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膽固醇(I):飲食與血液

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老學不會生

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Oct 15, 2007, 6:13:01 PM10/15/07
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<:神 經 囍 囍:> 膽固醇(I):飲食與血液

http://neuro.ohbi.net/med/cholesterol/utf8_diet_cholesterol.php
http://neuro.ohbi.net/med/cholesterol/utf8_diet_cholesterol.pdf
(2007-10-11)

生命成功的秘密,有部份在於吃你所喜歡吃的,然後讓食物在體內決一雌雄。
-馬克.吐溫 (1835 - 1910)

  時下一般認為,食用富含膽固醇的食物,會增加血中膽固醇(壞膽固醇、或全部膽固醇)濃度。這種「飲食膽固醇等於血中膽固醇」的說法,確為當前的飲食指導主流的基礎;但很少人有認真去思考過,這樣的想法是合理的嗎。查證過其根據及新陳代謝生理後,該說法對一般正常人來說,就不適用了。對正常人來說,飲食膽固醇與血中膽固醇濃度之間,不太有關聯;即使算有也是極其微小。飲食膽固醇與血中膽固醇之間實際上的關聯,其實並不像該說法所想的那麼單純。該是來揭發「國王的新衣其實是沒有穿衣服」的時候了。
  有很多證據指出,飲食膽固醇與血中膽固醇之間,並無有意義的關聯。譬如,雞蛋蛋黃就是公認為含有高膽固醇;一個雞蛋黃約含有膽固醇210毫克(mg)到280毫克。 有過這樣的事證:吃了蛋後,血中膽固醇
不升反降。 Ravnskov 博士有次把自己當成白老鼠,研究吃蛋如何影響他自己的血中膽固醇濃度。他平常蛋的食用量是每天吃一到兩個蛋。在實驗開始時,他血中膽固醇濃度是278mg/dl。第一天,他吃一顆蛋;第二天,他吃四顆蛋;第三天,六顆蛋; 第四
天到第九天, 每天八顆蛋。結果他的數據顯示,他血中膽固醇濃度不但沒升,反倒是降了一點,成246mg/dl (Ravnskov, 2000)。 而,該例並非特殊例外個案。有報告每週吃超過四個
蛋的人,其血中膽固醇濃度,比每週吃少於一個蛋的人,還,有意義地,更低
(Kerver, et al., 2000, as cited in Hasler, 2000)。
  不只是小實驗證實沒有關連,大型實驗也支持「吃蛋並不會增加血中的膽固醇濃度」。有個很大規模的縱深社區研究-就是著名的佛雷明漢心臟研究 (Framingham Heart Study);從1948年起到
現在仍在進行中,佛雷明漢心臟研究,縱深研究美國麻州佛雷明漢鎮的居民。本研究由美國國家心臟研究中心(National Heart Institute),現在改為國家心肺及血液研究中心 (National
Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NHLBI)所主導,旨在探討心臟病的危險因子-就是該研究在1961年提出「血中膽固醇濃度為心冠動脈的危險因子」。然而,在重新審核該研究中,有關的9到12受檢人每人血中的膽固醇濃度分佈曲線的原始資料、及他們雞蛋的食用量後,得到「在本研究人口的雞蛋食用量範圍內,食用雞蛋量的差異,與血中膽固醇濃度,不相干」 (Dawber, Nickerson,
Brand, & Pool, 1982, p. 617)。
  不止是蛋,我們的飲食,其實也與我們的血中膽固醇濃度不太相干。在另一個大規模社區研究,密西根州特美鎮的特美研究(Tecmseh Study),對957位男性及1082位女性作24小時飲食回
溯研究。結論是,血中膽固醇濃度,在24 小時回溯內,「與食物的質、量、或比例為不相干」 (Nichols, Ravenscroft, Lamphiear, & Ostrander, 1976, p. 1384)。
  統合分析(meta-analysis)將多個同樣議題的研究加在一起分析其數據。將,從1966年到1994年間、366個不同研究單位、計8143位實驗對向、224篇發表過的研究結果統合分析後, McNamara 結論說,「證
明了『限制食用含高膽固醇的食物』這種作法缺乏科學根據」 (Food Safety Network,
1997, Para 12)。
  基斯博士 (Ancel Keys)-就是在1950年代,首位提出「心冠病與血中膽固醇之間有相關」的說法 (Center for Disease Control Morbidity and Mortality Weekly
Report, 1999),並被譽為 「膽固醇先生」-除了他以外還有誰更值得引述?在1997年,他說:「食物中的膽固醇與血中的膽固醇沒有關連。一點都沒有!而且我們是一早都知道的;食物中的膽固醇跟本就無所謂-除非你恰好是隻雞或兔子」
(Keys, 1997, as cited in Egg Nutrition Center, 1997, p. 1; Kendrick, 2002,
p. 1; Food Safety Network, 1997, Para 7)。
  再說,筆者也不是孤鳴主張;加拿大衛生署跟筆者也是同一陣線的。雖然美國心臟學會 (American Heart Association, AHA) 所宣導的健康美國人飲食指導(Dietary
Guidelines for Healthy American Adults)說,「建議平均〔膽固醇食用量〕宜少於每日300毫克」 (Krauss, Eckel, Howard, Appel, Daniels, Deckelbaum, et al., 2001,
p. 136), 但加拿大衛生署的健康飲食食物指導(Food Guidelines for Healthy
Eating)卻從未指示每日食物中含膽固醇的上限,因為他們相信,有比食物中膽固醇更會影響血中膽固醇濃度的因素 (McDonald, 2004)。
  茲引述哈佛公衛學院營養部的「脂肪與膽固醇」
科學研究現在已發現,一個人食用膽固醇的量,與其血中膽固醇濃度、或與心臟病之間,只有很微弱的關係。 對一些血中膽固醇濃度高的人,若減少飲食中的膽固醇,幸運得話,或
許能有少許助益;對其他的人的話,吃進去的膽固醇,對血中膽固醇濃度沒什麼影響
(Fats and cholesterol, 2004, p. 4)

