I'm guessing that you are saying that chrome does use cached images when coming back to a web page using javascript to insert those images. You don't mention how you know cache is not being referenced. The correct method is to use the network tab in developer tools. Specifically, you should look at the size field for each of the images. "from memory cache", "from disk cache" and 184 bytes (or something much smaller than the image) identify the cache is being used. Otherwise download size should be around the size of the image. You can for a download by holding shift and clicking on refresh.
I tested the simple HTML below and it used the cache. I suggest you test a few images instead of hundreds. If caching doesn't work, then try your page on another computer. Maybe you have a bad setting. If caching works for a few images but not hundreds, then I suspect your cache size is too small. If so, then it's probably loosing an mage every time it reads a new one. Remember that when you access other web pages, they too will be cached. As it reads new data to be cached, chrome will need to free cache when the cache is too small.
<html><body><div id='images'></div></body>
<script>
images = "";
function show_image(src) {
images += "<img src='"+src+"'/>";
}
document.getElementById("images").innerHTML = images;
</script>
</html>
Regards, Jon.