Ba.n co' bie^'t : Picasso ( 1881 - 1973 )
hyt...@my-dejanews.com
VNNB, 26/6/98
P i c a s s o ( 1881 - 1973 )
Nha` danh ho.a ba^.c nha^'t the^' ky? 20.
Pha.m Va(n Tua^'n.
Na(m 1907, Picasso va` Braque kho+?i dda^`u mo^.t phong tra`o ho^.i ho.a go.i
la` Tru+o+`ng Pha'i La^.p The^? (Cubism). DDa^y la` ke^'t qua? tu+` lo+`i
no'i xa'c ddi.nh cu?a ho.a si~ Paul Cezanne : " Ba.n pha?i nhi`n tha^'y trong
thie^n nhie^n ca'c kho^'i tru., kho^'i ca^`u va` kho^'i cho'p nho.n ".
Picasso dda~ theo sa't lo+`i no'i na`y va` tu+` ddo', trong ca'c bu+'c tranh
cu?a Picasso, ddu+o+`ng lo^'i la^.p the^? pha^n ti'ch (analytical cubism)
dda~ la`m thay ddo^?i ca'c hi`nh da.ng thie^n nhie^n tha`nh ca'c the^? hi`nh
ho.c ca(n ba?n va` ro^`i ve^` sau, da^~n to+'i dda(.c ti'nh die^~n ta?
ddo^`ng tho+`i (simultaneity) tu+'c la` ca'c die^.n kha'c nhau cu?a mo^.t
dde^` ta`i ddu+o+.c tri`nh ba`y ddo^`ng tho+`i vo+'i nhau va` dde` le^n nhau.
Pablo Picasso dda~ khai pha' mo^.t loa.t ddu+o+`ng hu+o+'ng ho^.i ho.a, mo^~i
thu+' la.i kha'c ha(?n ca'c thu+' kia va` quan ta^m to+'i va`i va^'n dde^`
dda (.c bie^.t trong ca'ch mo^ ta? ddo+`i so^'ng hay trong phong ca'ch die^~n
ta? no^.i ta^m. Picasso cu~ng la` mo^.t trong ca'c nghe^. si~ ho^.i ho.a dda~
khai trie^?n loa.i ve~ tru+u` tu+o+.ng qua ddo' chi? co' ca'c pha^?m cha^'t
cho.n lo.c cu?a dde^` ta`i mo+'i ddu+o+.c du`ng trong bu+'c ve~ hoa`n ta^'t.
Pablo Picasso la` mo^.t nha` danh ho.a go^'c Ta^y Ban Nha nhu+ng dda~ so^'ng
ga^`n nhu+ tro.n ddo+`i ta.i nu+o+'c Pha'p. Nga`y nay ha^`u nhu+ kho^ng mo^.t
ho.a si~ na`o kho^ng chi.u a?nh hu+o+?ng cu?a o^ng. Vo+'i ca'c dda(.y`c ti'nh
cu+.c ky` thu+.c nghie^.m va` sa'ng ta.o, Pablo Picasso ddu+o+.c nhie^`u
ngu+o+`i coi la` nha` danh ho.a quan tro.ng ba^.c nha^'t cu?a the^' ky? 20.