  這裡該指出,提出一個假說或者科學論述,跟運動比賽中兩個團隊看誰獲得最高分誰就贏,是不一樣的。一個科學假說若是真實,則必須符合各種的觀察;即使只有一個觀察與假說不符,已足以推翻該假說。因此,當科學家主張「(在正常人中)增加食物膽固醇量會提高血中膽固醇濃度」,若發現了(在正常人中)即使只有一個人食用高膽固醇食物後其血中膽固醇濃度並未增高,就該考慮修正其主張。
  那麼,食用膽固醇為何不會增加血中膽固醇濃度呢?這個可以從膽固醇的代謝來瞭解。首先,食物中的膽固醇量比起身體自己製造的內源性膽固醇,是微不足道的。人每天所分泌的膽汁含一到二克(gram)的膽固醇 (Guyton, 1991),相
當於八到十個蛋。每天進到腸內的膽固醇大多數是來自膽汁-雖然食物中的膽固醇也有構成在內,譬如,若依健康美國人飲食指導,每日少於300毫克。因此,即使將每日食用膽固醇從300毫克限制到0毫克,當與內源性膽汁膽固醇比起來,也變得微不足道。
  況且,腸對膽固醇的吸收是不定且是有限的。膽固醇不溶於水,故必須與膽汁及磷脂形成微粒才能被吸收;故,膽汁的量會影響膽固醇的吸收。甚且,膽固醇的吸收並非被動的滲透,而是須耗用能量的主動運輸,須要求腸細胞有接受器(receptor)與管道(channel)(Niemann-Pick
type C1 Like 1 Protein: NPC1L1)。但,即使膽固醇已送到了腸細胞的管道口,腸細胞仍可能拒絕吸收它,(經由 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G, member 5: ABCG5, 及
member 8: ABCG8) (Cohen, 2004)。 膽固醇的吸收取決於這些吸收裝置的有無,而這些吸收裝置的有無又有個人及基因的變化。甚至於,膽固醇的吸收可能還牽涉到更多其他的抑制因子或增強因子。
  其次,我捫的身體對膽固醇的合成有個自動衡定系統。為維持血漿中膽固醇恆定濃度,在食用物膽固醇後,當血中膽固醇濃度一有些升高,就會抑制體內合成膽固醇所須的?,3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR) 的產生,這樣
構成了抑制膽固醇合成的內迴饋。結果,血漿內膽固醇量一般不會升高或降低超過15%-雖然每個人的反應有很大的差異 (Guyton, 1991)。
  吸收進體內的膽固醇,一旦隨門脈循環到達肝臟後,有四條路可走:一、多數,達80% 以上,轉變成膽酸;二、8%直接仍以膽固醇的型式分泌至膽汁;三、它可被酯
化,變成膽固醇酯;四、或它也可被包成極低密度脂蛋白 (very low density
lipoprotein, VLDL) 而分泌到血中;極低密度脂蛋白被分泌到血液後,在末稍血管內皮的表面,轉變成極低密度脂蛋白殘留物 (VLDL remnants)。一半的極低密度脂蛋白殘留物,被有低密度脂
蛋白接受體(LDL receptors, LDLR)的肝細胞清除,而其餘的殘留物成熟成低密度脂蛋白
(LDL)-這就是一般所關切的壞膽固醇。估計循環內約略70% 的低密度脂蛋白 (LDL)
也都是藉著將其載體蛋白 (apolipoprotein) 部, apo B-100 ,連結到具有低密度脂蛋白接受體(LDLR)的肝細胞,由肝細胞所清除 (Rader, Cohen, & Hobbs, 2003)。 為了讓讀者更瞭解這些數字
的意義,現在就來計算一下吧:腸吸收後的膽固醇,其中12% 走第三條路加第四條路-即使假設走第四條路較第三路多,就算占七成吧-那就是吸收後的膽固醇8.4% 走第四條路;而其中的70% 會被肝吸收,
故血中的壞膽固醇(LDL)還剩佔腸吸收膽固醇的2.5%。但吸收的膽固醇中,只有七分之一是來自食物的膽固醇,也就是0.4%。意義就是說,體內的壞膽固醇(LDL),其中(頂多)0.4% 是來自飲食的膽固醇。職故,在瞭
解了這些後,怎麼可能食物膽固醇-當其量還不到腸內膽固醇總量的七分之一、且膽固醇吸收量又不定、在所吸收的膽固醇其中只不到十分之一的量被轉成極低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)、而大多數的極低密度脂蛋白都會被從血中清除進入肝臟-還可能會影響到血中的壞膽固醇-低密度脂蛋白(LDL)-及總膽固醇的濃度?就算有影響,也該屬微乎其微、不足為慮的程度。
  那麼,研究者當時如何會有「食用富含膽固醇的食物,會增加血中膽固醇濃度」的說法呢?因為他們可能是被「家族性高膽固醇症」(Familial Hypercholesterolemia)及其他遺傳性疾病所誤導了;這
些遺傳性高膽固醇症者,當食用膽固醇後,其血中膽固醇濃度會增加。在1950年代的研究中,一定有碰到有家族性高膽固醇症的人,因為家族性高膽固醇症的流行率為每200人到500人中有一人 (Marks, Wonderling,
Thorogood, Lambert, Humphries, & Neil, 2000; Lansberg, Tuzgol, Ree,
Defesche, & Kastelein, 2000);而在當時,研究人員對這種毛病所知不多。家族性高膽固醇症,及很多其他臨床上分不清的高膽固醇血症,是由在膽固醇代謝的各個階段,影響其接受器、?、或蛋白質,的多種基因所引起。1950年代的研究者並未將這些罹高膽固醇症的人與正常人口分開;他們只以為高膽固醇血症是屬於正常人口的特徵。之故,基於遺傳性高膽固醇血症最顯著的特徵所得到的結論,當外推給「正常」人口時,就有可能是錯的。也就是說,由混合病理人口與正常人口所得的平均數據,不宜用來規範多數的正常人口 (Reiser, 1978)。
  但是,為何今日的媒體仍在繼續鼓吹飲食膽固醇與血中膽固醇有關係?這答案可能要從誰有能力收買媒體時段來看了。若市場有低膽固醇食物、或降膽固醇藥物的需要,食品與藥品工業就有利可圖。人民越相信這樣會健康,業者就賺得越多。這些業者當然是很有資源來利用媒體了。況且,很多研究人員接受了業者的資助,可能會朝特定方向作研究;不受歡迎的研究,起碼,就少被資助了。最重要的,提倡此說者,有人仍舊不辨遺傳性高膽固醇血症與正常人。而多數的人,包括醫療人員,只是盲從他們所被灌輸的話。確實,限制膽固醇飲食、或甚至是使用降膽固醇藥物,對遺傳性高膽固醇血症者-包括但不限於家族性高膽固醇症-誠可能是有益的。但,對於正常人來說,膽固醇食物是無害的。
  審查了食物-血中膽固醇的各種大小研究結果、聽過了許多膽固醇研究機構、及領導人的看法-包括哈佛及加拿大衛生署、參考了當前所瞭解的膽固醇的生理與代謝、重新設想了歷史所可能發生的錯誤、並思考到既得利益者所可能的誤導,我們終於可以深度理解,飲食膽固醇為何及如何對血中膽固醇濃度沒有重大影響;也能瞭解,它怎麼會被反過來、且還繼續被反過來主張。 Ravnskov 說得好:「如
果你要瞭解事情,你必須親自審視前提、親自聆聽所有的辯白、然後親自決定什麼是最可能的答案。如果你讓給權威人士來幫你作,你就可能被誤導入歧途」 (Ravnskov, 2000, epilogue)。

