(17) VERIFIABLE FACTS: ANAMBRA STATE VERSUS ENTIRE NORTHERN NIGERIA- COMPARE AND CONTRAST
===========================================================================================
SOURCES:
VERIFIABLE DATA, FACTS, RECORDS AND INFORMATION FROM THE FOLLOWING SOURCES:
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF NIGERIA RECORDS, STATE RECORDS, WORLD BANK, UNITED NATIONS, UNDP, MINISTERS, PRESIDENT YARADUA, PRESIDENT JONATHAN, NORTHERN LEADERS, SCHOLARS, NGOS, AREWA YOUTHS, AREWA SUMMITS, NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN LEADERS, NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISER, UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, EUROPEAN UNION, UNIVERSITIES, JAMB, Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination, UTME AND Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board, JAMB, UN Human Development Index, WORLD BANK Global Hunger Index, 2002 Universities Matriculation Examination (U.M.E.)., NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES, WEBSITES, Paul Anber's essay "Modernization and Political Disintegration: Nigeria and the Ibos" published in the journal of Modern African Studies vol. 5, No 2 (Sep, 1967) 163-179. To be more specific see pp 171-172, and let me quote the relevant portion of Dr. Anber's essay:"A system of Universal primary education was introduced in Eastern Nigeria in 1953, WIKIPEDIA AND FINALLY FROM Professor Ibrahim Gambari, Under Secretary-General, Special Adviser to the Secretary General of the United Nations in his address lamented the poverty level of the North using grim statistics.
DATAS, STATISTICS AND VERIFIABLE INFORMATION ON POVERTY, EDUCATION AND HEALTHCARE
IN SOUTH EASTERN STATES OF NIGERIA (ANAMBRA STATE IN PARTICULAR) VERSUS THE ENIRE 19 NORTHERN STATES OF NIGERIA.
(1)
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(2) ON EDUCATION: SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AVERAGE 2008-2010
EXPOSES FALLS CENSUS AND POPULATION DATA FROM JAMB, INEC AND OFFICE OF STATISTICS
ZONE |
POPULATION |
COLLEGE ENROLLMENT |
PER CENT |
% OF TOTAL |
% of Population |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
SS |
21,014,655 |
140,000 |
0.7% |
24.9% |
15% |
|
SE |
16,381,729 |
190,000 |
1.2% |
33.8% |
12% |
|
SW |
27,581,992 |
116,000 |
0.4% |
20.6% |
20% |
|
ZN TOT |
64,978,376 |
446,000 |
0.7% |
79.4% |
46% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NW |
29,460,613 |
30,000 |
0.1% |
5.3% |
21% |
|
NE |
22,999,885 |
21,000 |
0.1% |
3.7% |
16% |
|
NC |
22,564,668 |
65,000 |
0.3% |
11.6% |
16% |
|
ZN TOT |
75,025,166 |
116,000 |
0.2% |
20.6% |
54% |
|
36 STATES |
140,003,542 |
562,000 |
0.4% |
100.0% |
100% |
Poverty, education and Boko Haram
There is no single, universally accepted, definition of poverty. This is because poverty is multidimensional. However, it is not uncommon to describe poverty as a general state of deprivation or as Baker says, “A state of being deficient in money or means of subsistence.”
advertisement | |
In recent times, poverty has been frequently defined relative to the standards of living in a society. Thus, it is recognised when all available income is spent on food and the results still fall below a certain minimum level of calories. Recently available information places Nigeria at number 154 out of 179 countries on the Human Development Index, but Nigeria is a frontrunner on the Global Hunger Index, coasting in at number 20!
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(4)
Northern Transformation Impact Summit Sponsored by the Arewa Transformation and Empowerment Initiative
Arewa House Kaduna
May 10th to 12th, 2012
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(5)
Polio in 5 states worries FG
It is inconceivable that polio is still raging in the northern part of Nigeria in Borno, Kebbi, Jigawa, Kano, Zamfara, Sokoto and Yobe states due to ignorance and not accepting polio vaccination.
This non acceptance of the vaccine stems from disinformation and brain washing from local religious leaders.
Can I appeal to Nigerian Doctors especially those from the affected states to initiate a campaign to dispel these negative rumours about polio vaccine and protect the lives and health of these innocent children. SEO
News
By Daniel Idonor & Victoria Ojeme
The Federal Government, yesterday, condemned the polio status in the country, noting that Nigeria, in August 2011, recorded 26 cases of polio in six states in contrast to six during the corresponding period in 2010.
The affected states are Borno, Kebbi, Jigawa, Kano, Zamfara, Sokoto and Yobe. The cases mainly are due to the high number of unimmunized children as a result of refusal of the vaccine by some parents and caregivers as well as children being absent.
President Goodluck Jonathan, who disclosed this in Abuja during the national flag-off ceremony of the September 2011 sub-National Immunisation Plus Days (SIPDs) and launch of the Polio- free Torch Campaign, said, “I understand that in August this year, 26 children in six states across the nation were confirmed to have been paralysed by the virus. This is unacceptable”.
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(6)
ANAMBRA AND INFACT IGBO STATE HAVE BEEN LEADING IN EDUCATION ENROLLMENT AND GRADUATION IN THE LAST 20 YEARS
http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/03/only-3-score-over-300-as-jamb-releases-results/
By Favour Nnabugwu
About 1,048,314 out of the 1,503,931 candidates who participated in this year’s Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination, UTME, by the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board, JAMB, passed the examination. Out of this number, three candidates scored the highest with over 300 marks.
JAMB Registrar, Prof Dibu Ojerinde, who made this known at a news conference in Abuja yesterday said that 181 candidates from Kaduna and Ikoyi Prisons were among those who wrote the examination, adding that malpractices were recorded in 52 centres across eight states in the country over which the results of 27,266 candidates in those centres were being withheld.
The JAMB Registrar noted that six southern states registered the highest number of candidates for this year’s examination. Imo led with 123, 865, followed by Delta- 88,876; Anambra- 84,204; Osun- 73, 935; Oyo- 71, 272 and Ogun with 71, 173.
