Assuming you have crostini. There are tutorials on how to enable it from the Chrome OS settings menus, but if you search "Linux" it should show up on the settings if it is supported for your Chromebook. The quickest way to get started editing matlab files on linux is going to be gnu octave:
https://www.gnu.org/software/octave/It can be installed on crostini with:
sudo apt-get update; sudo apt-get install -f octave
Alternatively, you may be able to run the matlab installer within crostini, but I am not sure whether or not that will work and it is likely you will need to hunt down dependencies you will have to install in order to get it working.
Regardless of whether or not you have crostini. If there are lab machines at your university with SSH access you may be able to use x-server forwarding to run matlab on the university lab machine, but have it display on the Chromebook. I tried to check if this would work, but I don't have a quick way of checking. For this you will need the Secure Shell Extension extension:
https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/secure-shell-extension/iodihamcpbpeioajjeobimgagajmlibd?hl=enFor X server forwarding to work you will need to add:
-X
to the SSH Arguments field.