Reference
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老學不會生

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Oct 16, 2007, 1:29:17 PM10/16/07
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後記:
  本篇主旨其實就是說:(正常人)不必擔心血中膽固醇濃度;因為動脈硬化並不是因「血中膽固醇濃度高」所引起的。 --- 其實是動脈血管壁損傷在先,才有膽固醇附著其上於後。而,
抗氧化劑可以防止動脈血管壁(被自由基)所損傷。

  雖然血管壁上的動脈粥瘤斑塊(atheroma plaque)的確含有膽固醇的成份 - 就像膿胞含有白血球、紐約雙子星大樓有數百消防救護隊員屍體 - 但並不能據此就判定膽固醇就是兇手、白血球是兇
手、消防救護隊員是兇手,而說,就是「因為『血中壞膽固醇濃度高』才會導致了動脈粥瘤」;尤其是當我們對動脈粥樣化的發生的機制,仍不夠瞭解的時候。在追求真理的現代,要指控某人是兇手,並非是經過人民公審一致通過就能說了算;至少要講求的是事實證據。說「膽固醇是兇手」乃是五十多年前的奇想、「假說」,當時雖無直接證據,但可能認為這樣的說法「極有可能、捨此還誰、想當然爾」,或認為人贓俱獲只是時間問題,就先給它貼上標籤,一直延用至今;然到如今仍無具體證據。翻文獻查看此概念當初的來源,卻發現沒有足夠的說服力;而卻未見各界給它平反。

  當然膽固醇沉積在動脈粥瘤斑塊,是否是真元凶、或英雄、或後果、或無辜受害者、證人、或是其他的指標,仍待將來科學進步,其過程水落石出後才能明瞭。只是在現階段、證據未明之前,不該(續)將它當成元凶;一方面在它未被證明為壞人前我們本不該歧視它,一方面我們以平常心待之也能讓我們心安,不必心裡老惦記著一個疙瘩,把它當仇人 -- 而實際上它或許是真恩人。

  膽固醇與動脈硬化(及心冠病)之間,目前所知有關的事實是:五十歲以前的男性、與四十至四十七歲之間的女性,若血中有高膽固醇濃度,與「將來會得心冠病的機會」只是「稍有些關連」而已。

  然而,在年紀五十歲以上的男性、及幾乎任何歲數的女性 - 此時「將來」的關連已成「現在」、而不論男女,此時「膽固醇濃度過不過高」已經沒啥好擔心時 - 一般人反而沒想到膽固醇的好處,只是反射
性地憂心忡忡,要想盡辦法把它降下來。事實是:若真強以藥物給它降下來也只有壞處:或憂鬱、或易感染、或得癌症...致早死;而膽固醇也不是能以限制飲食就會降下來的,故降不得而徒增煩惱。

===


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老學不會生

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Oct 16, 2007, 1:30:36 PM10/16/07
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後記:
  本篇主旨其實就是說:把該拿來給「遺傳性高膽固醇症」患者的指示拿來當成對所有「正常人」的一般性指示,就像把本來要對糖尿病患者、高血壓患者、精神病患者、香港腳患、者或感冒患者...的指示,拿來當成對所有正常人的一般性指導,當然或許也是無害(或說「高標準」),但卻可能會讓一般正常人增加了不必要的負擔;甚至被相關行業卻又未徹底瞭解的人員 - 譬如醫療人員、營養師、
食品製藥工業者...等 - 加上為您好 、關心您的親朋好友們、及自己,拿著雞毛當令箭;和平的飲食本來是百無禁忌,現在無端被造些名目來自我設限,這就傭人自擾了。
  故,對「不是家族性高膽固醇症」或「不是其他遺傳性高膽固醇症」的「一般正常」人來說,其實不須要太擔心「吃多了膽固醇食物會導致血中膽固醇濃度增高」的;對這些「一般正常人」來說,「飲食膽固醇」所能增加的「血中膽固醇的濃度」是非常有限的。

  但若您是原本血中膽固醇就已經高的人 - 表示您說不定已是某種「遺傳性高膽固醇症」的一員 - 您當然就不屬於本文所說的「一般正常」人口了,故,您當然是本來就要注
意飲食的膽固醇含量了。

===

"老學不會生" <w...@where.not> 撰寫於郵件新聞:ff0olk$o4u$1...@netnews.hinet.net...

