Supernova from Experimentation

[Paul Dixon]

Would it be possible to resubmit the appended MS to your newsgroup since
the production of SN Ia would be generative of a higly energetic plasma in
the immediate vicinity of the earth. The characteristics of this plasma
may be derived from the equations for de Sitter space with those
parameters for the white-hole throat acting as moderating functions.

Such an investigation may shed new light on energetics of plasma
formation.

Your kind understanding in these matters is very gratefully appreciated.

With greatest respect,

Paul W. Dixon, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychology

Supernova from Experimentation?

An important question in high energy physics experimentation, is to
establish the likelihood of inititating a transition towards de Sitter
space thus releasing the force of supernova upon our earth, the solar
system, and a host of nearby stars to the distance of some fifty
lightyears. Please review the following exposition for an assessment of
this kind of laboratory mischance.

Abstract

Whereas, quantum tunneling towards de Sitter space is unlikely

in one Hubble space-time volume. the penetrance of the

potential barrier between de Sitter space and the continuum in

a classical sense, is only a function of energy. The final

evolutionary stage of collapse of stars having ten or more

solar masses, may initiate this transition. The presence of

active galactic nuclei, B L Lacertae objects and quasars, where

these are found to be monopolar and are observed to be 4 to 5

times larger than bipolar objects, are also seen as

intrusional events from de Sitter space in this postulation.

Where natural phenomena may cause a transition towards de

Sitter spaces it may be possible to cause these same effects

with high-energy physics experimentation. Supernovae (SN) Type

Ia evidence some 2.5 times greater luminosity than SN Type II,

yet originate from objects of approximately one solar mass and

show no trace of hydrogen near maximum light. If we are not the

only sentient entities extant in the potentially infinite

reaches of space and time, and with increased evidence of

planetary bodies circling other stars, is the generation of SN

Type Ia evidence for high-energy physics experimentation on

other planetary bodies?

_SUPERNOVAE FROM EXPERIMENTATION?

Paul W. Dixon

University of Hawaii

The article entitled "Supernova 1987A!" which was published

in the journal Science on the 6th of May 1988 presents many

of the difficulties found in the current model of supernovae

production. Mention is made of the problem found with

computer models in providing adequate core bounce phenomena.

The reflection of the energy of the imploding star never has

quite enough energy to come back from a neutron star. black

hole or other highly condensate object with the energy

observed in the supernova. For those familiar with this

vast literature, it may be observed that the findings

support one position and then another over time.

The "Mysterious Companion" is also mentioned. This is a

unipolar relativistic tiet phenomenon according to Martin

Reesl and other authorities. Here also there seems to

be no general agreement as to the origin of this

phenomenon. (2) A similar "jet" showing faint radio and

emission lines is found projecting from the northern

boundary of the Crab nebula (here called the "stem") which

appears as a neat right cylinder which is lengthening and

expanding. (3) This stem is part of the supernova

remnant.

We may also examine the findings concerned with superluminal

flux(4) neighboring SN1987A and quasars and the

energetics of quasar formation as well as the phenomena of

unipolar relativistic jet phenomena from both quasars

and also the larger Seyfert galaxies as related phenomena.

It is clear that the source of these very large unipolar

events is qualitatively different from that of the smaller

bipolar events. These less energetic objects may then be

due to high-temperature accretion discs around black holes.

pulsars. or other similar objects.

The formation of a breach in the potential barrier towards

de Sitter space may account for these larger events, given

the highly energetic nature of de Sitter space.(6) The

only divergence from this generally plausible understanding

lies in the largest of all supernovae- These are the Type

Ia which are of about one solar masses yet are two to three

times larger than the Type II supernovae which are greater

by a factor of ten or more in initial mass. In this latter

instance mass conversion equations do not yield the

deflagration of some trillion or so solar masses as observed

in Type la supernovae. Deflagration can be explained by the

postulation of the generation of supernovae from an aperture

of a certain dimension towards de Sitter space.

The current model of Type Ia supernovae formation invokes

the accretion of matter onto a white dwarf or similar object

within a binary star system. Interestingly, however. there

is no sign of hydrogen near maximum light for Type Ia

supernovae.(7) Hence. in all cases. the other member of

the binary star system would not be of the typical hydrogen

dominant composition. This supposition would, therefore.

not have great statistical likelihood.

Where it is postulated that the increased luminosity of Type

la is due to radioactive decay of 56Ni to 56Co,8 the

photometrically derived light curve for the elements should

show increased luminosity for these species. The elevated

pattern of spectral luminosities shown for SN 1981Bc (Type

Ia) (9) for all the elements of its composition

demonstrates an overall general increase in energetics

compared with the other types of supernovae. It has also

been observed that Type Ia (to use the recent typology) have

homogenous spectra with relatively little variation between

the spectra of one and that of the next. The light curves

are also distinctly different. The Type Ia supernovae show

a steep decline followed by an almost perfect exponential

decay extending for some 700 days or so. The light curve of

Type II supernovae, for example SN1970g. show a much more

complex pattern with visibility extending to approximately

250 days. (10)

It is therefore significant to inquire as to what further

mechanism would generate sufficient energy to breach the

potential barrier towards de Sitter space yet have the

smaller initial mass found in supernovae Type Ia. in order

to provide the vast flux of energies observed. Since the

size of the aperture to de Sitter space will not suffice to

explain the difference in size between supernovae Type la

and Type II. it may very well be that special conditions

such as experimentation by sentient entities much like

ourselves may account for these phenomenon.(ll) Please

note Figure 1. (Figure 1 will be forwarded to you upon request)

Historically, to speculate in this way has led to the

classic instance of Friar Giodorno Bruno, 1548 - 1600. who

was burnt at the stake for his postulating that space was

infinite and there were innumerable inhabited worlds. (12)

Progress from the time of this greatest and most famous of

the philosophers of the Italian Renaissance to the present.

must leave some residue of this early geocentric and

anthropocentric bias. We may then in this enlightened era

move towards a more universal doctrine of the cosmological

ubiquity of life and particularly life which can produce

technological development, much as we have done in the last

century. In this way we support the general principles of

Darwinian and general evolutionary theory which postulate

the formation of life from genetic as well as chemical

origins.

Conceptually we may imagine a number of experiments which we

may term Experimentum Secundus. which are of the same

description as experiments of the first Type yet with the

additional characteristic that there are no survivors

there afterwards to observe the results of the experiment. The

experiment in progress at the Chernobyl reactor at the time

of the accident would be considered an excellent prototype of

this kind of experiment. Surely the time has come to

carefully consider the possible consequences of constructing

ever larger accelerators.(l4)

The vast energetics of supernovae Type Ia having origin in

approximately one solar mass objects, could have a different

source, i.e., an intrusional event from de Sitter space owing

to their presence in all types of galactic milieu, the flux of

energies produced over a greater time period, and the absence

of hydrogen near maximum light.

The reappearance of the "mysterious companion" now seen some

two light weeks from SN187A would suggest some additional

source of energetics. however. Astronomers from the

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics have detected the

object still showing one-twentieth the flux level of the

generating supernova. Since this object shows a luminous flux

of 5 million solar masses and has one-third the velocity of

light, the eiecta from this supernova may have originated in de

Sitter space. The marked asymmetry of the envelope of SN1987A,

with ratio between minor and major axis

of about 2-3, would further indicate a distortion of the

envelope due to sources other than pulsar. Of further note

according to Costas Papiliolioa and other members of the

Harvard - Smithsonian team, is that the major axis of SN1987

is aligned with the position angle of the companion to the

supernova. (15)

The observed velocity of pulsars ranging to 500 km per

second and above is difficult to account for within the

symmetrical collapse of the progenitor star or due to the

emission of asymmetric magnetic dipole or neutrino

radiation. (16) There is no immediately plausible

monopolar mechanism which would permit these large

velocities. It may be postulated, however, that the

intrusional event from de Sitter space may impinge upon the

continuum from any point on the surface of the unit sphere.