Also, six northern states, including Jigawa- 11, 529, Kebbi- 7, 364; Yobe- 6, 389; Zamfara- 5, 713; Sokoto, 5,664 and FCT with 3, 380 recorded the lowest number of candidates just as other states fell within the average.
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(7)
==Sept 2002
To: nigerianw...@yahoogroups.com; oduaa...@yahoogroups.com
From: JAdemis...@aol.com
Date: Fri, 9 Dec 2011 18:24:43 -0500
Subject: [NIgerianWorldForum] Re: Are the Igbos the best educated group in Nigeria?
Folks:
In reading the Obituary of Chukwuemeka Ojukwu in The Telegraph, December 9, 2011, I found this interesting assertion that "The Ibo...were the best educated group..." Is this statement true or incorrect? I would like to have some reactions from the forum or contributions from people with the accurate information and knowledge on educational attainments among Nigeria's diverse ethnic groups. My understanding is that the Yorubas are the best educated ethnic group in Nigeria. If this is not the case, I stand to be corrected. Then, which ethnic group is best educated in Nigeria? Where is the empirical data to support the Ibo claim or any other claim for that matter? Thanks.
Joel Ademisoye
Dec 3rd 2011 | from the print edition
ONITSHA MARKET:http://www.economist.com/node/21541015
"THE shops are stacked six feet high with goods, the streets outside are jammed with customers and salespeople are sweating profusely under the onslaught. But this is not a high street during the Christmas-shopping season in the rich world. It is the Onitsha market in southern Nigeria, every day of the year. Many call it the world’s biggest. Up to 3m people go there daily to buy rice and soap, computers and construction equipment. It is a hub for traders from the Gulf of Guinea, a region blighted by corruption, piracy, poverty and disease but also home to millions of highly motivated entrepreneurs and increasingly prosperous consumers.'
African Traders in Guangzhou, China: Routes, Profits, and Reasons
Yang Yang
Surprise and unexpected, Nigeria Minister of Finance Dr. Ngozi Okonjo Iweala visits Nigeria(IGBO) Community in China, at the famous (click to see pictures) Guangzhou Tangqi Shopping Mall.A business center occupied mostly by (IGBO) Nigeria entrepreneurs in the chocolate district of guang yuan xi lu.She was accompanied by the Nigeria Ambassador in China H.E Aminu Wali,the President of Nigeria and Africa community in China,Mr Emma Osita Ojukwu and a team of entourage.
She was highly welcomed as Nigerians and Chinese converged and greets her with loud ovation.It was a very brief historic visit, on addressing Nigerians, she encouraged Nigerians in china to be hardworking and law abiding. She also emphasized on the N50bn Job creation fund †You Win†, created by President Goodluck Jonathan, for the benefit of Nigerians home and abroad.
After the short briefing, she was escorted out of the Tangqi Shopping mall by her encourage. Its a night to remember and indeed a historic visit. I was chatting with friends at the mall when she visited, and luckily, I have my camera with me.Below are the pictures of her brief historic visit.
Her Excellency, we’re looking forward to see you again! Thanks for the visit!
Regards to President Goodluck Jonathan, we’re looking forward to see him in near future.
Welcome to “Civilized and Harmonious Guangzhouâ€
========================================================================(15)
NEW YORK TIMES - USA LEADING NEWSPAPER OF WORLD STANDARD
Other merchants, overwhelmingly members of Nnebue’s ethnic group, the Igbo, followed him into business. They literally made things up as they went, shooting movies in just a few days, based on vague scenarios instead of scripts. Directors approximated tracking shots by pushing their cameramen around in wheelchairs. Quality was shaky, but the buying public didn’t care. Between 1994 and 2005, production in Nigeria went from a handful of feature movies a year to more than 2,500.
"“We created the industry,” Gab Okoye, a marketer who goes by the name Gabosky"
NORTHERN RICH CITIZENS on display.
The truth is that Anambra surpasses the entire North West zone by any
standards of social measurement. Therefore, it is “Anambra versus the
North”. While Anambra is highly urbanized, the North West and the entire
North excluding the FCT are bedeviled by higher rural-urban drift because
of the primitive concentration of the business of governance in the
capital cities of the North. While educational opportunities in the North
are reserved for Northern elites like Ahmad El-Rufai, alms and religious
radicalism are reserved for the vast majority of their populations. When
the Northern elites want political power, they recruit this impoverished
majority into misconceived religious zealotry and after ascending to
power; they reward them with weekly feeding and chaplet incantations at
their palatial homes. While the real political slogan of these inhumane
elites is “take money or material things and give me power, but when I get
power, I will use my power to take my money back from you”, they
indoctrinate this majority with “God giveth and taketh power”Public Statement By Intersociety Nigeria
Anambra Versus The North: How Nasir Ahmad El-Rufai & Other Northern
Elites Underdeveloped & Impoverished Majority Northern Populations
"Mallam El Rufai doing what he does best getting drunk in a Bar with friends"
(Onitsha Nigeria, Wednesday, 13th day of June 2012)-In the Social Bond or
Control Theory of Travis Hirschi, social deviance including criminal
offending becomes uncontrollable the moment people are made to disconnect
from the core agents of socialization, especially the four areas that bind
them with the core agents of socialization, that is to say: involvement,
belief, attachment and engagement. The absence of the foregoing,
criminologically speaking, leads to social disorganization as we see it
today in the North.
Similarly, in the Strain/Anomie Theory of Emile Durkheim and Robert K.
Merton, when there is disconnect between cultural goals and legitimate or
socially approved means (when the two conflicts), a state of
“anomie”(alienation of self from society due to conflicting norms and
interests) sets in. When this state occurs, it results into five
categories of social conditions of: conformity, innovation, ritualism,
retreatism and rebellion. Those in the class of conformity accept the
cultural goals and legitimate means; those in the innovation accept the
cultural goals but use illegitimate means to achieve them; those in the
ritualism lose faith in cultural goals but feel obligated to work under
routines for legitimate daily life; those in the retreatism, such as drug
addicts, reject both cultural goals and legitimate means and transform
themselves into the dregs of the society; and those in the rebellion not
only reject both cultural goals and institutionalized means, but also seek
to redefine new values for the society through uprising and violence, i.e.
