There are many ways an extension can make the browser slower. One I'm particularly familiar with is those that intercept web requests using the chrome.webRequest API. In extreme cases you'll see a message like "Waiting for extension" at the bottom of the window, but an extension can be slowing you down even without that.
Another thing extensions can do is insert Javascript into web pages. In this case the memory and cpu usage will be counted against the web page, not the extension.
I think the easiest way to find out if an extension is causing you a problem is to temporarily disable them one by one, reload all tabs (or restart the browser), and see if browsing starts to "feel" faster. There are more scientific ways (looking at traces or reading the extension source code) but they're not necessarily something you'd want to do.