Since this would include all possible directions, both

towards and away from the newly formed pulsar, we may assume

that the back scatter of this vast flux of energies would

have an accelerative effect on the pulsar as well as

imparting to the sphere a large rotational velocity and/or

oscillatory motion associated with the direction of thrust.

Clearly in those instances where the ejectal force from de

Sitter space is launched towards the pulsar, the impact

would fragment the newly formed spheroid, It would,

therefore. be predicted in accordance with this theory that

not all supernova remnants would have a surviving pulsar,

since supernova generation may destroy the pulsar due to the

energetics of deflagration. So far. no pulsar has been

detected resulting from SN1987A.

This work therefore is concerned with the novel hypothesis

of an intrusional event from de Sitter space as an

alternative hypothesis to the "central machine" accretion

disk orbiting a supermassive (10 to the 8th - 10 to the 9th solar

masses ) black hole model of Martin Rees.

The observational indices of blazars, optically violent

variables seen at normal guasar red shifts, which term is

taken here as including B L Lacertae objects. and those

quasars which exhibit highly polarized strong emission line

spectra are seen to have no characteristic form of blazar

variability. Also the spectral index parameters appear to

be consistent with relativistic shocks and synchrotron

losses. Thus the model is that of a quiescent jet and the

cut-off effects being due to shock acceleration in the

flow. (17) An observation of blazar intensity having been

found to be in one instance an increment of some ten million

solar luminosities in one second's duration.

"This suggests an inhomogeneous model for the emission

region is required. An example is provided by a polarized

component with a high-frequency cut-of and second component

with a steeper spectral index and no significant

polarization, tentatively identified with shock accelerated

electrons and a quiescent jet, respectively."

It is clear that where the fluxional energetics of the

quasar may equal the continuous output of lOO million

galaxies with the shock parameter providing additional

variation to this output with energetics having variability

in the million solar luminosity range, mass conversion

equations do not suffice. In other words, more energy is

needed.

This alternative model must also provide for the finding of

increments in luminosity of a quasar sample of .25 magnitude

over a seven year observational period. (18) As stated

herein, the model put forward by Martin Rees, "...though

suggestive, is obscure in its fundamental structure and

lacks a direct observational confirmation."

It may be noted in this connection that a radiative

acceleration of gas to .lOc may be account for

broad-absorption-lines in quasars. This mechanism. it is

concluded, may serve as an important dynamical process in

quasars in general.(20)

The general model of universe formation is conceived of as a

black hole which has formed in de Sitter space.

Topologically, each point in our universe neighbors de

Sitter space, though direct penetrance into the continuum is

prevented by a large potential barrier. (l9) It is.

therefore. following this well known postulation of Willen

de Sitter, that it is hypothesized that the greater,

unipolar phenomena such as Type I and II supernovae, BL

Lacertae objects and Quasars and also transitionally highly

energetic phenomena at the center of this galaxy and other

similar galaxies, are instances of a breaching of the

potential barrier towards de Sitter space.

This position is also brought forward by Martin

Elvis, (21) who states, "One of the assumptions must be wrong.

Either the gas densities are a higher and the C III

emission comes from somewhere else; the ionization parameter

is large. which would make extra difficulties with the line

ratios; or there is a special geometry in the nucleus so

that, for example, the gas does not see the same continuum

as we do." In conclusion he states. "On the other hand, as

the emission-line problem has turned out to be so

intractable, researchers are now looking for extra sources

of energy in quasars."

The model used in my analysis is that of Erez Braun and

Mordehai Milgrom. (22) This position is called the

Variable Ejection Wind Model (VEW) which has the point of

origination in a varying continuum. In this conception,

"the variability occurs at ejection (i.e., with variable

mass and energy output) the flow being terminal from there

on..." In my postulation the gas intrudes as an energy

flux in a monopolar jet from the false de Sitter vacuum.

Conformal changes via the geometry of the continuum

transform this flux into elements of this continuum in a

kind of crystallization effect. Braun and Milgrom conclude

that, "disk or jet-like geometries are not excluded by the

observational data"..."Actually, some authors prefer

nonspherical geometries as a conclusion resulting from

models of resonance-line scattering (e.g., Turnshek 1988)

and the fact that multiple troughs are sometimes observed [Turnshek 1986)

One finds for de Sitter space:

1/2(1/Bs + 1/Bd) Sr = - (Bd + Bs)/r - GMS/2Bsr2 + SXr/2Bd - Rd

(Please refer to the original reference, some translation has been
introduced due to the limitations of email)

In the nonrelativistic limit, the terms on the right hand of

the equation are the surface tension, the gravitational

attraction, the de Sitter repulsion, and the pressure

difference. respectively.

Several paradoxes must be considered in this connection.-

The first paradox concerning the volume of the de Sitter

vacuum is resolved when we consider its unusual geometric

structure. The false-vacuum of de Sitter space inflates as

expected, yet does not move out into the true vacuum region.

In fact the domain wall is constantly accelerating towards

the false-vacuum region. but the false-vacuum region is

inflating so rapidly that the motion of the wall does not

prevent it from expanding exponentially.(23)

To put this in a more general form we may quote from the

recent article of Alan Guth (24) who initiated inflationary cosmology.

"One might guess that the gravitational repulsion of the false vacuum

would push outward on the bubble wall, so, if the repulsion were strong

enough . Not so however, say the equations of general relativity. The

gravitational repulsion causes the false vacuum to swell, but the

repulsion does not extend beyond the false vacuum. Objects outside the

bubble wall are attracted towards the bubble, and the gravitational force

on the bubble is inward."

The probability of initiating a transition towards the false vacuum

would then be of higher value than of initiating a transition towards the

energy condition. A transition towards the lower energy condition may

still be accomplished, yet it would have a lower probability in the

continuum.

Penetrance through the domain wall permits the rapid

emergence of an exploding universe into the true vacuum

region, with its time vector, t , also expanding

exponentially until the momentum is adsorbed within the true

vacuum region. In quasar energetics, with the continuous

extrusion of the energies of 100 million galaxies for some

billions of years, this may indicate that it is possible to

produce a more permanent rent in the domain wall than is

seen in the more transitory perforations found in Supernovae

Type Ia. In this way, those difficulties found in

accounting for these vast energies would have a ready

explanation in the unique properties of the false-vacuum

conditions of de Sitter space.

The mechanism for this traansition is described by by David Hochberg,

Arkady Popov and Sergy V. Sushov. (25) The throat or white hole which is
the

area of transtition towards de Sitter space, of arbitrarily large

variable dimensions, which permits the transfer of energies from one

dimension to another, as well as time travel, has been shown to be

mathematically understood by these investigators. In this way, the

transition towards de Sitter space would permit those vast energies into

the continuum.

It may also be expected, according to this postulation, where they would

exist, would produce a different signature in terms of the end-product

than those found in naturally occuring transtions towards de Sitter space,

i.e., Type II supernovae. Here it may be noted that the presence of

molecular species is greatly attenuated in Type Ia supernovae. These

effects are attributed to low gas density and high-ionization fraction in

the ejecta. Thus the mass of the molecules formed in Supernovae Ia are

may orders of magnitude lower than those found in Supernovae Type II. (26)

In connection with the hypothesis of artifical origin for Type Ia

supernovae owing to their origin from evolved species, these supernovae

must have a uniformly older origin than Type II supernovae. Indeed,

careful observations have indicated that: "SNs II are most likely to occur

near and sligtly outside the spines of spiral arms, indicating that their

progenitors are indeed young massive stars." While on the other hand,

"SNs Ia are no more restricted to sprial arms than the rest of the stellar

population is >5 x 10 to the 8th yr." This time of origin for Supernovae

Type Ia corresponds to the time of our presence on planet earth.