Boko-Haram uprising in the Northern Nigeria.
It is on the premise of the foregoing that we at the International Society
for Civil Liberties & the Rule of Law (Intersociety), decide to critically
evaluate the Nasir Ahmad El-Rufai’s assessment of the public governance in
Anambra State of Nigeria, titled: Anambra’s Budgets of “Mispriorities”,
which was widely published on 8th day of June 2012. This evaluation of
ours, therefore, is in the context of Anambra versus the North in terms of
soio-economic comparison. While it is a widely held view that Mallam Nasir
Ahmad El-Rufai, like other Nigerians, is entitled to his opinion, but his
opinion should not be expressed at the gross expense of Anambra State and
its People, especially in the context of returning the State to its former
pariah status, as a pariah member of the States of the Nigerian
Federation, which his piece tried in vain to do. As noted by many
respected writers including Barrister Daniel Elomba, the Ahmad El-Rufai’s
piece is fraught with utterly discredited facts and stranger’s
information. It is purely an assessment from outside observation, fed by
laptop statistics.
"I mallam El Rufai loves to lie ,it gives me height and makes me feel cool"
For instance, contrary to Ahmad El-Rufai’s position in his piece, Anambra
State has minimum rural-urban drift. Non- Anambra State citizens of Enugu,
Imo, Ebonyi, Abia States, etc vastly populate the State’s old urban areas
of Onitsha and Nnewi as well as some of the new urban areas in the State.
These brother and sister-citizens have also made an inroad into Asaba,
Delta State, where they built many residential houses and business
facilities. Also, contrary to Ahmad El-Rufai’s submission, Anambra now
has over ten urban areas of Onitsha, Ogbaru, Idemmili(Awada, Ugwuagba,
Obosi, Nkpor & Omagba), Nkwere-Ezunaka/Nsugbe, Ekwulobia, Oko/Umunze,
Ihiala, Awka, Igbariam/Umuleri/Aguleri, Ogidi/Abagana and Oba. Anambra
population is over 5million and not “4,2million” as he erroneously stated.
The State is highly urbanized and densely populated with commerce as its
major economic base, engaged in by over 70% of its adult residents.
Anambra State is also second to none in self-help development index with
evenly spread incomes per head. In old Onitsha and Nnewi urban areas, for
instance, three out of every five commercial multi-storey buildings, have
their own sunk bore holes. Also, sophisticated private hospitals adorn
many of these old and new urban centers. In terms of primary and secondary
schools, the number of government-approved private schools surpasses those
of government and missionary schools and they are evenly distributed among
the old and new urban centers and semi urban areas in the State.
The number of high and low rising commercial and private buildings in
Anambra State surpasses the total number of same, if any, in the seven
States of the Northwest geopolitical zone put together, from where Mallam
Nasir Ahmad El-Rufai comes from. As at 1997, there were over 200 private
large-scale industries in Nnewi alone. Presently, the major problem
hindering the industrial growth in the State is the power epilepsy, caused
not by the government and people of Anambra State, but by the Federal
Government (power is in the exclusive legislative list). Presently, there
are over 200 markets in the State alone and more are springing up. There
is no major industry in Nigeria that does not have a link to Anambra
State. Any item of legitimate human use is not in short supply in the
State. Forty-percent of the Internally Generated Revenues of Delta State
comes from Anambra State. Therefore, the State is typically a blue-collar
society and one of the juiciest sources of the police illicit enrichment
due to high carriage of cash or hand-to-hand cash transactions.
In terms of public governance, Ahmad El-Rufai ought to know that another
name for high self-help development index is “government made easy”, in
that a society with high self-help development records reduces the burden
of government in the provision of social services to its people. Anambra,
like other Southeast States, to a large extent, had two major set backs
before now; its post civil war challenges, which deprived its post-civil
war generations and their parents of conventional education, resulting in
its present adult population’s limited education especially among the male
adult traders, as well as the tragedies of the early 2000s when criminal
gangs took over the management of the affairs of its men and women.
Perhaps, the likes of Mallam Ahmad Nasir El-Rufai are still dwelling in
this past ugly history of the State per his recent lopsided assessment of
the State and its public governance, by utterly ignoring the great wind of
change in the State epitomized by the present popularly instituted
governance, which originated in March 2006.
EL RUFAI arrested by EFCC for fraud"Former Minister of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Mallam Nasiru El-Rufai faces charges of misconduct and abuse of office."
To govern well in Nigeria’s context and under a democratic setting, a
governor must not have identity or personality and moral bankruptcy. Very
importantly, he or she must not be an electoral robber and he or she must
have the hallowed electoral mandate of his or her people. There are four
conventional ways of sourcing funds for public governance in Nigeria, that
is to say: federation accounts receipts, internally generated revenues,
borrowings and local/ international grants or development funds. Among
these four core areas, borrowings are not socio-economically helpful
because of their devastating effects on immediate and future well being of
the affected State or locality. To this effect, we give it to the present
government of Anambra State, which has successfully resisted the borrowing
temptations in the past six years, unlike Imo State, for instance, that
has over N100Billion internal debts to its deficit. In the inglorious
epoch of Dr. Chinwoke Mbadinuju, a $10Million loan was secured from an
Egyptian bank, for the “building of an international market”, which was
never built. Another N650Million loan was secured from a Nigerian bank for
“the building of a stadium complex” in Awka, the State capital, which was
also never built, to mention but a few. The debt regime under the
illegitimate and unlawful regime of Dr. Chris Ngige remains utterly
sketchy. Today, these loans with hash conditions are part of the
$24.4Million still owed international lending institutions by the
government of Anambra State. In the four core areas of fund sourcing, the
government of Anambra State, under Mr. Peter Obi, has done well in the
international fund sourcing or development partnerships as well as in the
area of maintaining almost zero-borrowing culture both internally and
externally.
