Dear Kristina,
Your meet query retrieves all positions matching "ekstr.*" which are located within 5 positions from any token which does not match "vrem.*", so this will indeed not remove any hits on a real-word corpus.
Using the filter feature is likely the best way to do what you need to do -- at this point it is not
possible to express most filtering operations using pure CQL.
The closest equivalent would be a query such as [lemma_lc!="vrem.*"]{,5}[lemma_lc="ekstr.*"]["lemma_lc"!="vrem.*"]{,5} - you have to request that all the tokens within the context do not match. The drawback is that the query result spans the non-matching left and right context in addition to the target word.
Best regards,
Ondrej