The observational evidence reveals the uniform presence of

monopolar jets from quasars. These objects are four to five

times larger than the bipolar objects. Where the fluxional

energetics of these variables is measured in millions of

galaxies of luminosity, it would appear plausible to assume

that there is a unique and different source of energetics

for these larger variables (i.e.. de Sitter space) since

there is a dichotomous distinction between Class I and Class

II objects. (28)

The energetics of supernovae Type Ia, which are of

approximately one solar mass, and yet 2.5 times greater in

magnitude than Type II supernovae of some 10 solar masses

or greater, should then result from a small though highly

energetic flux's reading of a more highly energetic region

in the continuum of the false de Sitter vacuum. The

postulation of intrusional events from other, more highly

energetic continnua, is not excluded from this analysis.

Should we consider the observations of quasars and related

objects as offering a window into the primordial region of

de Sitter space, it would appear, perhaps as expected. that

this is a region of intense turbulence. of storm-like

aspect, which may upon occasion form a condensation that is

universe formation. The decay of universe rotation through

shear effects due to the topological embeddedness of the

continuum in de Sitter space is seen in Oyvind Gron & Harald

H. Soleng. (29) It may then be in error to presume that de

Sitter space is a static creation of invariant action but

may instead be, according to these observations, a region of

dynamic action and hence interaction with the continuum.

Commonsense tells us that as we continue to probe towards

energies observed some trillionths of a second subsequently

to the origin of this universe, we may enter into

dimensional energetics intrinsic to the Einstein de Sitter Universe.

Paul W. Dixon

College of Arts and Sciences

University of Hawaii at Hilo

Hilo. Hawaii 96720 U.S A

References and Notes

1. Rees, M.J. Nature 328, 207, (1987)

2. Phinney. E. S. Nature 331. 566 -568, (1988)

3. Morrison. P. M. and Roberts. D. Nature 313, 661-662
(1985)

4. Pauliny-Toth, I.I.K.. Porcas, R.W.. Zensus, J.A.,

Kellerman, K. I., Nicolson. G. D., and Mantovani. F. Nature,

328, 778-782 (1987), Sunteff, N.B., Heathcote, S., Weller,

W.G. Caldwell, N., Huchra, J.P., Olowin. R. P. & Chambers.

K. C. Nature 334, 135-138 (1988)

5. Wills. B. J. Nature 313. 741 (1985) Elvis, M. Nature 328.
762-763 (1987)

6. Gott, R. Nature 295, 304-307 (1982) Perry, M. Nature 320,

679 t1986)

7. Takahashi, Y., MiyaJi, S., Parnell, T. A. Weiskopf, M.C.,
Hayashi, T. and Nomoto, K. Nature, 321, 839-841 (1986)

8. Woosley, S.E. and Weaver, T.A. Annual reviews of
astronomy and astrophysics, 24, 205-253,(1986)

9. Wheeler, J.C. and Harkness, R.P. Scientific American.
257, 56-57 (1987)

10. Kirshner, R.P. Scientific American, 235, 88-88, (1976)

11. Rees, M.J. and Stoneham, R. Supernovae: A survey of

current research, Kluwer Academic, Hingdom, Mass.(1982).

Worlds within the atom, Natl Geographic 167, 634-663 (1985)

12. Michel, P.M. The cosmology of Giordano Bruno.

Methuen,London (1973) trans. Maddison. R.E.W.

13. CorresPondence from V. Trimble, C. Rubbia, I.

Pauliny Toth, and S. Hecker as well as correspondence from

the heads of state of Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Norway,

Spain. Sweden. Switzerlands United States and Poland has

been received in this connection. This correspondence is to

be placed in a suitable archival repository, i.e., the

British Museum and the Library of Congress. Copies of this correspondence

available upon request.

14. Lindley, D. Nature 337, 595 Waldrop, M.M. Science 243,
892 (19B9)

15. Papaliolos, C., Karovska, M.. Koechlin, L., Niseson. P.,

Standley, C. & Heathcote, S. Nature 338, 565-566 (1989)

Science News, Honolulu Star Bulletin & Advertiser, E-4 April

2, (1989)

16. Pskovsky, Yu. P. & Dorofeev. O. F. Nature 340, 701
(1989)

17. Ballard, K. R., Mead. A. G. R.. Brand, P. W. J. L. &
Hough, J. H. Mon Not. R. Ast. Soc. 243, 640-655 (1990)

18. Cristiani. S., Vio, R., & Andreani, P. The Astronomical

Journal, 100, 56-59 (1990)

l9. PerrY. M. J. Nature, 320, 679 (1986).

20. Arav, N., Kovista, K. T., Barlow, T. A., & Begelman. M.
C. Nature, 376, 576-578 (1995)

21. Elvis, M., Nature. 328, 762 (1987)

22. Braun, E. & Milgrom M. The AstrophYsical Journal. 349.

L35-L38 (1 ssn )

23. Blau. S. K.. Guendelman. E. I., & Guth, A. H. Physical
Review D. Particle and Fields, 3, 1747-1766 (1987)

24. Burns, J. 0. Astronomy, 18, 28-37 (1990)

25. Gron. 0. & Soleng, H. H. Nature, 328, 501-503 (1987)
Journal. 100. 56-59 (1990)

19. PerrY. M. J. Nature, 320. 679 (1986).

20. Arav, N., Kovista, K. T.. Barlow. T. A., & Begelman. M.
C. Nature. 376. 576-578 (1995)

21. Elvis, M.. Nature, 328, 762 (1987)

22. Braun, E. & Milgrom M. The AstrophYsical Journal. 349.

L35-L38 01 ssn )

23. Blau. S. K., Guendelman, E. I.. & Guth. A. H. Physical
Review D. Particle and Fields, 3, 1747-1766 (1987)

24. Guth, A. Astronomy, 25, 9, 56 (1997)

25. Hochberg, D. Popov, A. Sushov, S. V., Physical Review Letters, 78,

2050-2053 (1997)

26. Liu, W. The Astrophysical Journal, 479: 907-911 (1997)

27. McMillan, R. J., Ciardullo, R. The Astrophysical Journal, 473: 707-712
(1996)

28. Burns, J. 0. Astronomy, 18. 28-37 (1990)

29. Gron. 0. & Soleng, H. H. Nature, 328, 501-503 (1987)

30. Woosley, S. E. The Astrophysical Journal, 476: 801-810. (1997)
The uncertaintes associated with the accreting carbon-oxygen white dwarf
deflagration as mechanism for Type Ia supernovae are indicated here.
This accretion process must be of a slow nature, it is shown here, yet
this would not be the case for the coalescence of two white dwarfs or
other highly condensate objects. The more likely slow form of accretion,
would be through the accretion of Roche lobe matter in a binary formation.
In a statistical sense, in the know universe, this should be from a
hydrogen rich stellar companion.

Fig. 1 The relative energies of Fermilab and Type II
supernovae are plotted showing the possible coincidence of
threshold values for generation of supernovae. The line x, y
and the angle are at variable points of intersection and
variable angle of incidence.