However, true to Ahmad El-Rufai’s observation, the government of Mr. Peter
Obi has failed woefully in the area of improving the IGR fortunes of the
State, considering its vast revenue potentials. This is due to weak
revenue generation mechanisms, which tend to favour illicit revenue
agents, sometimes backed by some corrupt officials of the government both
at State and local levels. This failure appears to have been necessitated
by bountiful international patronage enjoyed by the government as well as
the availability of the Local Government funds, used, under special
conditions, for the development of selected infrastructures in the
affected LGAs. Again, some of the deficiencies of Mr. Peter Obi’s
administration are poor maintenance culture, snail-speed response to
matters of urgent public importance, non-conduct of the local council
polls, armchair syndrome of some, if not many of his bookish top aides and
weak/ timely enforcement of law and other conventional social controls.
As for Ahmad El-Rufai’s criticism of the Anambra’s budgets and their
sectoral allocations, he missed the point frontally and logically. This is
because there exists legitimate and illegitimate budgeting. Budget is
legitimate when it is realistic and executable, not fat and theoretical
allocation with little or zero execution capacity. It is illegitimate when
it is bloated, loan and white elephant driven. It is better to have a
small and realistic budget than to have lofty, loan driven and
white-elephant budget. Apart from attention being given to over 20 active
gully sites in the State, our field team has also found that there exists
a rapid response team that timely checks the newly developed gullies in
parts of the State. On-going works on two of such young gullies at Uke
Community in the State is a case in point.
Still on Anambra Budgets, the present government enjoys two
“government-made easy” packages, one from the high self-help development
index and the other from international funding and development
institutions like UNICEF, EU, World Bank, UNDP, DFID, etc. For instance,
we have found that many of the 177 communities, over 1000 public/mission
primary schools and 258 public/mission secondary schools in the State now
have bore holes courtesy of European Union, UNICEF, etc. In Ogbaru LGA, 30
boreholes are being sunk in thirty strategic places. In all, there are 434
water projects done in the State, excluding those done by the State
Ministry of Local Government & Chieftaincy Matters. Bore holes under
MDGs(millennium development goals) are 186, UNICEF through RUWASSA are
154, 17 EU Water schemes, 71 bore holes from MPUWRCD, to mention but few.
This is in addition to high private borehole ratio per residence in the
State and attention being given to the State’s major water schemes in
Awka, Onitsha, Nnewi, Obizi-Uga, etc. State’s community/general hospitals
and health centers are not in short supply in the State. Most, if not all
of them are provided with boreholes. Conversely, it is very important to
point out that there are some boreholes, especially those sunk in hilly
and dry areas that are not functioning, either due to shady jobs by
contractors or difficult terrains. In the area of education, about 800
mission primary schools and about 42 mission secondary schools were
returned to their missionary owners (Catholic church-over 400, Anglican
church-over 300, etc), excluding the payment of their teachers’ salaries
and other welfare, which is still borne by the State Government, thereby
living the State with 261 public primary and 216 secondary schools. The
intent for returning the schools is for moral rejuvenation.
In the areas of roads, crime rates and other social services, Ahmad
El-Rufai also goofed. While many States still find it difficult connecting
one LGA to another, road-wise, Anambra has gone far beyond that. The 177
communities in the State are now divided into first class, second class
and third class communities in terms of link roads. All the 21 LGAs, first
class and second-class communities are easily accessible road-wise. The
third class communities and some important street roads in old Onitsha
urban like Iyiowa Odekpe/Odo-Rubber, Okpoko/Nkutaku, Awada, Ugwuagba,
Nkpor, Ogidi and Woliwo Layout/ Omagba Phase 11, are still begging for
government attention. Some of these areas are new layouts. Also, major
parts of the Onitsha-Enugu Federal Road, which is at the heart of the
State, are still an eyesore, except few parts that have been
rehabilitated. On the other hand, urban areas like Fegge, Inland Town,
GRA, Nsugbe 33 and Odo-akpu all in old Onitsha urban and major parts of
Nnewi have very good road network. Also, the Omambala area of the State,
which used to be utterly neglected, is being transformed. Igbariam/
Umuleri and Nsugbe/Nkwere-Ezunaka are the newest urban areas in the State,
which are part of the hitherto neglected areas of the State. Over 15
medium and large-scale bridges and their connecting roads have been
constructed across the State’s difficult terrains. Conversely, Awka is yet
to wear the deserved look of a modern State capital city, though many of
its old-fashioned roads are tarred as well as erection of some key public
infrastructures like State Secretariat, CBN, etc
In terms of access to justice, there are court of superior records (high
courts) in Onitsha (many sub divisions), Otuocha(serving the river-line
areas of Anambra East/West, Oyi and Ayamelum LGAs), Awka (many sub
divisions), Aguata, Nnewi, Ogidi and Ihiala. In the area of “ high crime
rates”, Ahmad El-Rufai lacks professional know-how in criminology and
security studies or related fields to understand what “crime rates” are
all about. Though street crimes including property crimes are normal in
blue-collar society such as Anambra State, which also provides job for
social control agencies, other than Northeast zone which is the most
crime-prone in Nigeria presently, it is difficult to pin point any State
as “being among those with highest crime rates”. Since Ahmad El-Rufai is
not a crime statistician, we wonder how he arrived at the lopsided
submission that Anambra has one of the highest crime rates in Nigeria,
especially taking into account “dark” and “gray” figures of crime
statistics as well as prevalence of white-collar crimes and crimes against
persons (prevalent in the North). To credibly assess crime rates, crime
must be evaluated holistically. What two white-collar criminals steal in
Katsina State in a month, for instance, may most likely outweigh the total
proceeds of property crimes generated in one year in the entire Southeast
zone by property criminals. Contrary to Ahmad El-Rufai’s submission, crime
is not restricted to “property crime” of armed robbery and hostage for
ransom.
