until I had
a test barrel with a pressure transducer that I was able to determine
the cause of this.
As I mentioned above Carcano ammunition in a minimum dimensioned test
barrel fires at pressures of approximately 50,000 psi. This pressure is
high enough that most any propellants will ignite and perform
acceptably. However, as I also mentioned above the same ammunition in
most Carcano rifles fires at pressures of approximately 40,000 psi. This
is because of the larger chamber and bore dimensions encountered in the
rifles. At pressures not much below this the ignition characteristics of
many slower propellants, that might be used in this cartridge, become
very erratic. With some of the larger bore guns and rougher barrels some
of these propellants can become down right dangerous.
Essentially what is happening is that the slower extruded propellants,
starting with propellants like N150, Hodgdon / IMR 4350 and slower
propellants have chemical deterrents that slow the initial burning rate
of the propellant. These deterrents also make these propellants harder
to ignite. Because of the very deep rifling in the 6.5 X 52
significantly more force is required to engrave the bullet into the
rifling with a correctly sized .2675” bullet than most other rifling
forms. This coupled with a bullet with a long bearing surface, and a
possibly rough throat, can result in a bullet that requires a lot of
initial gas pressure to engrave and keep the bullet moving while being
engraved. What can happen is the bullet will stop in the throat before
some of these propellants really get going and you then have an
obstructed bore. Not Good!
The practicle application to the 6.5 X 52 is that there are propellants
that should absolutely be avoided in this cartridge. With the .2675”
Round Nose bullet I absolutely do not recommend any extruded propellants
slower than Hodgdon Varget. Do not use Vihtavuori N150 or other extruded
propellants any slower as they exhibit very erratic ignition
characteristics. Some propellants even show this erratic performance at
maximum charges. Nearly all these propellants show erratic behavior at
charges reduced from maximum. Only use a magnum primer. The above
behavior of propellants has not been observed with Ball Powders.
Generally this behavior will not occur with .264” bullets because the
engraving forces are much lower. They also have a built in safety valve
because they allow gas to blow by the bullet because of being undersize.
I have not attempted to produce an extensive list of propellants for
reloading. Hornady has published data for the .2675” Round Nose. I will
only show the propellants I have found to be safe and offer performance
nearly the same as issue ammunition al,ong with good accuracy. Following
is a table of my pet loads.
Cartridge: 6.5 X 52 mm
Bullet: .2675” diameter Hornady 160 RN
Case: Privi Partizan
Primer: Winchester WLRM
Cartridge overall Length: 2.980”
POWDER WEIGHT M41 VELOCITY (fps) M38 CAVALRY VELOCITY (fps)
H414 37.0 gr 2,210 2,080
WC 760 38.0 gr 2,225 2,090
These are maximum loads, do not exceed.
For a starting charge do not reduce either propellant more than 5%.
Maximum case length: 2.067”
Trim Length: 2.057”
Maximum cartridge overall Length: 3.012”
The above loads were tested in the instrumented M41 rifle and are within
the pressures tested for military issue ammunition.
7.35 X 51 mm
As I discussed above the 7.35 X 51 has no current specification. It uses
a nonstandard bullet diameter. In the late 60’s Hornady made a 128 gr
Spire Point bullet in .300” diameter specifically for the 7.35 X 51. It
was discontinued after several years because of a lack of interest.
The 7.35 X 51 mm requires bullets of .299” - .301” diameter. Do not
attempt to reload this cartridge with .308” bullets.
There are several small manufacturers that offer bullets in this size
range. These manufacturers can also be found on the Carcano internet
homepage. For my testing I had a swage die made by Corbin that
reproduces the profile of the original FMJ bullets at a diameter of
.301”. I reswage Hornady .308” 150 grain FMJ BT and .310” 123 grain FMJ
bullets in this die to .301” flat base bullets. In my testing I have
found that the reswaged 150 grain bullets shoot very well. I have not
achieved as good a results with the 123 grain bullets.
No cases are currently manufactured for the 7.35 X 51 mm. However, it is
quite easy to form 7.35 X 51 mm cases by running 6.5 X 52 mm cases into
a 7.35 mm die to neck up the cases and then trimming the cases to the
proper length. The neck on the Norma 6.5 X 52 cases is quite thick as
compared to original specification ammunition. If Norma cases are used
to form 7.35 X 51 mm cases it will be necessary to turn the case necks
to a thickness of .013” maximum. If the cases are not neck turned the
loaded ammunition will not chamber in many rifles. The new Privi
Partizan cases do not have this problem and can be directly formed into
7.35 X 51 mm and trimmed. I have found these case to function flawlessly.
As of the writing of this article, October, 2002, Hornady is again
planning on bring out a .300” 128 gr bullet for the 7.35 X 51. If this
does indeed happen it will be a real shot in the arm for Carcano owners.
Support and shooting of this product will ensure the continued
availability of the bullet. FIGURE 2.
Below is a table showing the results of my testing with the bullets
described above. Again I did not attempt to develop an extensive list of
powders. I simply wanted something that would shoot well and produce
good accuracy.