8 September 1997

Professor S. W. Hawking
CH CBE FRS
Lucasian Professor of Mathematics
Department of Applied Mathematics
and Theoretical Physics
University of Cambridge
Silver Street
Cambridge, England CB3 9EW

Dear Professor Hawking:

Your very kind letter of 6 September 1995 has been
received as well as subsequent correspondence. Your
great courtesy in responding to these most humble
letters of inquiry has most greatly honored us.

As mentioned in previous correspondence, should we
postulate ontological status to the possibility of
intrusional events from the false de Sitter vacuum
within this continuum. then further evidence both
mathematical and observational. may be found in the
literature of physics.

In a recent article (Cooking Up A Cosmos Astronomy,
September 1997. Vol 25. No. 9, page 56) from Alan
Guth. he describes the effects of the false vacuum
in the following paragraph which is found therein:

"One might guess that the gravitational repulsion of
the false vacuum would push outward on the bubble
wall. so, if so the repulsion were strong enough, the bubble would
start to grow. Not so however, say the regulations of
general relativity. The gravitational repulsion
causes the false vacuum to swell, but the repulsion
does not extend beyond the false vacuum. Objects
outside the bubble wall are attracted toward the
bubble, and the gravitational force on the bubble is
inward.

The probability of initiating a transition towards
the false vacuum would then be of higher value than
the probability of initiating a transition towards
the lower energy condition. A transition towards
the lower energy condition may still be
accomplished, yet it would have a lower probability
value in the continuum.

The point of initiation, in this hypothesis. of
supernovae generation has been in the development of
high-energy physics facilities. In this connection
continuing efforts are being maintained in CERN.
The date set for this development is now 2005, with
the first construction of the 14 TeV Large Hadron
Collider being advanced with contributions from the
United States, Japan and Russia with further
contributions from Canada, India and Israel now
planned, thus accelerating this rush towards
completion. (Maurice Jacobs, US, Europe Reciprocate
Scientifically and Financially on LHC. Other Big
Science Projects, Physics Today! August (1997) Vol.
50. 8, 1, Page 15 & 80)

Since this is a matter of such overwhelming
importance to all of us may we very humbly request
a fair hearing of this matter. So far, there has
been no discussion of this matter in the scientific
literature. Should this conjecture prove unfounded,
then no harm will accrue to us through this
discussion. If, on the other hand, there is a basis
in fact for this concern. everyone will be greatly
benefitted through this discussion.

Your kind thoughts and understanding in all these
matters are most gratefully appreciated.

All Best Wishes. Your friend.

With greatest respect.

Paul W. Dixon, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychology

8 July 1997

Professor S. W. Hawking
CH CBE FRS
Lucasian Professor of Mathematics
Department of Applied Mathematics
and Theoretical Physics
University of Cambridge
Silver Street
Cambridge, England CB3 9EW

Dear Professor Hawking:

Your very kind letter of 6 September 1995 has been
received as well as subsequent correspondence. Your
great courtesy in responding to these most humble
letters of inquiry has most greatly honored us.

Should we postulate ontological status
to the possibility of intrusional events from the
false de Sitter vacuum within this continuum. then
further evidence for this postulation both
mathematical and observational, may be found in the
literature of physics.

In a recent article entitled, "Early Spectra of
SUPERNOVA 1993J in M81" (Astron J. 108 (3) (1994) p.
1006) it is indicated, " The observed drop in H
alpha flux inserted in this model implies a zero
radius for the progenitor at March 29.5 regardless
of the expansion velocity assumed. This is clearly
unphysical."

It may be possible to invoke an alternate
explanatory framework for energy of deflagration.
This would be a transition towards de Sitter space.
In this way the zero radius (or some close
approximation thereof) would be understood as a
Possible physical Phenomenon.

Some additional results from a survey of the Physics
literature may now be brought forward. The throat
of arbitrarily large variable dimensions which
permits transfer of energies from one continuum to
another. as well as time travel, has been shown to
be mathematically understood by David Hochberg,
Arkady Popov and Sergey V. Sushkov, (1997).
fSelf-consistent wormhole solutions of semiclassical
gravity, Physical Review Letters. 78, 2050-2053! In
this way, the transition towards de Sitter space
would permit the intrusion of those great energies,
mentioned in previous correspondence, into the
continuum.

It may also be expected, according to this
postulation, that the effects of high-energy physics
experimentation where they exist would produce a
different signature in terms of the end-product than
those found in naturally occurring transitions
towards de Sitter space, i.e., Type II supernovae.
Here it may be noted that the presence of molecular
species is greatly attenuated in Type Ia SUPERNOVA.
(Liu, W. (1997) Molecules in Type Ia supernovae. The
Astrophysical Journal, 479:907-911) These effects
are attributed to low gas density and
high-ionization fraction in the ejecta. Thus the
masses of the molecules formed in SNe Ia are many
orders of magnitude lower than those found in SNe
II.

In connection with the hypothesis of artificial
origin for Type Ia SUPERNOVA, these supernovae must
have a uniformly older origin than Type II
supernovae. Indeed, careful observations have
indicated that, "SNs II are most likely to occur
near and slightly outside the spines of spiral arms,
indicating that their progenitors are indeed young
massive stars." While on the other hand,"SNs Ia are
no more restricted to spiral arms than the rest of
the stellar population, and therefore their age is
>5 x 10 to the eighth yr." (McMillan. R. J., Ciardullo, R.
(1996) Constraining the ages of SUPERNOVA
progenitors. I. Supernovae and spiral arms. The
Astrophysical Journal. 473:707-712.)
This age for Type Ia supernovae corresponds to the
time of our presence on planet earth.

The uncertainties associated with the accreting
carbon-oxygen white dwarf deflagration as mechanism
for Type Ia supernovae are indicated in
"Neutron-rich nucleosynthesis in carbon deflagration
supernovae (Woosley, S. E. (1997) The Astrophysical
Journal, 476:801-810) Of particular note, is the
absence of hydrogen at time of maximum light for
Type Ia supernovae. This accretion process, as
shown in this article, must be of a slow nature
which would not be the case should the mechanism be
the coalescence of two white dwarfs or other highly
condensate ponderable bodies. The more likely ? slow
form of accretion. would be through the accretion of
Roche lobe matter in a binary formation. In a
statistical senses in the known universe, this
should be from a hydrogen rich stellar companion.

Since this is a matter of such overwhelming
importance to all of us, may we very humbly request
a fair hearing of this matter. So far. there has
been no discussion of this matter in the scientific
literature. Should this conjecture prove unfounded,
then no harm will accrue to us through this
discussion. If. on the other hand, there is a basis
in fact for this concern, everyone will be greatly
benefitted through this discussion.

All of the children will thank you for your kind
efforts and all of the future generations of mankind
will bless you for your illustrious generosity and
wisdom.

My original conjecture was that there must be some
overwhelming reason why these hypothetical
civilizations should, under this postulation,
uniformly and cosmologically find their demise in
TYPE Ia supernova deflagration. and that this causal
factor would be essentially irrevocable in the
course of these civilizations' progression towards
their doom. It is, indeed, revealing that no matter
what inducements of species survival. need for
democratic discussion, and the progress of science
in the pursuit of truth are brought forward over a
twenty year period, that none of these most worthy
reasons have so far Prevailed.

Would the best administration of science policy be
restrained by wisdom both gentle and humane?

Your kind thoughts and understanding in all these
matters are most gratefully appreciated.

All Best Wishes, Your friend,

With greatest respect,

Paul W. Dixon, Ph.D.
Professor of psychology

On Sat, 7 Mar 1998, John W. McKelliget wrote:

dear Mr dixon,

While this seems to be an interesting post it is somewhat off
topic for sci.physics.plasma.