From the foregoing, therefore, it is clear that Ahmad El-Rufai’s piece is
ill conceived and utterly political. It may have derived its motives from
the forthcoming 2015 political power games. The piece utterly portrayed
Anambra State and its People as backward, manifestly poor,
under-developed, crisis and crime-prone, and above all, a pariah partner
in the Nigerian Federation Project. By canonizing an electoral usurper and
thief, Mallam Nasir Ahmad El-Rufai is encouraging electoral roguery and
telling the Anambra electorates to always allow their hallowed electoral
mandate to be stolen by an electoral criminal gang. His piece ought to be
titled:” How Ahmad El-Rufai & Other Northern Elites Underdeveloped &
Impoverished the Majority Northern Populations” and not, “Anambra Budgets
of Mispriorities”.
NORTHERN RICH CITIZENS on display.
The truth is that Anambra surpasses the entire North West zone by any
standards of social measurement. Therefore, it is “Anambra versus the
North”. While Anambra is highly urbanized, the North West and the entire
North excluding the FCT are bedeviled by higher rural-urban drift because
of the primitive concentration of the business of governance in the
capital cities of the North. While educational opportunities in the North
are reserved for Northern elites like Ahmad El-Rufai, alms and religious
radicalism are reserved for the vast majority of their populations. When
the Northern elites want political power, they recruit this impoverished
majority into misconceived religious zealotry and after ascending to
power; they reward them with weekly feeding and chaplet incantations at
their palatial homes. While the real political slogan of these inhumane
elites is “take money or material things and give me power, but when I get
power, I will use my power to take my money back from you”, they
indoctrinate this majority with “God giveth and taketh power”
Therefore, in the North, the two theories aforementioned are utterly
suitable. The Boko-Haram uprising in the North is not only an “intifada”
against the Federal Government, but importantly, it is also an uprising
against the Northern elites, who mindlessly blocked social opportunities
for the vast majority of their people for more than 25 years they held
sway at the presidency. Today, the uprising is against the Federal
Government and its security establishments as well as Igbo-Christians and
non-Igbo Christians as well, but tomorrow, Northern elites may most
likely be joined. Ahmad El-Rufai’ s handling of the landed properties of
the Southeast people during his days as the FCT Minister, which made him
to reveal that”75% of the properties in the FCT are owned by the Igbo
people”, as well as the fate of the displaced local indigenes
(Gbagi-Gwari) may be a topic for another day. The foregoing, therefore,
is part of how the Northern elites including Ahmad El-Rufai
under-developed and impoverished the vast Northern majority. We wish to
submit that Anambra State is not poor, backward or socially disorganized,
and if the North is Mogadishu, then Anambra is Tokyo.
Even in the area of external borrowings and debts, Anambra State is among
the five least indebted States, whereas the North including the Ahmad
El-Rufai’s North West, is heavily indebted. Some insiders have also
revealed that the heaven will let loose if the internal debts profiles of
many States of the Federation including States of the North are made open.
The Nigeria’s Debt Management Office’s recent report of March 2012 has it
that the Southwest zone is the most indebted in terms of foreign debts,
with $810Million or N122Billion, followed by North West zone $458Million
or N67.9Billion, with Ahmad El-Rufai’s Katsina State owing $74.13Million
or N11Billion (Kaduna State owes $182.2Million or N27.3Million); followed
by South-south with $289.2Million or N43.6Billion; followed by Southeast
with $193.7 or N29.1Billion; followed by North-central with $190.2Million
or N28.7Billon; and followed by Northeast zone with $185.1Million or
N27.7Billion. The Federal Capital Territory-Abuja owes $36.84Million or
N5.5Billion. Anambra is in the fifth position among the five least
indebted States of Borno-$12.9Million or N1.9Billion, Delta-$15.4Million
or N2.03Billion, Taraba-$20.4Million or N3.06Billion,
Plateau-$20.43Million or N3.07Billion and Anambra-$24.4Million or
N3.66Billion, using the exchange rate of N150.00 per USD. The present
government of Anambra State is also reputed to have borrowed nothing
internally since 2006 except statutory controversial service pay arrears
owed the workers of State parastatals like State water corporation, State
printing company and the State-broadcasting outfit as well as the Federal
Government bonded zero-interest World Bank facilities for health-care
delivery in selected States repayable under soft conditions.
Finally, we must avoid the grave mistakes of running down our few
comrade-governors, who have come to serve their people, simply because of
certain primitive political interests. We have always maintained that
Lagos people are lucky to have Tinubu/Fashola as their governors, even
though they ran and still run government of budget deficits with
staggering foreign debts of $491Million or over N73Billion and undisclosed
tens of billions of naira of internal debts. Also, Edo people are lucky
to have Comrade Adams Oshomoile as their governor and Anambra people are
very lucky to have Mr. Peter Obi as their governor. Ekiti and Osun people
may be lucky too to have their governors. Governor Rochas Okorocha of Imo
State has the mandate of his people, but he must refrain from further
mortgaging the future of the State by reportedly being a loan seeking and
borrowing governor. Public governance requires towering personality
profiles, creativity and frontal initiatives. Therefore, all the 36 States
governors are not the same, comparatively speaking. Some are charlatans
with mechanical legitimacy. Others are hedonistic compradors, while the
remainders are creative and innovative governors with hallowed mandates of
their people.
