Yes - it is the Enable Debugging Features that activates the full developer mode on ChromiumOS, this will only work if you pass the "dev" flag to the build though when building it.
As far as Android Support, this is a bit of a tough one as the Google Play Store/Android implementation is not included in ChromiumOS - it is reserved for select ChromeOS devices. ADB can be enabled on those devices via the Android Settings Menu.
You may be able to use ARChon if you want to run an Android Application on ChromiumOS - I have never tested this so I am not sure if it will work.