Cartridge: 7.35 X 51mm
Bullet: .301” reswaged Hornady 150 grain FMJ
Case: Reformed Privi Partizan 6.5 X 52
Primer: Federal 210
Cartridge overall length: 2.980”
POWDER WEIGHT M38 SR VELOCITY (fps) M38 CAVALRY VELOCITY (fps)
N135 36.0 2,175 2,110
Benchmark 34.5 2,140 2.090
Loads shown are maximum, do not exceed.
Bullet: .301” reswaged Hornady 123 FMJ
Cartridge overall length: 2.850”
Maximum case length: 2.015”
Trim length: 2.010”
POWDER WEIGHT M38 SR VELOCITY (fps) M38 CAVALRY VELOCITY (fps)
N135 38.0 2,440 2,365
Benchmark 37.0 2,470 2,410
Loads shown are maximum, do not exceed.
SHOOTING:
6.5 x 52 mm
The Carcano rifles are capable of outstanding accuracy. With the
exception of a military issue type load in the short carbines they are
very pleasant to shoot from a recoil standpoint. Because of the above
mentioned sight picture for the Carcano, front sight in the bottom of
the rear sight notch, it is very important to have a consistent
stock-cheek weld for consistent accuracy. It is often very helpful to
use a carbide lamp or a sight black product to blacken the sights, which
improves contrast and sight picture.
With .264” bullets the best results I have ever been able to obtain are
with the Hornady 160 gr RN. Most rifles will shoot groups with this
bullet in the 3” - 5” range at 100 yards for 5 shots. I will
occasionally get a group under 3”.
With the Hornady .2675” bullet I have been able to consistently shoot my
M41 under 2” at 100 yards with numerous groups around 1.5”. I have with
my accuracy marked M38 Short Rifle shot groups under 1” at 100 yards
with the norm being 1.5” – 2.0”. With the Cavalry and T.S. model rifles
I can typically shoot groups in the 2.0” – 3.0” range. The accuracy
shooting with the carbines is somewhat limited by the very short sight
radius.
I have never had a chambering problem with the .2675” bullets. Any
problems have been traced back to the chamber dimensions and size die as
I mentioned above.
7.35 x 51 mm
I have also found the 7.35 mm Carcano rifles to be capable of very good
accuracy with the proper bullets. With the 150 grain .301” bullets I
described above my M38 Short rifle will shoot groups typically 1.5” – 2”
at 100 yards. The same bullets in my M38 Cavalry rifle will shoot 1.5” –
2.5” at 100 yards.
CONCLUSION:
The 6.5 X 52 is a very useful and capable cartridge. It served well as a
military cartridge for over 80 years. The 7.35 X 51 would have been an
even more effective military cartridge than the 6.5 X 52 had its timing
been different. It is interesting to note that the .308 Winchester /
7.62 X 51 mm NATO and the 7.35 X 51 mm are nearly the same dimensions.
Both the 6.5 and 7.35 cartridges are fun to shoot and properly loaded
capable of very good accuracy. The Carcano rifle is a well made rifle
that is by no means weak or poorly manufactured. They are reliable and
strong rifles that are fun to shoot and offer a tremendous variety of
types and markings for the collector. I will admit that they are a
rather utilitarian rifle as compared to some others. However, they are
probably one of the most efficient, cost effective, user friendly battle
rifles produced in their era. The rifle, ammunition combination properly
loaded is capable of accuracy that will rival the most accurate of the
Mauser chamberings.
*A SPECIAL NOTE ON CARCANO RECEIVER STRENGTH:
The TV show " Mythbusters " ( 2007 ) tried to blow up a Carcano rifle
will little success. All manner of excessive loads proved the action
really is stronger than it looks. A plugged/welded barrel caused the
barrel to fail but the action held.
If you feel that you have an unsafe Carcano rifle /carbine due to poor
design or manufacture, I will give you $50.00 cash for the firearm and
pay for shipping to me.
Rapidrob
REFERENCE 1: “CENTENARIO DEL FUCILE ‘91” . LATERZA, ROMA 1991
REFERENCE 2: Simone, Belogi, Grimaldi: “Il ‘91” . Ravizza, Milano 1970
REFERENCE 3. Hobbs, Richard, “The Carcano, Italys Military Rifle,
Cameron Park, CA, 1996
REFERENCE 4. Lambley, Andrew, “CORDITE”, Handloaders Digest 1996, 15th
Edition
Re-post of article by Dave Emery.
> It does not follow that a bullet hitting 3 inches high at 15 feet is going
> to continue on a straight line trajectory at 88 yards and hit 52.8 inches
> high (See. I did do the math). Gravity will cause the bullet to arc below
> that initial trajectory.
>
That's not fair. The kid knows nothing about exterior ballistics.
>> PS; IT WAS NOT "THROWN DOWN, IT WAS CAREFULLY PLACED THERE BECAUSE THE SCOPE > WAS UP (ON TOP)
>
> I'm sure Oswald would have carefully laid the rifle down because he
> planned on coming back and using it again. <snicker> The rifle was up
> against a row of boxes. That is why it was oriented like it was. Do you
> really think Oswald carefully placed it so that the scope would be on top.
>
> It really doesn't matter if the scope was misalligned before or after the
> shooting because we know that during the shooting, the rifle somehow
> managed to put two rounds on the intended target (assuming of course JFK
> was the intended target). That much is true no matter who did the
> shooting. So the condition of the rifle and the scope is a non-issue.
>
No. You ASSuME that. You are begging the question.