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http://neuro.ohbi.net/med/#cholesterol
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Cholesterol(I): Diet vs. Blood
(膽固醇 (I):飲食與血液)

Part of the secret of success in life is to eat what you like and let the
food fight it out inside.
- Mark Twain (1835 -- 1910)

It is generally believed that taking food high in cholesterol content will
increase the cholesterol level in blood. The "dietary cholesterol is blood
cholesterol" hypothesis is the current basis for dietary recommendation, yet
very few consider whether this is justified. On reviewing the evidence and
the physiology of metabolism, this hypothesis cannot be supported in a
normal person. There is little, if any, connection between dietary
cholesterol and blood cholesterol in normal people. The de facto connection
between diet and blood cholesterol is not as simple as the hypothesis
suggests. It is time to point out that the emperor wears no clothes.
There is much evidence that food cholesterol has no significant
relation with blood cholesterol. For example, eggs are well known for their
high cholesterol content in the yolk: A yolk contains about 210 mg to 280 mg
cholesterol. There is evidence that eating eggs not only will not raise, but
lower the blood cholesterol level. Dr. Ravnskov once used himself as a human
guinea pig to find out how egg consumption influenced his own blood
cholesterol. His usual egg consumption was one or two eggs per day. His
cholesterol value at the start of the experiment was 278 mg/dl. On day one,
he ate one egg; on day two, four eggs; on day three, six eggs; and on days
four to nine, eight eggs per day. The data from his experiment showed that
instead of going up, his cholesterol went down a little to 246 mg/dl
(Ravnskov, 2000). And, this is not an exception. People eating more than
four eggs per week were found to have significantly lower mean serum
cholesterol than those eating one or fewer eggs per week (Kerver, et al.,
2000, as cited in Hasler, 2000).
Not only are these small studies showing no correlation, there are
also big studies supporting that eating eggs does not increase blood
cholesterol level. One very large scale longitudinal community study is the
Framingham Heart Study. Since 1948 and still ongoing, the famous Framingham
Heart Study is a longitudinal study of generations of residents in
Framingham, Massachusetts. Under the direction of the National Heart
Institute (now known as the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NHLBI)
of America, this study was designed to investigate the risk factors for
heart disease. In 1961, a high blood cholesterol level was found to be a
risk factor in coronary heart disease through this study. However, on
reviewing the original material of this study on the blood cholesterol
distribution curve of each of the 912 subjects and their estimated egg
consumption, it is concluded that "within the range of egg intake of this
population, differences in egg consumption were unrelated to blood
cholesterol level" (Dawber, Nickerson, Brand, & Pool, 1982, p. 617).
Not just eggs, our diet actually has little to do with our blood
cholesterol. In another large scale community study, the Tecmseh Study at
Tecmseh, Michigan, 24-hour dietary recall interviews were conducted among
957 men and 1,082 women. It was concluded that cholesterol levels are
"unrelated to quality, quantity, or proportions of diet consumed" in the
24-hour recall period (Nichols, Ravenscroft, Lamphiear, & Ostrander, 1976,
p. 1384).
Meta-analysis is a combination of many studies with same subjects.
From a meta-analysis of 224 published studies between 1966 and 1994 on 8,143
subjects in 366 independent groups (Howell, McNamara, Tosca, Smith, &
Gaines, 1997), Dr. McNamara concluded that the "restriction of foods rich in
dietary cholesterol is now proven to have little -- if any scientific
justification" (Food Safety Network, 1997, Para 12).
Dr. Ancel Keys, dubbed "Mr. Cholesterol," is the very patriarch
who, for the first time, postulated the correlation between coronary heart
disease and high blood cholesterol levels in the 1950s (Center for Disease
Control Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1999). Who else would be more
worth quoting? "There's no connection whatsoever between cholesterol in food
and cholesterol in blood. None. And we've known that all along. Cholesterol
in the diet doesn't matter at all unless you happen to be a chicken or a
rabbit" (Keys, 1997, as cited in Egg Nutrition Center, 1997, p. 1; Kendrick,
2002, p. 1; Food Safety Network, 1997, Para 7).
And I am not alone; Health Canada is with me. Quite different from
the Dietary Guidelines for Healthy American Adults advocated by American
Heart Association (AHA) which "recommends < 300 mg/d[ay] on average’’
(Krauss, Eckel, Howard, Appel, Daniels, Deckelbaum, et al., 2001, p. 136),
Canada's Food Guidelines for Healthy Eating (Office of Nutrition Policy and
Promotion, 2002) produced by Health Canada, has never specified an upper
limit for daily dietary cholesterol, because Health Canada believes that
rather than dietary cholesterol, there are other factors more powerful to
determine the cholesterol levels in blood (McDonald, 2004).
To quote from “Fats and Cholesterol” by the Department of Nutrition,
Harvard School of Public Health,
Scientific studies have shown that there is only a weak relationship between
the amount of cholesterol a person consumes and their blood cholesterol
levels or risk for heart disease. For some people with high cholesterol,
reducing the amount of cholesterol in the diet has a small but helpful
impact on blood cholesterol levels. For others, the amount of cholesterol
eaten has little impact on the amount of cholesterol circulating in the
blood (Fats and cholesterol, 2004, p. 4)

