Evidence of common ancestry of chimps and humans inside human chromosome#2
John Wilkins
<Ed.Ba...@furman.edu>
============================
Evidence that human chromosome #2 resulted from the
fusion of two formerly distinct chromosomes has been
found. See "Comparison of the Human and Great Ape
Chromosomes as Evidence for Common Ancestry" by
clicking on that article at
http://www.gate.net/~rwms/EvoEvidence.html
"The first prediction (evidence of a telomere at the
fusion point) is shown to be true in reference 3 ...
The second prediction - remnants of the 2p and 2q
centromeres is documented in reference 4." [Teleomeres
are the end regions of chromosomes and what is an end
region doing in the middle of human chromosome #2?
Moreover, what is it doing there in reverse order?
(See the article.) Centromeres are the tight knots in
the middle regions of chromosomes. If two distinct
chromosomes each with their own centromere were fused
together, you would find remnants of those centromeres
in the fused result, both above and below the new
centromere, as you do in the case of chromosome #2 in
human beings.
Moreover, you can align the banding patterns of all
the human and chimp chromosomes side by side and see
how closely they match up (with the exceptions of
simple inversions and translocations of particular
bands). Even the two chromosomes in the chimp match
up, band for band, when placed beside the longer fused
chromosome #2 in human beings. If you want to see for
yourself visit the following sites in addition to the
one above:
Human and Chimpanzee chromosome comparisons by Beth
Kramer. Main page:
http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/chromcom.html
Click to sub-page
http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/chr.bk1.html
which shows a detail pic matching human and chimp
chromosomes 1-4. Note how banding patterns on the
second chromosome in humans lines up with those in two
shorter chimp chromosomes, while all the other
chromosomes match up one for one.
For matchings on other chromosomes click to
http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/chr.jpeg.html
-- note, humans have 22 chromosomes (called
autosomes), plus the X and Y.
Go to sub-page
http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/chro.all.html
for a beautiful image matching all the chromosomes of
four hominids -- human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and
orangutan.
Finally see the Hominoid Phylogeny (ancestral tree)
based on these chromosome comparisons at
http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/chr.clad.html
--
John Wilkins
Sweet Analytics, 'tis thou hast ravished me [Marlowe's Faust]
Richard S. Norman
No big deal. God was really pressed to get the whole of creation done
in six days so He took a few shortcuts and re-used some old parts in
creating humans.
Jasen Anderson
"John Wilkins" <wil...@wehi.edu.au> wrote in message
news:1fhl4cv.1oqu9eofapwymN%wil...@wehi.edu.au...
I thought this was old news? They known for years that chr. 2 in humans was
a fused chromosome when comparing humans to chimps.
Ron Okimoto
Jasen Anderson wrote:
It has been pretty well established for a couple of decades, but it is nice to
have confirming evidence.
Now that we know the sequence we may be able to test Neandertal to see if they
had this chromosomal fusion. The problem is that we are talking about single
copy sequence instead of mitochondrial DNA.
Ron Okimoto
John Harshman
<roki...@uark.edu> wrote:
> Jasen Anderson wrote:
[snip]
> > I thought this was old news? They known for years that chr. 2 in humans was
> > a fused chromosome when comparing humans to chimps.
>
> It has been pretty well established for a couple of decades, but it is nice to
> have confirming evidence.
>
> Now that we know the sequence we may be able to test Neandertal to see if they
> had this chromosomal fusion. The problem is that we are talking about single
> copy sequence instead of mitochondrial DNA.
Big problem. Do you know of a single case of successful amplification and
sequencing of ancient nuclear DNA? All the claimed cases I know about were
just contamination. But of course I may not know. Then again, I don't know
of a single case of successful amplification from study skins either, and
that should be much easier.
--
*Note the obvious spam-defeating modification
to my address if you reply by email.
Ron Okimoto
John Harshman wrote:
> In article <3D6BB61C...@mail.uark.edu>, Ron Okimoto
> <roki...@uark.edu> wrote:
>
> > Jasen Anderson wrote:
> [snip]
> > > I thought this was old news? They known for years that chr. 2 in humans was
> > > a fused chromosome when comparing humans to chimps.
> >
> > It has been pretty well established for a couple of decades, but it is nice to
> > have confirming evidence.
> >
> > Now that we know the sequence we may be able to test Neandertal to see if they
> > had this chromosomal fusion. The problem is that we are talking about single
> > copy sequence instead of mitochondrial DNA.
>
> Big problem. Do you know of a single case of successful amplification and
> sequencing of ancient nuclear DNA? All the claimed cases I know about were
> just contamination. But of course I may not know. Then again, I don't know
> of a single case of successful amplification from study skins either, and
> that should be much easier.
>
It is a big problem. It is funny that I haven't seen any nuclear gene papers.
They should have been able to sequence ribosomal DNA repeats. The copy number
difference is only 100-1000 times between mitochondrial DNA sequences and single
copy nuclear encoded, and some of the genes like 5S can have 50,000 to 100,000
copies. If they can't amplify ribosomal I'd guess that something about the
structure or biochemistry of the mito helped preserve the DNA.
We may have to wait until a new generation of DNA sequencers come on line. They
are talking about parallel sequencing multiple single molecules at a time. If this
becomes a reality we won't have to PCR amplify the DNA to be able to sequence it,
and we may be able to sequence the entire Neandertal genome if we can get enough
DNA out of the fossils and the DNA is long enough so that we have a decent chance
of piecing it all together. The human genome sequence will help us get past most
of the ALU and other SINE and LINE sequences.
Ron Okimoto