That link ↑ claims that enabling source server support in Visual Studio allows you to do source-level debugging of Chrome. Have you tried that?
That said, for any C/C++ program (so this is not at all specific to Chrome/Chromium), expect debugging of Release builds to be somewhat confusing and limited due to compiler optimizations. The machine code simply doesn't follow the written C/C++ code line by line due to inlining, reordering, elimination of redundancies, etc. Some variables will show up as "<optimized out>". For proper debugging, you'll want a Debug build -- that's what Debug builds are for, as their name implies ;-)
AFAIK there are no Debug builds available for download. Most of the time, people debug changes they've made, which requires building with those changes locally.