It should be noted that a hypothesis or scientific statement is
quite different from a competition between two sports teams where the team
that gets the highest score wins. If a scientific hypothesis is sound, it
must agree with all observations. Even one observation not supporting a
hypothesis is enough to disprove it. Thus, scientists claiming that
"increase dietary cholesterol will increase blood cholesterol (in normal
population)" should be ready to modify their statement even if there is only
one person (in normal population) that does not show increased blood
cholesterol level despite a diet high in cholesterol.
Then, why does ingesting cholesterol not raise the blood
cholesterol level? This can be made understandable through examining
cholesterol metabolism. First, the amount of dietary cholesterol, when
comparing to endogenous cholesterol, is insignificant. The secreted bile
contains one to two grams of cholesterol everyday (Guyton, 1991), equivalent
to eight to ten eggs. Although dietary cholesterol does contribute, for
example, 300 mg a day according to Dietary Guidelines for Healthy American
Adults, the majority of cholesterol delivered to the intestine is derived
from bile. Thus, restricting diet cholesterol from 300 mg to even 0 mg, when
compared to the bile cholesterol, is not significant at all.
Furthermore, the absorption of intestinal cholesterol is variable
and limited. Cholesterol is insoluble in water. It has to form micelles with
bile salts and phospholipids before it can be absorbed. So, the bile salt
availability may influence the absorption. Moreover, instead of passive
diffusion, absorption of cholesterol involves receptors and channels
(Niemann-Pick type C1 Like 1 Protein: NPC1L1) on intestinal cells and the
absorption process requires energy to do active transportation. Even when
cholesterol is present in the intestine cell wall channel, the intestine
cell still may reject it (by ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G, member 5:
ABCG5, and member 8: ABCG8) (Cohen, 2004). The cholesterol absorption is
determined by availability of these absorption devices, and there are
personal and genetic variations, and many other inhibiting or enhancing
factors may be involved.
Second, our body has a self-control system for cholesterol
synthesis. To maintain a rather constant plasma cholesterol level when
cholesterol is ingested, the rising concentration of cholesterol inhibits
the most essential enzyme for endogenous synthesis of cholesterol,
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR), thus providing an intrinsic
feedback control system to regulate cholesterol synthesis. As a result, the
plasma cholesterol level usually does not fluctuate upward or downward more
than 15 per cent, though the response of individuals differs markedly
(Guyton, 1991).
The absorbed cholesterol has four possible fates once it reaches
the liver: mostly, up to more than 80 per cent is converted into bile acids;
tenth as much bile acids is directly secreted as cholesterol into bile
juice; it can be esterified -- became cholesterol esters -- and stored
locally in liver cells; or it can be packaged into very low density
lipoprotein (VLDL) and secreted into blood. After secreted into blood, at
peripheral vascular endothelium surface, VLDL is changed into VLDL remnants.
Half of VLDL remnants are removed by the liver cell with LDL receptors
(LDLR), and the remainder mature into LDL. An estimated 70 per cent of
circulating LDL is also cleared by the liver cells with LDLR by binding
their apolipoprotein part, apo B-100, to the receptors (Rader, Cohen, &
Hobbs, 2003). Thus, after all these understandings, how can the diet affect
cholesterol levels, (which is less than one-seventh of total intestine
cholesterol which is absorbed variably,) influence the blood LDL level,
after less than ten per cent of the absorbed cholesterol being transformed
into VLDL, after half of the VLDL being converted into LDL at peripheral
sites, and after most of the LDL being then removed from blood into liver
cells?
Then, how did scientists conclude that "food high in cholesterol
content will increase the (total and bad) cholesterol level in blood?" They
were probably misled by Familial Hypercholesterolemia and other hereditary
diseases characterized by high blood cholesterol which responds to
cholesterol intake. People with familial hypercholesterolemia must have been
encountered in the studies of 1950s, for there is a frequency of one
hypercholesterolemia in every 200 to 500 persons (Marks, Wonderling,

Thorogood, Lambert, Humphries, & Neil, 2000; Lansberg, Tuzgol, Ree,

Defesche, & Kastelein, 2000), and they did not know much about these
diseases at that time. Familial hypercholesterolemia and many other
indistinguishable clinical hypercholesterolemias are caused by a variety of
genes that affects receptors, enzymes, or proteins at various levels of
cholesterol metabolism. Researchers in the 1950s did not exclude these
hypercholesterol persons from the normal population; they just thought
hypercholesterolemia is a feature of the normal population. Thus, a
conclusion based on the most significant findings of those with genetic
hypercholesterolemia, when extrapolated to a "normal" population, can be
false. So, average data obtained from mixed populations of normal and
pathological values should not be used to advise the normal majority of that
population (Reiser, 1978).
But, why is the media today still advocating the correlation
between dietary and blood cholesterol? The answer might lie in who has the
resources to buy media time. There are profits in food and pharmaceutical
industries if there is a need for low cholesterol food or
cholesterol-lowering drugs. The more people believe that it will make them
healthy, the more profit these industries may make. Surely these industries
have resources to utilize the media. Moreover, many researchers receiving
funds from these industries, might do research in a certain direction; at
least the unwelcome research is less supported. Most importantly, there are
advocators that do not differentiate between genetic hypercholesterolemia
and normal people. And most people, including health care providers, just
blindly follow the messages they heard. It is true that a
cholesterol-restricted diet or even cholesterol-lowering medications might
be helpful for those who have hereditary hypercholesterolemia, including but
not limited to Familial Hypercholesterolemia. But, for a normal people,
dietary cholesterol is harmless.
From the results of diet-blood cholesterol studies, small and big,
from the attitude of many leading persons and institutes involving in
cholesterol-studies, including Harvard and Health Canada, from the current
knowledge of physiology and metabolism of cholesterol, and from the possible
mistakes in history and biases of profiting groups, we can now comprehend in
depth how and why diet cholesterol has little impact on blood cholesterol
level, and understand why it was and is still reported the other way. As
Ravnskov states, "if you want to know something you must look at all the
premises yourself, listen to all the arguments yourself, and then decide for
yourself what seems to be the most likely answer. You may be easily led
astray if you ask the authorities to do this work for you" (Ravnskov, 2000,
epilogue).