1. Ca'c na(m dda^`u
Pablo Picasso sinh nga`y 25 tha'ng 10 na(m 1881 ta.i Ma'laga, Ta^y Ban Nha,
la` con cu?a o^ng Jose Ruiz Blasco va` ba` Maria Picasso Lopez. Khi o^ng
Blasco gia?ng da.y mo^n ho^.i ho.a ta.i La Coruna thi` Picasso dda~y` theo
ho.c cha o+? tuo^?i le^n 10, lu'c gia ddi`nh mo+'i do.n qua no+i na`y. Ta`i
na(ng thie^n phu' dda~ cho phe'p ca^.u nho? Pablo la`m nhie^`u thi' nghie^.m
ve^` ca'c ddie^`u ho.c ho?i ro^`i pha't trie^?n ca'c ca'ch die^~n ta? mo+'i
ba(`ng ca'c bu+'c ho.a chu+'ng to? Pablo dda~ vu+o+.t qua kha? na(ng cu?a
chi'nh ngu+o+`i cha ruo^.t. Cu~ng ta.i La Coruna, tru+o+'c tham vo.ng cu?a
ca^.u con trai, o^ng Blasco dda~ da`nh cho ca^.u ca'c phu+o+ng tie^.n ho^.i
ho.a, ca'c ngu+o+`i ma^~u va` giu'p ca^.u con the^? hie^.n ta`i na(ng to^'i
dda nho+` the^', ca'c ta'c pha^?m dda^`u tie^n cu?a Pablo dda~ xua^'t hie^.n
trong cuo^.c trie^?n la~m khi ca^.u mo+'i ddu+o+.c 13 tuo^?i. Va`o mu`a thu
na(m 1895, gia ddi`nh Blasco do.n to+'i Barcelona, ca^.u Pablo theo ho.c ta.i
Ha`n La^m Vie^.n Nghe^. Thua^.t La Llotja, va` ta.i no+i na`y, o^ng Blasco
dda~ dda?m nha^.n chu+'c vu. gia?ng da.y Ho^.i Ho.a la^`n cuo^'i. So^'ng ta.i
tha`nh pho^' lo+'n thu+' hai cu?a nu+o+'c Ta^y Ban Nha va` theo ho.c Vie^.n
Nghe^. Thua^.t, Pablo dda~ so+'m ddu+o+.c co^ng nha^.n la` mo^.t ho.a si~
tre? co' ta`i, va` va`o na(m 1897, bu+'c ho.a " Khoa ho.c va` Tu+` thie^.n "
(Science and Charity) dda~ ddoa.t gia?i thu+o+?ng danh du+. ta.i Madrid trong
mo^.t cuo^.c trie^?n la~m my~ thua^.t. Cu~ng va`o mu`a thu na(m na`y, Pablo
theo ho.c Ha`n La^m Vie^.n Hoa`ng Gia ta.i San Fernando nhu+ng vi` ca?m
tha^'y lo^'i gia?ng da.y ta.i no+i dda^y ta^`m thu+o+`ng, Pablo dda~ da`nh
tho+`i gio+` ghi la.i ddo+`i so^'ng chung quanh ba(`ng ca'c bu+'c ho.a mo^
ta? quang ca?nh ddu+o+`ng pho^', ca'c nha^n va^.t trong ca'c qua'n ca` phe^,
no+i ca'c nha` chu+'a. Khi to+'i thu? ddo^ Madrid, Pablo dda~ co' nhie^`u
di.p tha(m vie^'ng ca'c vie^.n ba?o ta`ng, suy nga^~m ca'c bu+'c ho.a no^?i
danh cu?a Velazquez, El Greco, Goya a` ma` sau na`y ca'c nha^n va^.t cu?a
ca'c ho.a si~ co^? ddie^?n Ta^y Ban Nha dda~ xua^'t hie^.n trong nhie^`u ta'c
pha^?m cu?a Picasso nhu+ng du+o+'i ca'c hi`nh thu+'c kha'c. To+'i mu`a xua^n
na(m 1898, Pablo bi. be^.nh va` pha?i ddie^`u du+o+~ng va`i tha'ng ta.i la`ng
Horta de Ebro, khi tro+? la.i Barcelona va`o dda^`u na(m 1899, Pablo dda~
tro+? ne^n mo^.t con ngu+o+`i mo+'i, ma^.p ma.p ho+n, bie^'t no'i tie^'ng
Catalan va` ddoa.n tuye^.t vo+'i ca'ch hua^'n luye^.n cu?a tru+o+`ng ho^.i
ho.a va` ca'c chu+o+ng tri`nh do gia ddi`nh dda(.t ra.o+. Cu~ng tu+` dda^y,
Pablo quye^'t ddi.nh du`ng te^n me. dde^? ky' tre^n ca'c ta'c pha^?m la` P.