You might consider submitting it to a quantum mechanics
or relativity newsgroup

Sincerely

John McKelliget
Moderator - sci.physics.plasma

>
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> From: di...@hawaii.edu (Paul Dixon)
> Newsgroups: sci.physics.plasma
> Subject: Supernova from Experimentation
> Date: Fri, 6 Mar 1998 15:12:34 -1000
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>
>
> --
>
> Supernova from Experimentation?
>
> An important question in high energy physics experimentation, is to
> establish the likelihood of inititating a transition towards de Sitter
> space thus releasing the force of supernova upon our earth, the solar
> system, and a host of nearby stars to the distance of some fifty
> lightyears. Please review the following exposition for an assessment of
> this kind of laboratory mischance.
>
>
> Abstract
>
> Whereas, quantum tunneling towards de Sitter space is unlikely
>
> in one Hubble space-time volume. the penetrance of the
>
> potential barrier between de Sitter space and the continuum in
>
> a classical sense, is only a function of energy. The final
>
> evolutionary stage of collapse of stars having ten or more
>
> solar masses, may initiate this transition. The presence of
>
> active galactic nuclei, B L Lacertae objects and quasars, where
>
> these are found to be monopolar and are observed to be 4 to 5
>
> times larger than bipolar objects, are also seen as
>
> intrusional events from de Sitter space in this postulation.
>
> Where natural phenomena may cause a transition towards de
>
> Sitter spaces it may be possible to cause these same effects
>
> with high-energy physics experimentation. Supernovae (SN) Type
>
> Ia evidence some 2.5 times greater luminosity than SN Type II,
>
> yet originate from objects of approximately one solar mass and
>
> show no trace of hydrogen near maximum light. If we are not the
>
> only sentient entities extant in the potentially infinite
>
> reaches of space and time, and with increased evidence of
>
> planetary bodies circling other stars, is the generation of SN
>
> Type Ia evidence for high-energy physics experimentation on
>
> other planetary bodies?
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> _SUPERNOVAE FROM EXPERIMENTATION?
>
> Paul W. Dixon
>
> University of Hawaii
>
>
> The article entitled "Supernova 1987A!" which was published
>
> in the journal Science on the 6th of May 1988 presents many
>
> of the difficulties found in the current model of supernovae
>
> production. Mention is made of the problem found with
>
> computer models in providing adequate core bounce phenomena.
>
> The reflection of the energy of the imploding star never has
>
> quite enough energy to come back from a neutron star. black
>
> hole or other highly condensate object with the energy
>
> observed in the supernova. For those familiar with this
>
> vast literature, it may be observed that the findings
>
> support one position and then another over time.
>
>
>
> The "Mysterious Companion" is also mentioned. This is a
>
> unipolar relativistic tiet phenomenon according to Martin
>
> Reesl and other authorities. Here also there seems to
>
> be no general agreement as to the origin of this
>
> phenomenon. (2) A similar "jet" showing faint radio and
>
> emission lines is found projecting from the northern
>
> boundary of the Crab nebula (here called the "stem") which
>
> appears as a neat right cylinder which is lengthening and
>
> expanding. (3) This stem is part of the supernova
>
> remnant.
>
>
> We may also examine the findings concerned with superluminal
>
> flux(4) neighboring SN1987A and quasars and the
>
> energetics of quasar formation as well as the phenomena of
>
> unipolar relativistic jet phenomena from both quasars
>
> and also the larger Seyfert galaxies as related phenomena.
>
> It is clear that the source of these very large unipolar
>
> events is qualitatively different from that of the smaller
>
> bipolar events. These less energetic objects may then be
>
> due to high-temperature accretion discs around black holes.
>
> pulsars. or other similar objects.
>
>
> The formation of a breach in the potential barrier towards
>
> de Sitter space may account for these larger events, given
>
> the highly energetic nature of de Sitter space.(6) The
>
> only divergence from this generally plausible understanding
>
> lies in the largest of all supernovae- These are the Type
>
> Ia which are of about one solar masses yet are two to three
>
> times larger than the Type II supernovae which are greater
>
> by a factor of ten or more in initial mass. In this latter
>
> instance mass conversion equations do not yield the
>
> deflagration of some trillion or so solar masses as observed
>
> in Type la supernovae. Deflagration can be explained by the
>
> postulation of the generation of supernovae from an aperture
>
> of a certain dimension towards de Sitter space.
>
>
> The current model of Type Ia supernovae formation invokes
>
> the accretion of matter onto a white dwarf or similar object
>
> within a binary star system. Interestingly, however. there
>
> is no sign of hydrogen near maximum light for Type Ia
>
> supernovae.(7) Hence. in all cases. the other member of
>
> the binary star system would not be of the typical hydrogen
>
> dominant composition. This supposition would, therefore.
>
> not have great statistical likelihood.
>
>
> Where it is postulated that the increased luminosity of Type
>
> la is due to radioactive decay of 56Ni to 56Co,8 the
>
> photometrically derived light curve for the elements should
>
> show increased luminosity for these species. The elevated
>
> pattern of spectral luminosities shown for SN 1981Bc (Type
>
> Ia) (9) for all the elements of its composition
>
> demonstrates an overall general increase in energetics
>
> compared with the other types of supernovae. It has also
>
> been observed that Type Ia (to use the recent typology) have
>
> homogenous spectra with relatively little variation between
>
> the spectra of one and that of the next. The light curves
>
> are also distinctly different. The Type Ia supernovae show
>
> a steep decline followed by an almost perfect exponential
>
> decay extending for some 700 days or so. The light curve of
>
> Type II supernovae, for example SN1970g. show a much more
>
> complex pattern with visibility extending to approximately
>
> 250 days. (10)
>
>
> It is therefore significant to inquire as to what further
>
> mechanism would generate sufficient energy to breach the
>
> potential barrier towards de Sitter space yet have the
>
> smaller initial mass found in supernovae Type Ia. in order
>
> to provide the vast flux of energies observed. Since the
>
> size of the aperture to de Sitter space will not suffice to
>
> explain the difference in size between supernovae Type la
>
> and Type II. it may very well be that special conditions
>
> such as experimentation by sentient entities much like
>
> ourselves may account for these phenomenon.(ll) Please
>
> note Figure 1. (Figure 1 will be forwarded to you upon request)
>
>
>
> Historically, to speculate in this way has led to the
>
> classic instance of Friar Giodorno Bruno, 1548 - 1600. who
>
> was burnt at the stake for his postulating that space was
>
> infinite and there were innumerable inhabited worlds. (12)
>
> Progress from the time of this greatest and most famous of
>
> the philosophers of the Italian Renaissance to the present.
>
> must leave some residue of this early geocentric and
>
> anthropocentric bias. We may then in this enlightened era
>
> move towards a more universal doctrine of the cosmological
>
> ubiquity of life and particularly life which can produce
>
> technological development, much as we have done in the last
>
> century. In this way we support the general principles of
>
> Darwinian and general evolutionary theory which postulate
>
> the formation of life from genetic as well as chemical
>
> origins.
>
>
> Conceptually we may imagine a number of experiments which we
>
> may term Experimentum Secundus. which are of the same
>
> description as experiments of the first Type yet with the
>
> additional characteristic that there are no survivors
>
> there afterwards to observe the results of the experiment. The
>
> experiment in progress at the Chernobyl reactor at the time
>
> of the accident would be considered an excellent prototype of
>
> this kind of experiment. Surely the time has come to
>
> carefully consider the possible consequences of constructing
>
> ever larger accelerators.(l4)