Reference

Canadian Consensus Conference on Cholesterol. (1988). Canadian consensus
conference on cholesterol: Final report. The Canadian consensus conference
on the prevention of heart and vascular disease by altering serum
cholesterol and lipoprotein risk factors. Canadian Medical Association
Journal, 139, 1S-8S.
Center for Disease Control Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. (1999).
Decline in deaths from heart disease and Stroke: United States, 1900-1999.
Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 724-726.
Cohen, D. E. (2004). Cholesterol metabolism and the concept of dual
inhibition: Education resources on atherosclerosis. Retrieved February 5,
2005, from Lipids Online, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Web
site: http://www.lipidsonline.org/slides/slide01.cfm?tk=31
Dawber, T. R., Nickerson, R. J., Brand, F. N., & Pool. J. (1982). Eggs,
serum cholesterol, and coronary heart disease. American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition, 36, 617-625.
Doctor's Guide. (June 19, 1997). Experts question population-wide limits on
egg consumption. Retrieved February 5, 2005, from Doctor's Guide Web site:
http://www.pslgroup.com/dg/2CE0E.htm
Egg Nutrition Center. (1997). Meta-analyses of plasma lipoprotein responses
to changes in dietary fat and cholesterol. Nutrition Close-Up Special
Reports, Retrieved February 5, 2005, from Egg Nutrition Center Web site:
http://www.enc-online.org/specrpt97.htm
Fats and cholesterol. (2004). Retrieved February 5, 2005, from Department of
Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health Web site:
http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/Printer Friendly/Fats and
Cholesterol.pdf
Food Safety Network. (June 18, 1997). Landmark study lays to rest
thirty-year public health controversy: Leading scientific authorities call
into question population-wide limits on egg consumption. Retrieved February
5, 2005, from Food Safety Network, University of Guelph, Ontario, Web site:
http://archives.foodsafetynetwork.ca/fsnet/1997/6-1997/fs-06-18-97-01.txt
Guyton, A. C. (1991). Textbook of medical physiology (8th ed.). Toronto:
W.B. Saunders Company.
Hasler, C. M. (2000). The changing face of functional foods. Journal of the
American College of Nutrition, 19, 499S-506S.
Howell, W. H., McNamara, D. J., Tosca, M. A., BT Smith, B. T., & Gaines, J.
A. (1997). Plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary fat and
cholesterol: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65,
1747-1764.
Kendrick, M. (2002). Why the cholesterol-heart disease theory is wrong.
Retrieved February 5, 2005, from The International Network of Cholesterol
Skeptics Web site: http://www.thincs.org/Malcolm.choltheory.htm
Krauss, R. M., Eckel, R. H., Howard, B., Appel, L. J., Daniels, S. R.,
Deckelbaum, R. J., et al. (2001). AHA scientific statement: AHA dietary
guidelines: Revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the
nutrition committee of the American Heart Association. Journal of Nutrition,
131, 132-146.
Lansberg, P. J., Tuzgol, S., Ree, M. A., Defesche, J. C., & Kastelein, J. J.
(2000). [Higher prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia than expected in
adult patients of four family practices in Netherlands]. Ned Tijdschr
Geneeskd, 144, 1437-1440.
Marks, D., Wonderling, D., Thorogood, M., Lambert, H., Humphries, S. E., &
Neil, H. A. W. (2000). Screening for hypercholesterolaemia versus case
finding for familial hypercholesterolaemia: A systematic review and
cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technology Assessment, 4, 1-123.
McDonald, B. E. (2004). The Canadian experience: Why Canada decided against
an upper limit for cholesterol. Journal of the American College of
Nutrition, 23, 616S-620S.
Nichols, A. B., Ravenscroft, C., Lamphiear, D. E., & Ostrander, L. D.
(1976). Daily nutritional intake and serum lipid levels: The Tecumseh study.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 29, 1384-1392.
Office of Nutrition Policy and Promotion. (2002). Canada's food guide to
healthy eating: For people four years and over. Retrieved February 5, 2005,
from Health Product and Food Branch, Health Canada Web site:
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hpfb-dgpsa/onpp-bppn/food_guide_rainbow_e.pdf
Rader, D. J., Cohen, J., & Hobbs, H. H. (2003). Monogenic
hypercholesterolemia: New insights in pathogenesis and treatment. Journal of
Clinical Investigation, 111, 1795-1803.
Ravnskov, U. (2000). The cholesterol myths: Exposing the fallacy that
saturated fat and cholesterol cause heart disease. Washington, DC: New
Trends Publishing Co.
Reiser, R. (1978). Oversimplification of diet: Coronary heart disease
relationships and exaggerated diet recommendations. American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition, 31, 865-875.


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膽固醇 (I):飲食與血液
黃學仁* (Neuro, Hsueh-Jen Huang)
英文:Febuary 15, 2004
中文:2007年10月11日
* 外科專科醫師, 神經外科專科醫師


生命成功的秘密,有部份在於吃你所喜歡吃的,然後讓食物在體內一決雌雄。
-馬克.吐溫 (1835 - 1910)

  時下一般認為,食用富含膽固醇的食物,會增加血中膽固醇(壞膽固醇、或全部膽固醇)濃度。這種「飲食膽固醇等於血中膽固醇」的說法,確為當前的飲食指導主流的基礎;但很少人有認真去思考過,這樣的想法是合理的嗎。查證過其根據及新陳代謝生理後,該說法對一般正常人來說,就不適用了。對正常人來說,飲食膽固醇與血中膽固醇濃度之間,不太有關聯;即使算有也是極其微小。飲食膽固醇與血中膽固醇之間實際上的關聯,其實並不像該說法所想的那麼單純。該是來揭發「國王的新衣其實是沒有穿衣服」的時候了。

  有很多證據指出,飲食膽固醇與血中膽固醇之間,並無有意義的關聯。譬如,雞蛋蛋黃就是公認為含有高膽固醇;一個雞蛋黃約含有膽固醇210毫克(mg)到280毫克。 有過這樣的事證:吃了蛋後,血中膽固醇
不升反降。 Ravnskov 博士有次把自己當成白老鼠,研究吃蛋如何影響他自己的血中膽固醇濃度。他平常蛋的食用量是每天吃一到兩個蛋。在實驗開始時,他血中膽固醇濃度是278mg/dl。第一天,他吃一顆蛋;第二天,他吃四顆蛋;第三天,六顆蛋; 第四
天到第九天, 每天八顆蛋。結果他的數據顯示,他血中膽固醇濃度不但沒升,反倒是降了一點,成246mg/dl (Ravnskov, 2000)。 而,該例並非特殊例外個案。有報告每週吃超過四個
蛋的人,其血中膽固醇濃度,比每週吃少於一個蛋的人,還,有意義地,更低
(Kerver, et al., 2000, as cited in Hasler, 2000)。

  不只是小實驗證實沒有關連,大型實驗也支持「吃蛋並不會增加血中的膽固醇濃度」。有個很大規模的縱深社區研究-就是著名的佛雷明漢心臟研究 (Framingham Heart Study);從1948年起到
現在仍在進行中,佛雷明漢心臟研究,縱深研究美國麻州佛雷明漢鎮的居民。本研究由美國國家心臟研究中心(National Heart Institute),現在改為國家心肺及血液研究中心 (National
Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NHLBI)所主導,旨在探討心臟病的危險因子-就是該研究在1961年提出「血中膽固醇濃度為心冠動脈的危險因子」。然而,在重新審核該研究中,有關的9到12受檢人每人血中的膽固醇濃度分佈曲線的原始資料、及他們雞蛋的食用量後,得到「在本研究人口的雞蛋食用量範圍內,食用雞蛋量的差異,與血中膽固醇濃度,不相干」 (Dawber, Nickerson,
Brand, & Pool, 1982, p. 617)。