R. Picasso, dde^? ro^`i to+'i na(m 1901, la.i bo? luo^n chu+~ giu+~a la`
Ruiz, ho. cu?a cha. Ta.i Barcelona, Pablo gia nha^.p nho'm ca'c nghe^. si~
va` va(n si~ Catalan, nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i hu+o+'ng ve^` tha`nh pho^' Paris la`
kinh ddo^ nghe^. thua^.t. Ho. thu+o+`ng lai va~ng qua'n ca` phe^ Els Quatre
Gats ( 4 con me`o ), vo+'i lo^'i sinh hoa.t va` trang tri' da^.p khuo^n theo
qua'n " Con Me`o DDen " cu?a tha`nh pho^' Paris. Chi'nh ta.i qua'n nghe^. si~
na`y, Pablo dda~ tru+ng ba`y ca'c ta'c pha^?m la^`n thu+' nha^'t va`o tha'ng
2 na(m 1900 vo+'i ho+n 50 cha^n dung, die^~n ta? ba(`ng ca'c phu+o+ng tie^.n
kha'c nhau. Cu~ng trong mo^.t ky` trie^?n la~m ta.i Barcelona, ta'c pha^?m "
Ca'c lu'c cuo^'i cu`ng " (Last Moments) vo+'i sa('c ddo^. ta(m to^'i, u a'm,
mo^ ta? su+. vie^'ng tha(m cu?a mo^.t tu si~ be^n giu+o+`ng cu?a mo^.t
ngu+o+`i dda`n ba` ha^'p ho^'i, dda~ ddu+o+.c cha^'p nha^.n va`o nho'm ho.a
pha^?m Ta^y Ban Nha tru+ng ba`y trong cuo^.c Trie^?n La~m Quo^'c Te^' ta.i
Paris na(m 1900. Ro^`i do lo`ng ham muo^'n ddu+o+.c thu+? tha'ch ca'c ta'c
pha^?m ho^.i ho.a va` do muo^'n co' kinh nghie^.m ve^` " Kinh DDo^ AO^nh
Sa'ng ", Pablo dda~ cu`ng mo^.t ngu+o+`i ba.n ho.c te^n la` Carles Casagemas
qua Pha'p, cu+ ngu. ta.i xo'm Montmartre, thuo^.c tha`nh pho^' Paris. Mo.a.t
trong ca'c kha'm pha' dda^`u tie^n cu?a Pablo Picasso trong la^`n cu+ ngu.
ta.i Paris tu+` tha'ng 10 to+'i tha'ng 12 la` " ma`u sa('c ", kho^ng pha?i
ca'c ma`u va`ng, ca'c ma`u na^u cu?a phong ca?nh Ta^y Ban Nha, kho^ng pha?i
ma`u dden cu?a chie^'c kha(n mo?ng tru`m tre^n dda^`u ca'c phu. nu+ o+`a` ma`
la` ca'c ma`u sa('c ru+.c ro+~, ma`u va`ng cu?a Van Gogh, ca'c ma`u sa('c dda
(.c bie^.t cu?a mo^.t tha`nh pho^' ddang cu+? ha`nh cuo^.c ho^.i cho+. quo^'c
te^'. Picasso dda~ du`ng than, pha^'n tie^n, ma`u nu+o+'c, ma`u da^`u dde^?
ghi la.i ca'c lo^'i so^'ng no+i thu? ddo^ cu?a nu+o+'c Pha'p nhu+ ho.a pha^?m
" Ca'c ti`nh nha^n tre^n ddu+o+`ng pho^' " (Lovers in the Street - 1900).