>
>
>
> The vast energetics of supernovae Type Ia having origin in
>
> approximately one solar mass objects, could have a different
>
> source, i.e., an intrusional event from de Sitter space owing
>
> to their presence in all types of galactic milieu, the flux of
>
> energies produced over a greater time period, and the absence
>
> of hydrogen near maximum light.
>
>
>
> The reappearance of the "mysterious companion" now seen some
>
> two light weeks from SN187A would suggest some additional
>
> source of energetics. however. Astronomers from the
>
> Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics have detected the
>
> object still showing one-twentieth the flux level of the
>
> generating supernova. Since this object shows a luminous flux
>
> of 5 million solar masses and has one-third the velocity of
>
> light, the eiecta from this supernova may have originated in de
>
> Sitter space. The marked asymmetry of the envelope of SN1987A,
>
> with ratio between minor and major axis
>
> of about 2-3, would further indicate a distortion of the
>
> envelope due to sources other than pulsar. Of further note
>
> according to Costas Papiliolioa and other members of the
>
> Harvard - Smithsonian team, is that the major axis of SN1987
>
> is aligned with the position angle of the companion to the
>
> supernova. (15)
>
>
>
> The observed velocity of pulsars ranging to 500 km per
>
> second and above is difficult to account for within the
>
> symmetrical collapse of the progenitor star or due to the
>
> emission of asymmetric magnetic dipole or neutrino
>
> radiation. (16) There is no immediately plausible
>
> monopolar mechanism which would permit these large
>
> velocities. It may be postulated, however, that the
>
> intrusional event from de Sitter space may impinge upon the
>
> continuum from any point on the surface of the unit sphere.
>
> Since this would include all possible directions, both
>
> towards and away from the newly formed pulsar, we may assume
>
> that the back scatter of this vast flux of energies would
>
> have an accelerative effect on the pulsar as well as
>
> imparting to the sphere a large rotational velocity and/or
>
> oscillatory motion associated with the direction of thrust.
>
> Clearly in those instances where the ejectal force from de
>
> Sitter space is launched towards the pulsar, the impact
>
> would fragment the newly formed spheroid, It would,
>
> therefore. be predicted in accordance with this theory that
>
> not all supernova remnants would have a surviving pulsar,
>
> since supernova generation may destroy the pulsar due to the
>
> energetics of deflagration. So far. no pulsar has been
>
> detected resulting from SN1987A.
>
>
> This work therefore is concerned with the novel hypothesis
>
> of an intrusional event from de Sitter space as an
>
> alternative hypothesis to the "central machine" accretion
>
> disk orbiting a supermassive (10 to the 8th - 10 to the 9th solar
>
> masses ) black hole model of Martin Rees.
>
>
>
> The observational indices of blazars, optically violent
>
> variables seen at normal guasar red shifts, which term is
>
> taken here as including B L Lacertae objects. and those
>
> quasars which exhibit highly polarized strong emission line
>
> spectra are seen to have no characteristic form of blazar
>
> variability. Also the spectral index parameters appear to
>
> be consistent with relativistic shocks and synchrotron
>
> losses. Thus the model is that of a quiescent jet and the
>
> cut-off effects being due to shock acceleration in the
>
> flow. (17) An observation of blazar intensity having been
>
> found to be in one instance an increment of some ten million
>
> solar luminosities in one second's duration.
>
> "This suggests an inhomogeneous model for the emission
>
> region is required. An example is provided by a polarized
>
> component with a high-frequency cut-of and second component
>
> with a steeper spectral index and no significant
>
> polarization, tentatively identified with shock accelerated
>
> electrons and a quiescent jet, respectively."
>
>
> It is clear that where the fluxional energetics of the
>
> quasar may equal the continuous output of lOO million
>
> galaxies with the shock parameter providing additional
>
> variation to this output with energetics having variability
>
> in the million solar luminosity range, mass conversion
>
> equations do not suffice. In other words, more energy is
>
> needed.
>
>
> This alternative model must also provide for the finding of
>
> increments in luminosity of a quasar sample of .25 magnitude
>
> over a seven year observational period. (18) As stated
>
> herein, the model put forward by Martin Rees, "...though
>
> suggestive, is obscure in its fundamental structure and
>
> lacks a direct observational confirmation."
>
>
>
> It may be noted in this connection that a radiative
>
> acceleration of gas to .lOc may be account for
>
> broad-absorption-lines in quasars. This mechanism. it is
>
> concluded, may serve as an important dynamical process in
>
> quasars in general.(20)
>
>
> The general model of universe formation is conceived of as a
>
> black hole which has formed in de Sitter space.
>
> Topologically, each point in our universe neighbors de
>
> Sitter space, though direct penetrance into the continuum is
>
> prevented by a large potential barrier. (l9) It is.
>
> therefore. following this well known postulation of Willen
>
> de Sitter, that it is hypothesized that the greater,
>
> unipolar phenomena such as Type I and II supernovae, BL
>
> Lacertae objects and Quasars and also transitionally highly
>
> energetic phenomena at the center of this galaxy and other
>
> similar galaxies, are instances of a breaching of the
>
> potential barrier towards de Sitter space.
>
>
> This position is also brought forward by Martin
>
> Elvis, (21) who states, "One of the assumptions must be wrong.
>
> Either the gas densities are a higher and the C III
>
> emission comes from somewhere else; the ionization parameter
>
> is large. which would make extra difficulties with the line
>
> ratios; or there is a special geometry in the nucleus so
>
> that, for example, the gas does not see the same continuum
>
> as we do." In conclusion he states. "On the other hand, as
>
> the emission-line problem has turned out to be so
>
> intractable, researchers are now looking for extra sources
>
> of energy in quasars."
>
>
> The model used in my analysis is that of Erez Braun and
>
> Mordehai Milgrom. (22) This position is called the
>
> Variable Ejection Wind Model (VEW) which has the point of
>
> origination in a varying continuum. In this conception,
>
> "the variability occurs at ejection (i.e., with variable
>
> mass and energy output) the flow being terminal from there
>
> on..." In my postulation the gas intrudes as an energy
>
> flux in a monopolar jet from the false de Sitter vacuum.
>
> Conformal changes via the geometry of the continuum
>
> transform this flux into elements of this continuum in a
>
> kind of crystallization effect. Braun and Milgrom conclude
>
> that, "disk or jet-like geometries are not excluded by the
>
> observational data"..."Actually, some authors prefer
>
> nonspherical geometries as a conclusion resulting from
>
> models of resonance-line scattering (e.g., Turnshek 1988)
>
> and the fact that multiple troughs are sometimes observed [Turnshek 1986)
>
> One finds for de Sitter space:
>
>
> 1/2(1/Bs + 1/Bd) Sr = - (Bd + Bs)/r - GMS/2Bsr2 + SXr/2Bd - Rd
>
> (Please refer to the original reference, some translation has been
> introduced due to the limitations of email)
>
> In the nonrelativistic limit, the terms on the right hand of
>
> the equation are the surface tension, the gravitational
>
> attraction, the de Sitter repulsion, and the pressure
>
> difference. respectively.
>
>
> Several paradoxes must be considered in this connection.-
>
> The first paradox concerning the volume of the de Sitter
>
> vacuum is resolved when we consider its unusual geometric
>
> structure. The false-vacuum of de Sitter space inflates as
>
> expected, yet does not move out into the true vacuum region.
>
> In fact the domain wall is constantly accelerating towards
>
> the false-vacuum region. but the false-vacuum region is
>
> inflating so rapidly that the motion of the wall does not
>
> prevent it from expanding exponentially.(23)
>
>
> To put this in a more general form we may quote from the
>
> recent article of Alan Guth (24) who initiated inflationary cosmology.
>
>
