Hopefully, you've already figured this out. It appears that setting the environment variable within a conda environment differs if you're on Linux or Windows.
For Windows, this snippet of commands worked for me
(test-env) C:\Users\aaa>conda activate test-env
(test-env) C:\Users\aaa>conda env config vars list
(test-env) C:\Users\aaa>conda env config vars set CPATH=%CONDA_PREFIX%\include\vtk-9.0
To make your changes take effect please reactivate your environment
(test-env) C:\Users\aaa>conda activate test-env
(test-env) C:\Users\aaa>conda env config vars list
CPATH = C:\Users\aaa\miniconda3\envs\test-env\include\vtk-9.0
For Linux (I'm using CentOS VM),
(test-env) [vagrant@localhost ~]$ conda env config vars list
(test-env) [vagrant@localhost ~]$ conda env config vars set CPATH=$CONDA_PREFIX/include/vtk-9.0
To make your changes take effect please reactivate your environment
(test-env) [vagrant@localhost ~]$ conda activate test-env
(test-env) [vagrant@localhost ~]$ conda env config vars list
CPATH = /home/vagrant/.conda/envs/test-env/include/vtk-9.0
I hope that I understood the problem and the above snippets helps.