Picasso dda~ thu+? nghie^.m lo^'i ve~ cha^'m ne't (dotted style) cu?a
tru+o+`ng pha'i a^'n tu+o+.ng (impressionism) va` dda~ bi. a?nh hu+o+?ng
bo+?i ca'c ho.a si~ T. A. Steilen ngu+o+`i Thu.y Si~, Toulouse-Lautrec nha`
ha^.u a^'n tu+o+.ng ngu+o+`i Pha'p (post-impressionist) va` bo+?i ca? Isidre
Nonell, mo^.t ho.a si~ ba.n nhie^`u tuo^?i ho+n va` co' ta`i na(ng tu+`
Barcelona. Ta'c pha^?m quan tro.ng nha^'t trong tho+`i ky` na`y cu?a Picasso
la` bu+'c ho.a " Sa`n quay Galette" (le Moulin de la Galette - 1900). Va`o
tuo^?i 18 va` khi so^'ng ta.i Paris tu+` giu+~a tha'ng 10 to+'i tha'ng 12
na(m 1900, Picasso dda~ ba'n ddu+o+.c 3 ta'c pha^?m ho^.i ho.a nho?, ve~
ca?nh dda^'u bo` ru+`ngo+., hai bu+'c ba(`ng so+n da^`u, mo^.t bu+'c ba(`ng
bo^.t ma`u (gouache) cho Berthe Weill, la^'y 100 ddo^`ng tie^`n franc va`ng.
Mo^.t ngu+o+`i cu`ng xu+' te^n la` Petro Manach dda~ dde^` nghi. tra? mo^~i
tha'ng cho Picasso 150 ddo^`ng franc va`ng dde^? ddo^?i la^'y ca'c sa'ng
ta'c. DDa^y kho^ng pha?i la` mo^.t so^' tie^`n lo+'n nhu+ng ddo^'i vo+'i
tuo^?i cu?a Picasso lu'c ba^'y gio+` la.i so^'ng o+? mo^.t xu+' so+? xa la.,
ddo^'i vo+'i gia' sinh hoa.t tho+`i ddo', thi` su+. tra? gia' ddo' ra^'t
dda'ng ke^?. Sau 2 tha'ng so^'ng ta.i Paris, Picasso tro+? ve^` Ta^y Ban Nha
vo+'i Casagemas ro^`i to+'i Madrid, la`m gia'm ddo^'c my~ thua^.t (art
editor) cho mo^.t to+` ba'o mo+'i co' te^n la` Arte Joven. Nhu+ng cu~ng va`o
lu'c na`y, Casagemas dda~ tro+? la.i Paris vo+'i y' ddi.nh ba('n che^'t
ngu+o+`i ye^u nhu+ng kho^ng tha`nh, ne^n dda~ quay su'ng va`o dda^`u mi`nh,
tu+. sa't. Su+. vie^.c na`y dda~ a?nh hu+o+?ng kha' nhie^`u to+'i Picasso,
co' le~ vi` a^n ha^.n dda~ bo? ro+i mo^.t ngu+o+`i ba.n, o^ng dda~ tra?i qua
mo^.t xu'c ddo^.ng ma.nh. Va`i tha'ng sau va`o na(m 1901, Picasso dda~ ve~
hai " Cha^n dung che^'t " (death portraits) cu?a Casagemas cu~ng nhu+ hai
ca?nh dda'm tang (Mourners va` Evocation) va` ro^`i va`o na(m 1903, Casagemas
la.i xua^'t hie^.n trong ta'c pha^?m " DDo+`i So^'ng " (La Vie).
