Renderers are operating within a sandbox, which basically blocks their access to anything in the system that is not explicitly allowed.
If you only intend to use this modified browser in a controlled environment, without any access to the open web, you can use --no-sandbox (you might also need --user-data-dir) which disables that sandbox and probably lets you access whatever you want from a renderer.
Beware that using this flag while accessing the open web can have severe consequences - your computer can get hacked completely (especially if you do not update your version whenever a new Chrome version is released).
Otherwise, the way to access system APIs and such (including file system access) is by using IPC to send a message from the renderer process to the browser process, letting the browser process access whatever you want and returning the data back to the renderer via IPC.
Note - "IPC" is either really IPC (the old way) or Mojo (the new and recommended way).