> "One might guess that the gravitational repulsion of the false vacuum
>
> would push outward on the bubble wall, so, if the repulsion were strong
>
> enough . Not so however, say the equations of general relativity. The
>
> gravitational repulsion causes the false vacuum to swell, but the
>
> repulsion does not extend beyond the false vacuum. Objects outside the
>
> bubble wall are attracted towards the bubble, and the gravitational force
>
> on the bubble is inward."
>
> The probability of initiating a transition towards the false vacuum
>
> would then be of higher value than of initiating a transition towards the
>
> energy condition. A transition towards the lower energy condition may
>
> still be accomplished, yet it would have a lower probability in the
>
> continuum.
>
>
> Penetrance through the domain wall permits the rapid
>
> emergence of an exploding universe into the true vacuum
>
> region, with its time vector, t , also expanding
>
> exponentially until the momentum is adsorbed within the true
>
> vacuum region. In quasar energetics, with the continuous
>
> extrusion of the energies of 100 million galaxies for some
>
> billions of years, this may indicate that it is possible to
>
> produce a more permanent rent in the domain wall than is
>
> seen in the more transitory perforations found in Supernovae
>
> Type Ia. In this way, those difficulties found in
>
> accounting for these vast energies would have a ready
>
> explanation in the unique properties of the false-vacuum
>
> conditions of de Sitter space.
>
>
> The mechanism for this traansition is described by by David Hochberg,
>
> Arkady Popov and Sergy V. Sushov. (25) The throat or white hole which is
> the
>
> area of transtition towards de Sitter space, of arbitrarily large
>
> variable dimensions, which permits the transfer of energies from one
>
> dimension to another, as well as time travel, has been shown to be
>
> mathematically understood by these investigators. In this way, the
>
> transition towards de Sitter space would permit those vast energies into
>
> the continuum.
>
>
> It may also be expected, according to this postulation, where they would
>
> exist, would produce a different signature in terms of the end-product
>
> than those found in naturally occuring transtions towards de Sitter space,
>
> i.e., Type II supernovae. Here it may be noted that the presence of
>
> molecular species is greatly attenuated in Type Ia supernovae. These
>
> effects are attributed to low gas density and high-ionization fraction in
>
> the ejecta. Thus the mass of the molecules formed in Supernovae Ia are
>
> may orders of magnitude lower than those found in Supernovae Type II. (26)
>
>
> In connection with the hypothesis of artifical origin for Type Ia
>
> supernovae owing to their origin from evolved species, these supernovae
>
> must have a uniformly older origin than Type II supernovae. Indeed,
>
> careful observations have indicated that: "SNs II are most likely to occur
>
> near and sligtly outside the spines of spiral arms, indicating that their
>
> progenitors are indeed young massive stars." While on the other hand,
>
> "SNs Ia are no more restricted to sprial arms than the rest of the stellar
>
> population is >5 x 10 to the 8th yr." This time of origin for Supernovae
>
> Type Ia corresponds to the time of our presence on planet earth.
>
>
>
> The observational evidence reveals the uniform presence of
>
> monopolar jets from quasars. These objects are four to five
>
> times larger than the bipolar objects. Where the fluxional
>
> energetics of these variables is measured in millions of
>
> galaxies of luminosity, it would appear plausible to assume
>
> that there is a unique and different source of energetics
>
> for these larger variables (i.e.. de Sitter space) since
>
> there is a dichotomous distinction between Class I and Class
>
> II objects. (28)
>
>
> The energetics of supernovae Type Ia, which are of
>
> approximately one solar mass, and yet 2.5 times greater in
>
> magnitude than Type II supernovae of some 10 solar masses
>
> or greater, should then result from a small though highly
>
> energetic flux's reading of a more highly energetic region
>
> in the continuum of the false de Sitter vacuum. The
>
> postulation of intrusional events from other, more highly
>
> energetic continnua, is not excluded from this analysis.
>
>
> Should we consider the observations of quasars and related
>
> objects as offering a window into the primordial region of
>
> de Sitter space, it would appear, perhaps as expected. that
>
> this is a region of intense turbulence. of storm-like
>
> aspect, which may upon occasion form a condensation that is
>
> universe formation. The decay of universe rotation through
>
> shear effects due to the topological embeddedness of the
>
> continuum in de Sitter space is seen in Oyvind Gron & Harald
>
> H. Soleng. (29) It may then be in error to presume that de
>
> Sitter space is a static creation of invariant action but
>
> may instead be, according to these observations, a region of
>
> dynamic action and hence interaction with the continuum.
>
>
> Commonsense tells us that as we continue to probe towards
>
> energies observed some trillionths of a second subsequently
>
> to the origin of this universe, we may enter into
>
> dimensional energetics intrinsic to the Einstein de Sitter Universe.
>
>
> Paul W. Dixon
>
> College of Arts and Sciences
>
> University of Hawaii at Hilo
>
> Hilo. Hawaii 96720 U.S A
>
>
> References and Notes
>
> 1. Rees, M.J. Nature 328, 207, (1987)
>
> 2. Phinney. E. S. Nature 331. 566 -568, (1988)
>
> 3. Morrison. P. M. and Roberts. D. Nature 313, 661-662
> (1985)
>
> 4. Pauliny-Toth, I.I.K.. Porcas, R.W.. Zensus, J.A.,
>
> Kellerman, K. I., Nicolson. G. D., and Mantovani. F. Nature,
>
> 328, 778-782 (1987), Sunteff, N.B., Heathcote, S., Weller,
>
> W.G. Caldwell, N., Huchra, J.P., Olowin. R. P. & Chambers.
>
> K. C. Nature 334, 135-138 (1988)
>
> 5. Wills. B. J. Nature 313. 741 (1985) Elvis, M. Nature 328.
> 762-763 (1987)
>
> 6. Gott, R. Nature 295, 304-307 (1982) Perry, M. Nature 320,
>
> 679 t1986)
>
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> the heads of state of Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Norway,
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> Spain. Sweden. Switzerlands United States and Poland has
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> been received in this connection. This correspondence is to
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> be placed in a suitable archival repository, i.e., the
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> British Museum and the Library of Congress. Copies of this correspondence
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> available upon request.
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> Journal. 100. 56-59 (1990)
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> C. Nature. 376. 576-578 (1995)
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> (1996)
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> 30. Woosley, S. E. The Astrophysical Journal, 476: 801-810. (1997)
> The uncertaintes associated with the accreting carbon-oxygen white dwarf
> deflagration as mechanism for Type Ia supernovae are indicated here.
> This accretion process must be of a slow nature, it is shown here, yet
> this would not be the case for the coalescence of two white dwarfs or
> other highly condensate objects. The more likely slow form of accretion,
> would be through the accretion of Roche lobe matter in a binary formation.
> In a statistical sense, in the know universe, this should be from a
> hydrogen rich stellar companion.
>
>
> Fig. 1 The relative energies of Fermilab and Type II
> supernovae are plotted showing the possible coincidence of
> threshold values for generation of supernovae. The line x, y
> and the angle are at variable points of intersection and
> variable angle of incidence.
>
>
> 8 September 1997
>
> Professor S. W. Hawking
> CH CBE FRS
> Lucasian Professor of Mathematics
> Department of Applied Mathematics
> and Theoretical Physics
> University of Cambridge
> Silver Street
> Cambridge, England CB3 9EW
>
> Dear Professor Hawking:
>
> Your very kind letter of 6 September 1995 has been
> received as well as subsequent correspondence. Your
> great courtesy in responding to these most humble
> letters of inquiry has most greatly honored us.
>
> As mentioned in previous correspondence, should we
> postulate ontological status to the possibility of