2. Tho+`i ky` Xanh va` Ho^`ng.
Tho+`i gian tu+` 1901 to+'i giu+~a na(m 1904, khoa?ng tho+`i gian nga('n ho+n
3 na(m la` giai ddoa.n Picasso sa'ng ta'c ba(`ng " ma`u xanh ", mo^.t ma`u
a'p dda?o trong ca'c ta'c pha^?m ho^.i ho.a, va` ma`u xanh thu+o+`ng ddu+o+.c
coi la` ma`u pha?n a'nh ca'c hoa`n ca?nh va^.t cha^'t cu?a Picasso lu'c ba^'y
gio+`. Tho+`i ky` Xanh (the Blue Period) cu?a Picassso co' le~ ba('t dda^`u
khi ho.a si~ so^'ng ta.i Madrid tu+` tha'ng 2 to+'i tha'ng 4 na(m 1901, khi
ma` Picasso kho+?i dda^`u ba(`ng ma`u la.nh, dda(.c bie^.t vo+'i ca'c sa('c
lu.c (green) va` sa('c xanh (blue tones) nhu+ trong ca'c ta'c pha^~m "
Ngu+o+`i dda`n ba` ma (.c a'o xanh " (Woman in Blue), ky' te^n P.Ruiz
Picassso, va` " Ba` a'o xanh " (Lady in Blue), ky' te^n Picasso. Va`o tho+`i
ky` na`y, ca'c chu? dde^` va` ddu+o+`ng lo^'i ve~ (styles) kha'c ha(?n vo+'i
nhu+~ng thu+' tu+o+ng tu+. va`i tha'ng sau. Picasso thu+o+`ng hay ve~ ca'c
co^ ga'i la`ng cho+i ddo^.i chie^'c mu~ ro^.ng va`nh. Va`o lu'c dda^`u cu?a
tho+`i ky` Xanh, Picasso dda~ tie^'n va`o mo^i tru+o+`ng ho^.i ho.a nhu+ la`
mo^.t nghe^. si~ thie^n ve^` ddu+o+`ng ne't (lines) va` xa^y du+.ng
(construction) ho+n la` thie^n ve^` ma`u sa('c va` Picasso dda~ la`m pha't
trie^?n ta`i na(ng qua ca'ch du`ng nhie^`u sa('c ddo^. (tones) cu?a cu`ng
mo^.t the^? ma^`u. Ma`u no'ng la` dda(.c ti'nh cu?a ca'c bu+'c ho.a cu?a
mie^`n ba('c cha^u Au trong khi ca'c ho.a si~ mie^`n nam, trong ddo' co' ho.a
si~ Ta^y Ban Nha, la.i u+a du`ng ma`u la.nh, va` ma(.c du` so^'ng ta.i Paris,
Picasso va^~n tu+o+?ng nho+' to+'i Ma'laga vo+'i bie^?n xanh, vo+'i ma(.t
tro+`i ddo? va` khi' ha^.u a^'m a'p co`n Paris la` no+i dde^? ho.c ho?i va`
la`m vie^.c, la` nga~ tu+ ddu+o+`ng cu?a ca'c tu+ tu+o+?ng mo+'i.
Picasso dda~ ddi qua la.i giu+~a Barcelona va` Paris, mang theo cha^'t lie^.u
dde^? sa'ng ta'c. Va`o tha'ng 4-1901, Picasso dda~ tru+ng ba`y ca'c ho.a
pha^?m ba(`ng pha^'n tie^n (pastels) trong cuo^.c trie^?n la~m ddo+n ddo^.c
ta.i Sala Pare's o+? Barcelona, ro^`i va`o cuo^'i tha'ng 6 na(m ddo', pho`ng
trie^?n la~m Ambroise Vollard ta.i Paris cu~ng tri`nh ba`y 64 ho.a pha^?m
cu?a Picasso cu`ng vo+'i ta'c pha^?m cu?a Francisco Iturrino, mo^t ho.a si~
ngu+o+`i mie^`n Basque, va` cu~ng ke^? tu+` lu'c na`y, Pablo Picasso chi? ky'
te^n la` Picasso ma` kho^ng la` P.Ruiz Picasso. Ca'c cuo^.c trie^?n la~m ke^?
