Dear Michael,
By default, Stardog looks in the default graph for the TBox (or schema part) of the database. Assuming you didn't modify any db properties and the data you inserted with the query is the only thing contained in the database, then the TBox would be empty, which would explain why the query that needs the inverseOf axiom is empty.
As mentioned in [1], you can change where the TBox resides by tweaking the property reasoning.schema.graphs. If the database test already exists and the data has been successfully inserted, you can set this property to all graphs as follows:
$ ./bin/stardog-admin db offline test
$ ./bin/stardog-admin metadata set -o reasoning.schema.graphs=tag:stardog:api:context:all test
$ ./bin/stardog-admin db online test
If this doesn't resolve the issue, we would need to know exactly the steps you follow to reproduce it (a snapshot of the terminal would be great).