Hi Matthew,
> Is it possible to use the BigQuery interface to query by URL instead of origin.
The BigQuery dataset only supports origins by design, so your best bet to see URL-level data would be to use the PSI or CrUX APIs or Search Console if you're the site owner.
> When querying for CrUX data, I would like to avoid including a lot of the subdomains on the site that I work on, which is a lot of noise.
The origin-level data is at scheme and subdomain granularity, so you can query for only the subdomains you're interested in, if that helps.
> I'd also like to be able to query for cohorts of content/page types on the site so that I can monitor them individually.
If you have a set of known URLs you can look them all up in the API and weight them together based on your internal analytics. It's a bit complex but it should be doable as long as you're able to enumerate every URL you're interested in and you don't hit API quota limits.
Rick