TL;DR, the Dell Latitude 5300/5400 are the best "budget" systems that are almost completely upgradable, the Framework Chromebook will be just as upgradable and in the middle of the pack pricing wise, there are several lots more expensive but with all soldered parts.
Most older Chromebooks were built to a similar model to smartphones with planned obsolescence in a couple of years. Google started expanding the supported lifetime of Chromebooks a few years ago up to the current 7 or 8 years of OS updates before AUE (automatic update expiration). This corresponded with an expansion of Play Store support to more Chromebooks, including the rule of thumb that all Chromebooks after 2019 support it, plus the expansion of the Linux apps capabilities, as well as Parallels for Windows on ChromeOS. With these changes non-budget (and even some lower end models of) Chromebooks are coming with 128GB at minimum but there are still VERY few that support upgrading the internal storage after purchase.
The ones I've had hands on experience with upgrading the storage are:
* the Acer C710/C720
* pretty much any Chromebox
* most Chromebase models (x86/x64 are, Tegra/ARM aren't)
* the Dell Chromebook 13 (7310) from 2015 (soldered RAM but swappable storage and wireless card)
* my current favorite the Dell Latitude 5300/5400 from 2019-2021 (upgradable RAM to 64GB and upgradable storage to _at least_ a 2TB NVMe if not larger) (at least until the Framework Chromebook arrives)
* the not as awesome Dell Latitude 7410 (soldered RAM but upgradable storage)
Upgrading the storage via the WiFi (or WWAN) port might not be feasible on newer models because M.2 network ports can be wired to support PCIe, USB, or both, while storage ports are usually NVME or SATA (or both, but that is becoming less common).