Mario,
I am seeing the exact same behavior.
We are running XenApp 7.8 and delivering shared desktop off a 2008R2 server.
Since Chrome updated to v54, this seems to have stopped working.
Remove the --allow-no-sandbox-job and it launches, but with a sad face and no access to anything.
Run with just --no-sandbox and same message at top.
Let me know if you find out any more about this.
It is killing me.