  不只是蛋,我們的飲食,其實也與我們的血中膽固醇濃度不太相干。在另一個大規模社區研究,密西根州特坤塞鎮的特坤塞研究(Tecumseh Study),對957位男性及1082位女性作24小時飲食
回溯研究。結論是,血中膽固醇濃度,在24 小時回溯內,「與食物的質、量、或比例為不相干」 (Nichols, Ravenscroft, Lamphiear, & Ostrander, 1976, p. 1384)。

  統合分析(meta-analysis)將多個同樣議題的研究加在一起分析其數據。將,從1966年到1994年間、366個不同研究單位、計8143位實驗對向、224篇發表過的研究結果統合分析後 (Howell, McNamara,
Tosca, Smith, & Gaines, 1997), McNamara 結論說,「證明了『限制食用含高膽固醇的食物』這種作法缺乏科學根據」 (Food Safety Network, 1997, ?12);同時, Howell 博士也結論
:「對大多數的人來說,所吃進去的膽固醇並不會引起血中的膽固醇濃度增高」(Doctor's
Guide, 1997, ?16)。

  基斯博士 (Ancel Keys)-就是在1950年代,首位提出「心冠病與血中膽固醇之間有相關」的說法 (Center for Disease Control Morbidity and Mortality Weekly
Report, 1999),並被譽為 「膽固醇先生」-除了他以外還有誰更值得引述?在1997年,他說:「食物中的膽固醇與血中的膽固醇沒有關連。一點都沒有!而且我們是一早都知道的;食物中的膽固醇跟本就無所謂-除非你恰好是隻雞或兔子」
(Keys, 1997, as cited in Egg Nutrition Center, 1997, p. 1; Kendrick, 2002,

p. 1; Food Safety Network, 1997, ?7)。

  再說,筆者也不是孤鳴主張;加拿大衛生署跟筆者也是同一陣線的。雖然美國心臟學會 (American Heart Association, AHA) 所宣導的健康美國成人飲食指導(Dietary

Guidelines for Healthy American Adults)說,「建議平均〔膽固醇食用量〕宜少於每日300毫克」 (Krauss, Eckel, Howard, Appel, Daniels, Deckelbaum, et al., 2001,
p. 136), 但加拿大衛生署的健康飲食食物指導(Food Guidelines for Healthy

Eating)(Office of Nutrition Policy and Promotion, 2002) 卻從未指示每日食物中含膽固醇的上限,因為他們相信,有比食物中膽固醇更會影響血中膽固醇濃度的因素 (McDonald, 2004)。

  茲引述哈佛公衛學院營養部的「脂肪與膽固醇」
科學研究現在已發現,一個人食用膽固醇的量,與其血中膽固醇濃度、或與心臟病之間,只有很微弱的關係。 對一些血中膽固醇濃度高的人,若減少飲食中的膽固醇,幸運得話,或
許能有少許助益;對其他的人的話,吃進去的膽固醇,對血中膽固醇濃度沒什麼影響
(Fats and cholesterol, 2004, p. 4)


  這裡該指出,提出一個假說或者科學論述,跟運動比賽中兩個團隊看誰獲得最高分誰就贏,是不一樣的。一個科學假說若是真實,則必須符合各種的觀察;即使只有一個觀察與假說不符,已足以推翻該假說。因此,當科學家主張「(在正常人中)增加食物膽固醇量會提高血中膽固醇濃度」,若發現了(在正常人中)即使只有一個人食用高膽固醇食物後其血中膽固醇濃度並未增高,就該考慮修正其主張。

  那麼,食用膽固醇為何不會增加血中膽固醇濃度呢?這個可以從膽固醇的代謝來瞭解。首先,食物中的膽固醇量比起身體自己製造的內源性膽固醇,是微不足道的。人每天所分泌的膽汁含一到二克(gram)的膽固醇 (Guyton, 1991),相
當於八到十個蛋。每天進到腸內的膽固醇大多數是來自膽汁-雖然食物中的膽固醇也有構成在內,譬如,若依健康美國人飲食指導,每日少於300毫克。因此,即使將每日食用膽固醇從300毫克限制到0毫克,當與內源性膽汁膽固醇比起來,也變得微不足道。

  況且,腸對膽固醇的吸收是不定且是有限的。膽固醇不溶於水,故必須與膽汁及磷脂形成微粒才能被吸收;故,膽汁的量會影響膽固醇的吸收。甚且,膽固醇的吸收並非被動的滲透,而是須耗用能量的主動運輸,須要求腸細胞有接受器(receptor)與管道(channel)(Niemann-Pick
type C1 Like 1 Protein: NPC1L1)。但,即使膽固醇已送到了腸細胞的管道口,腸細胞仍可能拒絕吸收它,(經由 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G, member 5: ABCG5, 及
member 8: ABCG8) (Cohen, 2004)。 膽固醇的吸收取決於這些吸收裝置的有無,而這些吸收裝置的有無又有個人及基因的變化。甚至於,膽固醇的吸收可能還牽涉到更多其他的抑制因子或增強因子。

  其次,我捫的身體對膽固醇的合成有個自動衡定系統。為維持血漿中膽固醇恆定濃度,在食用物膽固醇後,當血中膽固醇濃度一有些升高,就會抑制體內合成膽固醇所須的?,3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR) 的產生,這樣
構成了抑制膽固醇合成的內迴饋。結果,血漿內膽固醇量一般不會升高或降低超過15%-雖然每個人的反應有很大的差異 (Guyton, 1991)。

