A year or so ago, I went looking to see if it could be done with what is already available in the OS or what anyone else had found. I use my CB in developer mode so I have full access to the underlying OS, I went searching to see. I can't remember what pieces were missing but there was something. The charger is smart and uses the Power Delivery mechanism to communicate with the Chromebook. You can plug your CB charger into your phone and the phone will get it's 5 volts and the CB will get it's 20 volts through that same charger. From memory, the OS can retrieve lots of information about the battery, including charge level and whether the battery was charging or not. In Linux, depending on hardware support, it is possible to throttle charging. What I remember with my Acer Spin 713 is that what I needed at the base OS level, was not available. It definitely requires hardware support.
Since I was unable to find the OS support, I resorted to using a smart outlet and a Chrome Extension. The extension "Charge Controller" is in the Chrome webstore. It communicates with the smart outlet through IFTTT. This is not an ideal solution and I would love to see this added to the OS.
I think the accepted method for proposing an idea is to post it on
crbug.com and hing people star the issue