Signed:
The following table presents a listing of Nigeria's 36 states ranked in order of their total GDP (PPP) in 2007.[1]
| Rank | State | GDP (PPP$) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lagos State | 33,679,258,023 |
| 2 | Rivers State | 21,073,410,422 |
| 3 | Delta State | 16,749,250,544 |
| 4 | Oyo State | 16,121,670,484 |
| 5 | Imo State | 14,212,637,486 |
| 6 | Kano State | 12,393,103,864 |
| 7 | Edo State | 11,888,446,884 |
| 8 | Akwa Ibom State | 11,179,887,963 |
| 9 | Ogun State | 10,470,415,017 |
| 10 | Kaduna State | 10,334,763,785 |
| 11 | Cross River State | 9,292,059,207 |
| 12 | Abia State | 8,687,442,705 |
| 13 | Ondo State | 8,414,302,623 |
| 14 | Osun State | 7,280,597,521 |
| 15 | Benue State | 6,864,209,262 |
| 16 | Anambra State | 6,764,219,562 |
| 17 | Katsina State | 6,022,655,197 |
| 18 | Niger State | 6,002,007,080 |
| 19 | Borno State | 5,175,165,142 |
| 20 | Plateau State | 5,154,059,937 |
| 21 | Sokoto State | 4,818,615,261 |
| 22 | Bauchi State | 4,713,858,180 |
| 23 | Kogi State | 4,642,794,262 |
| 24 | Adamawa State | 4,582,045,246 |
| 25 | Enugu State | 4,396,590,769 |
| 26 | Bayelsa State | 4,337,065,923 |
| 27 | Zamfara State | 4,123,829,498 |
| 28 | Kwara State | 3,841,827,534 |
| 29 | Taraba State | 3,397,790,217 |
| 30 | Kebbi State | 3,290,847,166 |
| 31 | Nassarawa State | 3,022,828,885 |
| 32 | Jigawa State | 2,988,014,405 |
| 33 | Ekiti State | 2,848,372,512 |
| 34 | Ebonyi State | 2,732,472,739 |
| 35 | Gombe State | 2,500,467,306 |
| 36 | Yobe State | 2,011,499,081 |
| - | Federal Capital Territory | 5,010,968,012 |
Nairaland Forum / Nairaland / General / Politics / Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) (24389 Views)
situated on the eastern side of the River Niger and has 21 local government areas, its major towns are Awka its capital city, the commercial town of Onitsha, and the industrial city of Nnewi. Anambra has a population of 4.2m and is the 9th most populous nationwide. Most of Anambra’s population is rural. However, as is with every major state, rural-urban migration poses serious burdens for the state’s resources. This pressure is evident in the commercial city of Onitsha where amenities like decent housing, potable water and electricity are in short supply.
Old Anambra state was created in 1976 from part of the East Central State, and its capital was Enugu. Following further state creation in 1991, it was divided into two new states, Anambra and Enugu. Anambra now has its capital in Awka. Mr. Peter Obi (APGA) is the current governor of the state, who resumed office in March 2006, after the removal of Dr Ngige by a Court of Appeal judgment in Enugu after it ruled that Ngige’s election in 2003 was defective. Obi was impeached in November 2006, but was reinstated in February 2007 after the impeachment was overturned. Although a fresh election was held in April 2007, he returned to office in June 2007 after a court ruling decided that he should be allowed to complete a four year term. He was re-elected for a second term on 6 February 2010.
Unemployment rate in Anambra is among the highest in the South East zone, at 21.3%, it is higher than the national average of 21.1%. Imo’s unemployment rate is 29.9% and Enugu is 15%. The state has tried to reduce unemployment through its Anambra Integrated Development Strategy (ANIDS) and the Anambra Youth Reorientation and Empowerment Program (ANSYREP), but the problem with these programs is that they contribute very little to the production base of the state.
The incidence of poverty in the state is very high – actually disappointing. The South East has a food poor incidence of 41.0% of which 60.9% is absolutely poor, while 66.5% is relatively poor and 56.8% live under a dollar a day. Anambra has a poverty index of 22.8%, the third highest in the South East, and shares the 6th lowest position in Nigeria with Rivers State which also has 22.8%. About 47.6% of the state’s population is core poor, 45.0% is moderately poor and only 7.4% of the state’s population is classified as none poor. Income inequality as measured by changes in Gini co-efficient between 2003 and 2010 increased slightly by 7.6% as against 18.1% for Ebonyi and Enugu states 7.5% increase.
The people of Anambra state are known to be brilliant, enterprising and resourceful. Most of Nigera's brightest professors, writers, public servants and politicians hailed from the state. One would expect that given this enterprising spirit, the state would create conditions conducive to innovation, business and development. This is not the case, out of the five South Eastern states, Anambra has the fourth lowest ranking for ease of doing business; it was at a distant 35th position out of the 36 states and FCT in 2010. Starting a business involves nine procedures that may span 39 days. Enugu with the best doing business ranking in the zone takes the 30th position of the 36 states, while Imo is ranked 36, as the most difficult state to do business both in the South East and nationally.
Anambra State is not much endowed with mineral resources and the few known to exist are not exploited. For example, Tungsten at Oba, and large deposits of lignite in Onitsha, Idemili, and Nnewi LGAs are yet to be exploited. Kaolin is mined in the Ukpor lhembosi axis for the ceramic industry at Umuahia in Abia State; while the deposits at Afuleri are not exploited. Sandstones of Ameke Formation are quarried in several places, particularly at Abagana and Nsugbe for construction purposes. Natural gas has been discovered at Ebenebe Ridge, southeast of Ebenebe town, and preliminary prospecting indicates that crude oil exists in commercial quantities in the state. Cash Crops in the state include coco yam, cassava, rice, maize and oil palm.
The 2012 budget for the state is N82.5bn as against N66.9bn in 2011, representing a 23.2% increase. N46.8bn (57%) is apportioned for capital expenditure, and N35.7bn (43%) is for recurrent expenditure. Analyzing the recurrent budget further, N9.2bn or (26%) is set aside for Consolidated Revenue Fund Charges, N16.3bn (45%) for personnel costs, N7.4bn (21%) for overhead costs and N2.8bn (8%) as subvention to parastatals/ tertiary institutions. Anambra’s total IGR for 2012 is projected at N12bn, the same figure as was projected in 2011. This means, while its expenditure has increased, the state has not enhanced its capacity to collect or expand its tax base.
The two major contributors to IGR in 2012 will be N6.7bn from taxes and about N4bn from fines and fees. If this IGR is measured against the states projected personnel costs of N16.3bn, Anambra cannot pay its staff salaries without reliance on federal allocation; this means it is one of those ‘dependent’ states and is not economically viable for independent existence.
