This is a large part of what a web browser does, and a significant portion of Chromium's source code is dedicated to this. There's not a short and easy answer to that question.
Specifically, Blink (which you can find under third_party/blink) is Chromium's rendering engine. Blink handles most of the processing of page content, from parsing HTML and CSS to laying out elements on the page and painting them. This is still huge, though: there are over 850,000 lines of code just in third_party/blink/renderer/core/{html,css,dom,style,layout,paint}.
A good place to start, if you want to understand how it all works, and how Chromium can turn an HTML document into pixels on the screen, is the "Life of a Pixel" talk (on youtube at
https://youtu.be/K2QHdgAKP-s). I'd highly recommend watching that, and coming back here with more specific questions afterwards if you have any.
Thank you in advance!
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