Hi aSpex
Basically, in each of the cases you've highlighted the transclusion target is a field reference, with a separate template. When you use a template, the effect is that the template is rendered (not the target), but with the current tiddler variable set to the target tiddler. So, when you use a template, it's not meaningful to be able to set the current tiddler to a particular field or index. When you use a template, you should use a straight tiddler reference as the transclusion target.
Your table is incredibly helpful and has helped me spot a bug; in your cases 5, 8, 10, 12 and 13 the field modifier is incorrectly applied to the template, rather than the target. I've just committed a fix which will come out as alpha.15 in the next day or so.
The bigger bug, though, is that it shouldn't be possible to specify a field or index when using a template.
Best wishes
Jeremy