The 2012 budget will be funded by projected capital receipts of N47bn, N12bn as IGR and N36bn as FAAC allocations, bringing total revenues to a sum of N95bn, out of which N12.3bn would be transferred to Capital Development Fund. In sectoral terms, N28.2bn (34.2%) is allocated to the economic sector, N24.2 bn (29.4%) to the social sector, N9.7bn (11.82%) for the environmental sector and N20.2bn (24.52%) for general administration.
The education sub sector is allocated N10.99bn. Anambra state has a longstanding reputation of being an educationally advanced state: it has at least 9 institutions of higher learning, its literacy rate is comparatively high, in a 2010 NBS literacy survey, youth literacy in the state was said to be 92.9%, adult literacy at 74.0%. However, compared to its South East Neighbors, the state has the third lowest adult literacy amongst the 5 states, Abia has 78.2%, Imo 80.8%, Enugu with 64.6% and Ebonyi with 69.8%, this means that in education terms, Anambra is performing poorer than most other states in its region. From this regional perspective, it means investment in education urgently needs attention and ought to be ramped up.
A meager N1.4 billion is budgeted for health, and considering that health should be the core focus of any state government, this amount is barely adequate. From this sum, it is evident that the government has misplaced priorities, apportioning only 1.7% of the entire budget to a sector that directly affects the livelihood of all of its populace.
Another major problem of the state is roads and soil erosion. In a bid to tackle this, the government apportioned N10bn to continue the construction of several intra-state highways and bridges, targeting the completion of about 100km of roads this fiscal year. However, only N1.696bn is allocated for drainage, erosion control and sewerage. This we believe would not address the challenges in that area.
Water supply which also is a major problem will get only N800m: of this sum, it is hoped that expansion works on major water schemes would be carried out, and new ones built. This sum is little, and may not amount to much improvement in water supply in the state.
Agriculture is apportioned N1.4bn, an evidence of misplaced priorities: with figures like these, it is no surprise that unemployment in the state is high. How can a state government allocate only 1.7% of its entire budget to agriculture in a rural state?Unemployment can be tackled effectively with agriculture if the value chain challenges in food and cash crops production are tackled.
The housing sub sector will get N1.8bn, the government plans to partner with the private sector in providing more residential accommodation, a core focus will be on completing all existing projects. This is commendable.
What is clear from this analysis is that Anambra state like most states of the federation is not allocating funds to adequately address the key social challenges that confront its people. Anambra state should slim down the size and cost if its government, learn to prioritize its budget allocations, expand its revenue base from taxes by attracting federal government and private sector participation in mineral exploration, improve its business climate by easing the starting and running of a business
Anambra state like other south-east states must address the security challenges arising from violent crimes and kidnapping that have scared the elites and investors from the state. The state should leverage its human resources by refocusing the priorities of government on SME and industrial development, investing in infrastructure, agriculture and human capital. Anambra needs to capitalize on the enterprising nature of its people by tackling unemployment, poverty and infrastructure deficits. Until that time, Anambra will remain a state with big prospects and very little growth.
Sad Sunday.....
I wish to join fellow country men and women in commiserating with all those that lost loved one, friends and family members in the Dana Air plane crash of Sunday 3rd June. I knew some of the deceased very well. Shehu Sa'ad was a year my junior in Barewa College, an accomplished banker and perfect gentleman. Falmata Mohammed, sister to my Barewa class monitor, Group Captain Aliyu Mohammed (Retired) was a kind and gentle soul. Mrs. Fatima Abubakar, a colleague of mine since the days I worked in the BPE lost her daughter, while another Barewa Old Boy and elder brother Shehu Kaikai lost his daughter. Dr. Usman Bugaje's brother Idris lost two daughters. May their souls rest in perfect peace, Amen. We hope that this disaster amounts to a wake-up call for strengthening regulatory oversight in our aviation sector. Out of every N25,000 we pay for our air tickets, at least N11,000 goes to government coffers - which funds ought to be used to ensure safe skies for Nigerians. Sadly, it is contracts-and-patronage galore with little attention to passenger convenience and safety. This must change.
.....and Joyful Friday....
As you read this, we will be joining many elders, leaders, friends and well-wishers in witnessing the turbaning of my friend, brother and one that can-do-no-wrong in my eyes - Sanusi Lamido Sanusi - as the new Dan-Maje of Kano. It is a title for princes, reserved only for sons and grandsons of deceased Emirs of Kano, and cannot be acquired in any other way. We are grateful to His Royal Highness, Sarkin Kano Alhaji Ado Bayero for honoring one of our own, one of the best and brightest of our generation, and without doubt the best-performing public servant in the otherwise incompetent Jonathan administration. May Allah continue to Protect the highly respected Emir of Kano, his Dan-Maje and the Emirate Council for Sanusi's recognition, and guide them all to achieve greater heights for Kano and Nigeria.
| Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Ikengawo: 9:11am On Aug 18, 2010 |
Rank State GDP (PPP$) 1 Lagos State 33,679,258,023 2 Rivers State 21,073,410,422 3 Delta State 16,749,250,544 4 Oyo State 16,121,670,484 5 Imo State 14,212,637,486 6 Kano State 12,393,103,864 7 Edo State 11,888,446,884 8 Akwa Ibom State 11,179,887,963 9 Ogun State 10,470,415,017 10 Kaduna State 10,334,763,785 11 Cross River State 9,292,059,207 12 Abia State 8,687,442,705 13 Ondo State 8,414,302,623 14 Osun State 7,280,597,521 15 Benue State 6,864,209,262 16 Anambra State 6,764,219,562 17 Katsina State 6,022,655,197 18 Niger State 6,002,007,080 19 Borno State 5,175,165,142 20 Plateau State 5,154,059,937 21 Sokoto State 4,818,615,261 22 Bauchi State 4,713,858,180 23 Kogi State 4,642,794,262 24 Adamawa State 4,582,045,246 25 Enugu State 4,396,590,769 26 Bayelsa State 4,337,065,923 27 Zamfara State 4,123,829,498 28 Kwara State 3,841,827,534 29 Taraba State 3,397,790,217 30 Kebbi State 3,290,847,166 31 Nassarawa State 3,022,828,885 32 Jigawa State 2,988,014,405 33 Ekiti State 2,848,372,512 34 Ebonyi State 2,732,472,739 35 Gombe State 2,500,467,306 36 Yobe State 2,011,499,081 - Federal Capital Territory 5,010,968,012 |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by paddy_lo(m): 1:45pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
I feel Enugu and Anambra should be higher. . .