> intrusional events from the false de Sitter vacuum
> within this continuum. then further evidence both
> mathematical and observational. may be found in the
> literature of physics.
>
> In a recent article (Cooking Up A Cosmos Astronomy,
> September 1997. Vol 25. No. 9, page 56) from Alan
> Guth. he describes the effects of the false vacuum
> in the following paragraph which is found therein:
>
> "One might guess that the gravitational repulsion of
> the false vacuum would push outward on the bubble
> wall. so, if so the repulsion were strong enough, the bubble would
> start to grow. Not so however, say the regulations of
> general relativity. The gravitational repulsion
> causes the false vacuum to swell, but the repulsion
> does not extend beyond the false vacuum. Objects
> outside the bubble wall are attracted toward the
> bubble, and the gravitational force on the bubble is
> inward.
>
> The probability of initiating a transition towards
> the false vacuum would then be of higher value than
> the probability of initiating a transition towards
> the lower energy condition. A transition towards
> the lower energy condition may still be
> accomplished, yet it would have a lower probability
> value in the continuum.
>
> The point of initiation, in this hypothesis. of
> supernovae generation has been in the development of
> high-energy physics facilities. In this connection
> continuing efforts are being maintained in CERN.
> The date set for this development is now 2005, with
> the first construction of the 14 TeV Large Hadron
> Collider being advanced with contributions from the
> United States, Japan and Russia with further
> contributions from Canada, India and Israel now
> planned, thus accelerating this rush towards
> completion. (Maurice Jacobs, US, Europe Reciprocate
> Scientifically and Financially on LHC. Other Big
> Science Projects, Physics Today! August (1997) Vol.
> 50. 8, 1, Page 15 & 80)
>
> Since this is a matter of such overwhelming
> importance to all of us may we very humbly request
> a fair hearing of this matter. So far, there has
> been no discussion of this matter in the scientific
> literature. Should this conjecture prove unfounded,
> then no harm will accrue to us through this
> discussion. If, on the other hand, there is a basis
> in fact for this concern. everyone will be greatly
> benefitted through this discussion.
>
> Your kind thoughts and understanding in all these
> matters are most gratefully appreciated.
>
> All Best Wishes. Your friend.
>
> With greatest respect.
>
> Paul W. Dixon, Ph.D.
> Professor of Psychology
>
>
>
> 8 July 1997
>
> Professor S. W. Hawking
> CH CBE FRS
> Lucasian Professor of Mathematics
> Department of Applied Mathematics
> and Theoretical Physics
> University of Cambridge
> Silver Street
> Cambridge, England CB3 9EW
>
> Dear Professor Hawking:
>
> Your very kind letter of 6 September 1995 has been
> received as well as subsequent correspondence. Your
> great courtesy in responding to these most humble
> letters of inquiry has most greatly honored us.
>
> Should we postulate ontological status
> to the possibility of intrusional events from the
> false de Sitter vacuum within this continuum. then
> further evidence for this postulation both
> mathematical and observational, may be found in the
> literature of physics.
>
> In a recent article entitled, "Early Spectra of
> SUPERNOVA 1993J in M81" (Astron J. 108 (3) (1994) p.
> 1006) it is indicated, " The observed drop in H
> alpha flux inserted in this model implies a zero
> radius for the progenitor at March 29.5 regardless
> of the expansion velocity assumed. This is clearly
> unphysical."
>
> It may be possible to invoke an alternate
> explanatory framework for energy of deflagration.
> This would be a transition towards de Sitter space.
> In this way the zero radius (or some close
> approximation thereof) would be understood as a
> Possible physical Phenomenon.
>
> Some additional results from a survey of the Physics
> literature may now be brought forward. The throat
> of arbitrarily large variable dimensions which
> permits transfer of energies from one continuum to
> another. as well as time travel, has been shown to
> be mathematically understood by David Hochberg,
> Arkady Popov and Sergey V. Sushkov, (1997).
> fSelf-consistent wormhole solutions of semiclassical
> gravity, Physical Review Letters. 78, 2050-2053! In
> this way, the transition towards de Sitter space
> would permit the intrusion of those great energies,
> mentioned in previous correspondence, into the
> continuum.
>
> It may also be expected, according to this
> postulation, that the effects of high-energy physics
> experimentation where they exist would produce a
> different signature in terms of the end-product than
> those found in naturally occurring transitions
> towards de Sitter space, i.e., Type II supernovae.
> Here it may be noted that the presence of molecular
> species is greatly attenuated in Type Ia SUPERNOVA.
> (Liu, W. (1997) Molecules in Type Ia supernovae. The
> Astrophysical Journal, 479:907-911) These effects
> are attributed to low gas density and
> high-ionization fraction in the ejecta. Thus the
> masses of the molecules formed in SNe Ia are many
> orders of magnitude lower than those found in SNe
> II.
>
> In connection with the hypothesis of artificial
> origin for Type Ia SUPERNOVA, these supernovae must
> have a uniformly older origin than Type II
> supernovae. Indeed, careful observations have
> indicated that, "SNs II are most likely to occur
> near and slightly outside the spines of spiral arms,
> indicating that their progenitors are indeed young
> massive stars." While on the other hand,"SNs Ia are
> no more restricted to spiral arms than the rest of
> the stellar population, and therefore their age is
> >5 x 10 to the eighth yr." (McMillan. R. J., Ciardullo, R.
> (1996) Constraining the ages of SUPERNOVA
> progenitors. I. Supernovae and spiral arms. The
> Astrophysical Journal. 473:707-712.)
> This age for Type Ia supernovae corresponds to the
> time of our presence on planet earth.
>
> The uncertainties associated with the accreting
> carbon-oxygen white dwarf deflagration as mechanism
> for Type Ia supernovae are indicated in
> "Neutron-rich nucleosynthesis in carbon deflagration
> supernovae (Woosley, S. E. (1997) The Astrophysical
> Journal, 476:801-810) Of particular note, is the
> absence of hydrogen at time of maximum light for
> Type Ia supernovae. This accretion process, as
> shown in this article, must be of a slow nature
> which would not be the case should the mechanism be
> the coalescence of two white dwarfs or other highly
> condensate ponderable bodies. The more likely ? slow
> form of accretion. would be through the accretion of
> Roche lobe matter in a binary formation. In a
> statistical senses in the known universe, this
> should be from a hydrogen rich stellar companion.
>
> Since this is a matter of such overwhelming
> importance to all of us, may we very humbly request
> a fair hearing of this matter. So far. there has
> been no discussion of this matter in the scientific
> literature. Should this conjecture prove unfounded,
> then no harm will accrue to us through this
> discussion. If. on the other hand, there is a basis
> in fact for this concern, everyone will be greatly
> benefitted through this discussion.
>
> All of the children will thank you for your kind
> efforts and all of the future generations of mankind
> will bless you for your illustrious generosity and
> wisdom.
>
> My original conjecture was that there must be some
> overwhelming reason why these hypothetical
> civilizations should, under this postulation,
> uniformly and cosmologically find their demise in
> TYPE Ia supernova deflagration. and that this causal
> factor would be essentially irrevocable in the
> course of these civilizations' progression towards
> their doom. It is, indeed, revealing that no matter
> what inducements of species survival. need for
> democratic discussion, and the progress of science
> in the pursuit of truth are brought forward over a
> twenty year period, that none of these most worthy
> reasons have so far Prevailed.
>
> Would the best administration of science policy be
> restrained by wisdom both gentle and humane?
>
> Your kind thoughts and understanding in all these
> matters are most gratefully appreciated.
>
> All Best Wishes, Your friend,
>
> With greatest respect,
>
> Paul W. Dixon, Ph.D.
> Professor of psychology
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>