A power wash by definition wipes all traces that existed on the system before the power wash. The only way you might be able to tell and it isn't guaranteed is by looking at the state of the NVRAM variables. I think there is a reason most of the code checks suggest only checking if developer mode is enabled and not much beyond that because most of the values are valid for any system.
It isn't something that you could trigger from userland (requires sudo), but deleting the user STATE partition triggers a Chrome OS repair which I believe is equivalent to a power wash.