The chrome.windows.getAll extension API function [1] provides an array of `Window` which includes a `focused` property[2]. You can get the tabs browser windows, where you'll find url/title.
Some windows will be left out, but it doesn't amount to much that is interesting on ChromeOS (menus, notifications, ..).
You can typically get more help for chrome extensions on StackOverflow, but the documentation and sample code is pretty good too.