Christian, IC doesn't have an option to retrieve/backup the current metadata automatically before deploying replacing metadata. You can certainly do this manually by performing a retrieve first and archiving the resulting temp directory, but I understand that you're asking about a more automated safety net. Feel free to log an enhancement request in the public issue tracker for a deployment configuration option.
Oh, and I don't know if it might help, but IntelliJ IDEA (and therefore IC) does have a
Local History feature that has saved my butt more than a few times! If you're collaborating with others in a shared org and are primarily worried about being able to roll back to a previous state that wasn't under your control, Local History won't help, but if you're basically wanting to revert to a previous state of your own code, it's an invaluable feature.
Regards,
Scott