tre^n ra^'t tha`nh co^ng, so^' tranh ba'n ddu+o+.c kha' nhie^`u. Khi tha(m
vie^'ng nha` tu` Saint Lazare ta.i Paris trong na(m 1901-02, Picasso dda~ ve~
ca'c phu. nu+~ to^.i pha.m nhu+ trong ta'c pha^?m " To^ su'p " (the
Soup-1902). Ta.i Barcelona trong ca'c na(m 1901-03, ho.a si~ cu~ng mo^ ta?
ca'c ngu+o+`i a(n xin mu` lo`a hay co^ ddo+n, nhu+~ng ke? lang ba.t
(Crouching Woman- 1902, Blind Man's Meal-1903, Old Jew and a Boy-1903).
Cuo^'i cu`ng Picasso quye^'t ddi.nh di chuye^?n ha(?n qua so^'ng ta.i tha`nh
pho^' Paris va`o mu`a xua^n na(m 1904 va` tu+` nay, ca'c ta'c pha^?m cu?a
o^ng dda~ bo^.c lo^. su+. thay ddo^?i ve^` tinh tha^`n va` dda(.c bie^.t,
thay ddo^?i ve^` ca'c ddu+o+`ng hu+o+'ng nghe^. si~ va` tri' thu+'c. Picasso
dda~ cu`ng vo+'i mo^.t ngu+o+`i ba.n mo+'i, mo^.t thi si~ te^n la` Guillaume
Apollinaire, quan ta^m to+'i nhu+~ng ga'nh xie^'c da.o, nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i la`m
tro` va` dda^y la` nhu+~ng dde^` ta`i vo+'i ca'c ta'c pha^?m nhu+ " Thie^'u
nu+~ giu+~ tha(ng ba(`ng tre^n tra'i banh " (Girl balancing on a Ball-1905),
" Ngu+o+`i die^~n vie^n " (the Actor-1905). Do tra.ng tha'i cu?a ta^m ho^`n,
do su+. go+.i ca?m, Picasso dda~ du`ng ma`u xanh dde^? die^~n ta? ti`nh ca?m
bi quan cu?a o^ng va`o cuo^'i the^' ky?, tho+`i ky` u a'm so^'ng vo+'i
thie^'u tho^'n, ddo'i kha't va` la.nh gia' ta.i mo^.t no+i xa que^ hu+o+ng
a^'m a'p. Nhu+ng cuo^'i cu`ng va`o na(m 1904, ca'c hoa`n ca?nh ca' nha^n cu?a
Picasso dda~ thay ddo^?i, nha^'t la` khi na`ng Fernande Olivier tro+? ne^n
ngu+o+`i ti`nh cu?a ho.a si~. Cu~ng va`o tho+`i gian na`y, Picasso co'
nhu+~ng ba.n tha^n nhu+ Max Jacob, Gertrude va` Leo Stein ngu+o+`i My~, va`
nha^'t la` vo+'i Georges Braque ma` sau ddo', Picasso dda~ kho+?i dda^`u
mo^.t lo^'i ve~ ca^'p tie^'n trong the^' ky? 20, ddo' la` ddu+o+`ng lo^'i
la^.p the^? (cubist style). Su+. co' ma(.t cu?a co^ na`ng Fernande Olivier
dda~ go+.i hu+'ng cho ho.a si~ ve~ ca'c ta'c pha^?m nhu+ " Ngu+o+`i dda`n ba`
vo+'i ca'c o^? ba'nh " (Woman with Loaves-1909), " DDa^`u mo^.t ngu+o+`i
dda`n ba` " (Head of a Woman-1909) va` " Ngu+o+`i dda`n ba` vo+'i ca'c tra'i
le^ " (Woman with Pears-1909). Va`o khoa?ng cuo^'i na(m 1904, ca'c sa('c
ddo^. xanh trong ta'c pha^?m cu?a Picasso la.i ddu+o+.c thay the^' ba(`ng