In Anambra,a lot of informal business goes on in the markets and manufacturing of car parts. . ![]() |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Nchara: 1:52pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
This from Wiki? Perception is not reality, indeed. |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Adonike: 2:08pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
This is just the fact! |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Mobinga: 2:11pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
Ikengawo:@Yobe: lwkmd@ Rivers: silly Country!! I'm currently running my generator ![]() |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Ikengawo: 5:44pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
like you would in any other part of nigeria? |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by philip0906: 5:47pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
Ikengawo:@ekiti ![]() But I think enugu should be ranked higher |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Aigbofa: 5:55pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
philip0906: Why are you so excited about Ekiti and not Yobe. Ekiti is a very small state, you know! |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by philip0906: 6:00pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
Aigbofa:nah. . .d thing just funny 4 my eye ![]() |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Beaf: 6:07pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
Nchara: It might be from Wikipedia, but the data is from https://www.cgidd.com/ We condemn Wikipedia a bit too much, the reference section of the articles is always very valuable.
Up Delta! We no de carry last! Small but mighty! ![]() If this was done by GDP per capita, na we or Rivers for carry first. . . and by a very very long shot! ![]() 28 Kwara State 3,841,827,534 Lol @ "agricultural revolution!" |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Abagworo(m): 6:14pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
My state is no 5 |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Sharon_f(f): 6:17pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
All 36 states constitute 1 third world country. |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Aigbofa: 6:19pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
Sharon_f: You are wicked ![]() Just when people are starting to enjoy themselves!!!! |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Ileke-IdI: 6:19pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
philip0906: ![]() |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by THE AMAKA(f): 6:20pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
MY STATE IS NUMBER 5!
Sharon_f: ![]() |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Fhemmmy: 6:21pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
To raise this GDP in states like Oshun, Ogun, Ondo and Kwara is so easy. Let them embrace agriculture and they will soon pass lagos |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by philip0906: 6:21pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
Ileke-IdI:y u dey twist mouth? ![]() |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Ileke-IdI: 6:22pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
philip0906: ![]() @post What happened to the cocoa export in ekiti? ![]() See what that bastard oni turned my state into. |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Aigbofa: 6:25pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
Fhemmmy: The whole country should go back to agriculture! There's is no industrialized country that is not also a major agricultural country!! |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by asha 80(m): 6:26pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
Fhemmmy: I doubt it will happen because they are are not 'forced' to do so. |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by na_so(m): 6:27pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
which kind wayo be dis na? Abeg my state Bayelsa is too low. Abi una zone dis one too? ![]() |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Aigbofa: 6:29pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
Ileke-IdI: Oni is not responsible for the state of agriculture in Ekiti, he can improve on it, but the decline started way before he came to office!! |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Ileke-IdI: 6:32pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
Aigbofa:He had two terms to fix the situation, but. . . . But what DID happen to the cocoa exportation? |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by EzeUche22(m): 6:33pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
My state is #12! ![]() Put us back into Imo State! I dun tire 4 d Orjis! |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by THE AMAKA(f): 6:36pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
EzeUche22:GOD FORBID! ![]() |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Fhemmmy: 6:38pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
asha 80: I pray and wish that we would have leader that will force this people to make it happen. We have great lands and the manpower to make it happen. |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by philip0906: 6:39pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
EzeUche22:u 4rm Abia state?. . .d orjis have really ruined abia state,else we have d potential 2 be amongst d top 5 |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Fhemmmy: 6:40pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
philip0906: Almost every state has the potential to be number one, only if we have leaders that have what it takes to make it happen, and leaders that are not there for their own pocket |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Le Stylo: 6:42pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
Ikengawo: SARAKI! YOU SEE YOUR LIFE OUTSIDE? WITH YOUR THIEF-THIEF AGRIC REVOLUTION. ![]() ![]() ![]() |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Kilode?!: 6:46pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
Ileke-IdI: Yea, Oni and co are messing up, but Cocoa was never an Ekiti thing really, that was Ondo, and they took their Cocoa with them when Ekiti decided to split ![]() |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by Fhemmmy: 6:48pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
Le Stylo: Lol . . . not only him, i think it is mostly all of them |
| Re: Nigerian States From Richest To Poorest (ppp) by asha 80(m): 6:48pm On Aug 18, 2010 |
It has more to do with the system of governance in nigeria rather than the whoever is the governor.
Let there be a rule that all states must generate their resources to run the state and no revenue allocation from abuja and see things gradually taking shape. |
(0)(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7) (Reply)
Shame! Shame! Shame! And, Boko Haram still thinks it has an argument about the corrupting or assumed corrupting and negative impacts of (western) education? Without the rest of Nigeria, what would the North look like or be? Except for the data, there is nothing new in this piece, since anyone who is seriously familiar with Nigeria would already have a sense of this disparity. Why are these so-called scholars and “elders” of the North still not critical of Boko Haram? Must we wait for only “academic” occasions to engage in such analysis? The irony is that the very education and structures which Boko Haram seems to abhor will help to safeguard the people, the group, and region Boko Haram claims to be protecting. How sad, indeed.
Peace
Maureen N. Eke, PHD
Professor of English
AN 240
Central Michigan University
Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859
Direct: 989-774-1087
Main: 989-774-3171
Fax: 989-773-1271
Email: eke...@cmich.edu or Maure...@cmich.edu
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