  吸收進體內的膽固醇,一旦隨門脈循環到達肝臟後,有四條路可走:一、多數,達80% 以上,轉變成膽酸;二、8%直接仍以膽固醇的型式分泌至膽汁;三、它可被酯
化,變成膽固醇酯;四、或它也可被包成極低密度脂蛋白 (very low density
lipoprotein, VLDL) 而分泌到血中;極低密度脂蛋白被分泌到血液後,在末稍血管內皮的表面,轉變成極低密度脂蛋白殘留物 (VLDL remnants)。一半的極低密度脂蛋白殘留物,被有低密度脂
蛋白接受體(LDL receptors, LDLR)的肝細胞清除,而其餘的殘留物成熟成低密度脂蛋白
(LDL)-這就是一般所關切的壞膽固醇。估計循環內約略70% 的低密度脂蛋白 (LDL)
也都是藉著將其載體蛋白 (apolipoprotein) 部, apo B-100 ,連結到具有低密度脂蛋白接受體(LDLR)的肝細胞,由肝細胞所清除 (Rader, Cohen, & Hobbs, 2003)。 為了讓讀者更瞭解這些數字
的意義,現在就來計算一下吧:腸吸收後的膽固醇,其中12% 走第三條路加第四條路-即使假設走第四條路較第三路多,就算占七成吧-那就是吸收後的膽固醇8.4% 走第四條路;而其中的70% 會被肝吸收,
故血中的壞膽固醇(LDL)還剩佔腸吸收膽固醇的2.5%。但吸收的膽固醇中,只有七分之一是來自食物的膽固醇,也就是0.4%。意義就是說,體內的壞膽固醇(LDL),其中(頂多)0.4% 是來自飲食的膽固醇。職故,在瞭
解了這些後,怎麼可能食物膽固醇-當其量還不到腸內膽固醇總量的七分之一、且膽固醇吸收量又不定、在所吸收的膽固醇其中只不到十分之一的量被轉成極低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)、而大多數的極低密度脂蛋白都會被從血中清除進入肝臟-還可能會影響到血中的壞膽固醇-低密度脂蛋白(LDL)-及總膽固醇的濃度?就算有影響,也該屬微乎其微、不足為慮的程度。

  那麼,研究者當時如何會有「食用富含膽固醇的食物,會增加血中膽固醇濃度」的說法呢?因為他們可能是被「家族性高膽固醇症」(Familial Hypercholesterolemia)及其他遺傳性疾病所誤導了;這

些遺傳性高膽固醇症者,當食用膽固醇後,其血中膽固醇濃度會增加。在1950年代的研究中,一定有碰到有家族性高膽固醇症的人,因為家族性高膽固醇症的流行率為每百到五百人中就有一人 (Marks, Wonderling,

Thorogood, Lambert, Humphries, & Neil, 2000; Lansberg, Tuzgol, Ree,
Defesche, & Kastelein, 2000);而在當時,研究人員對這種毛病所知不多。家族性高膽固醇症,及很多其他臨床上分不清的高膽固醇血症,是由在膽固醇代謝的各個階段,影響其接受器、?、或蛋白質,的多種基因所引起。1950年代的研究者並未將這些罹高膽固醇症的人與正常人口分開;他們只以為高膽固醇血症是屬於正常人口的特徵。之故,基於遺傳性高膽固醇血症最顯著的特徵所得到的結論,當外推給「正常」人口時,就有可能是錯的。也就是說,由混合病理人口與正常人口所得的平均數據,不宜用來規範多數的正常人口 (Reiser, 1978)。

  但是,為何今日的媒體仍在繼續鼓吹飲食膽固醇與血中膽固醇有關係?這答案可能要從誰有能力收買媒體時段來看了。若市場有低膽固醇食物、或降膽固醇藥物的需要,食品與藥品工業就有利可圖。人民越相信這樣會健康,業者就賺得越多。這些業者當然是很有資源來利用媒體了。況且,很多研究人員接受了業者的資助,可能會朝特定方向作研究;不受歡迎的研究,起碼,就少被資助了。最重要的,提倡此說者,有人仍舊不辨遺傳性高膽固醇血症與正常人。而多數的人,包括醫療人員,只是盲從他們所被灌輸的話。確實,限制膽固醇飲食、或甚至是使用降膽固醇藥物,對遺傳性高膽固醇血症者-包括但不限於家族性高膽固醇症-誠可能是有益的。但,對於正常人來說,膽固醇食物是無害的。

  審查了食物-血中膽固醇的各種大小研究結果、聽過了許多膽固醇研究機構、及領導人的看法-包括哈佛及加拿大衛生署、參考了當前所瞭解的膽固醇的生理與代謝、重新設想了歷史所可能發生的錯誤、並思考到既得利益者所可能的誤導,我們終於可以深度理解,飲食膽固醇為何及如何對血中膽固醇濃度沒有重大影響;也能瞭解,它怎麼會被反過來、且還繼續被反過來主張。 Ravnskov 說得好:「如
果你要瞭解事情,你必須親自審視前提、親自聆聽所有的辯白、然後親自決定什麼是最可能的答案。如果你讓給權威人士來幫你作,你就可能被誤導入歧途」 (Ravnskov, 2000, epilogue)。

英文 2004-02-15; 中文 2007-10-11

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中文版後記:
  本篇主旨其實就是說:把該拿來給「遺傳性高膽固醇症」患者的指示拿來當成對所有「正常人」的一般性指示,就像把本來要對糖尿病患者、高血壓患者、精神病患者、香港腳患者、或感冒患者...的指示,拿來當成對所有正常人的一般性指導,當然或許也是無害(或說「高標準」),但卻可能會讓一般正常人增加了不必要的負擔;甚至被相關行業卻又未徹底瞭解的人員 - 譬如醫療人員、營養師、
食品製藥工業者...等 - 加上為您好 、關心您的親朋好友們、及自己,拿著雞毛當令箭;和平的飲食本來是百無禁忌,現在無端被造些名目來自我設限,這就庸人自擾了。

  故,對「不是家族性高膽固醇症」或「不是其他遺傳性高膽固醇症」的「一般正常」人來說,其實不須要太擔心「吃多了膽固醇食物會導致血中膽固醇濃度增高」的;對這些「一般正常人」來說,「飲食膽固醇」所能增加的「血中膽固醇的濃度」是非常有限的。

  但若您是原本血中膽固醇濃度就已經高的人,表示您說不定已是某種「遺傳性高膽固醇症」的一員,那麼,您當然就不屬於本文所說的「一般正常」人口了,故,您當然是本來就要注意飲食的膽固醇含量了。

Reference

adult patients of four family practices in Netherlands. Ned Tijdschr

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