ca'c a'nh ve? ho^`ng, na^u va` na^u dda^'t. DDa^y la` " tho+`i ky` Ho^`ng "
vo+'i ca'c dde^` ta`i di chuye^?n tu+` nhu+~ng qua'n ca` phe^, qua'n nha^.u
cu?a tha`nh pho^' sang nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i ha't da.o, ca'c ke? la`m xie^'c cu?a
mie^`n que^, nhu+~ng con ngu+o+`i sinh hoa.t tre^n mo.i ne?o ddu+o+`ng vo+'i
ca'ch die^~n ta? kha'ch quan ho+n. Ta'c pha^?m ga^y a^'n tu+o+.ng nha^'t
vo+'i the^? loa.i ma`u mo+'i, nhe. nha`ng, la` ta^'m " Gia ddi`nh ngu+o+`i
la`m xie^'c " (the Family of Saltimbanques-1905) tre^n ddo' tu+`ng nha^n
va^.t, ddu+o+.c dda(.t trong mo^.t khung ca?nh thu+a tho+'t, ddu? no'i le^n
no^~i co^ ddo+n cua? ho.. Cu~ng va`o tho+`i gian na`y, do nghie^n cu+'u ve^`
nga`nh ddie^u kha('c co^? so+ cu?a ba'n dda?o Iberian, Picasso dda~ la`m
pha't trie^?n a?nh hu+o+?ng ddo' ba(`ng ca'c ta'c pha^?m " Cha^n dung cu?a
Gertrude Stein " (Portrait of Gertrude Stein-1906) va` " Cha^n dung tu+. ho.a
" (Self-Portrait with Palette-1906).
3. Tru+o+`ng pha'i La^.p The^?.
To+'i khoa?ng cuo^'i na(m 1906, mo^.t loa.i bo^' cu.c mo+'i ddu+o+.c Picasso
ba ('t dda^`u. Do a?nh hu+o+?ng cu?a vie^.c nghie^n cu+'u nghe^. thua^.t
cha^u Phi, Picasso dda~ ta.o ne^n mo^.t ta'c pha^?m mang ti'nh tranh lua^.n
ba(`ng ca'ch ve~ ma(.t ca'c nha^n va^.t gio^'ng nhu+ nhu+~ng chie^'c ma(.t
na. va` tha^n hi`nh phu. nu+~ ddu+o+.c mo^ ta? ba(`ng ca'c hi`nh go'c ca.nh :
ho.a pha^?m " Ca'c co^ ga'i Avignon " (les Demoiselles d'Avignon-1907). DDa^y
la` hi`nh a?nh ca'c ga'i ddie^'m cu?a ddu+o+`ng pho^' Avignon thuo^.c tha`nh
pho^' Barcelona, mo^ ta? ba(`ng hi`nh kho?a tha^n, pha^`n che khua^'t dda~
ddu+o+.c bie^'n the^? ba(`ng ca'ch ddo+n gia?n ho'a da^`n da^`n. Qua ho.a
pha^?m na`y, ngu+o+`i ta dda~ tha^'y Picasso chi.u a?nh hu+o+?ng cu?a El
Greco, ddu+o+`ng lo^'i ddie^u kha('c cu?a ba'n dda?o Iberian va` cha^u Phi,
va` ca'ch tri`nh ba`y kho^ng gian ca.n (shallow space) cu?a Paul Cezanne.
Ho.a pha^?m " Ca'c co^ ga'i "(Desmoiselles) na`y dda~ chu+'a ddu+.ng be^n
trong ngu+~ vu+.ng ca(n ba?n cu?a tru+o+`ng pha'i la^.p the^? (cubism). Tu+`
1909, Picasso dda~ no^?i danh tie^'ng la` mo^.t ho.a si~ co' bie^.t ta`i ta.i
tha`nh pho^' Paris va` ta.i cha^u Au. Oa.ng do.n nha` tu+` khu nghe`o na`n
Bateau Lavoir ve^` no+i tie^.n nghi la` khu vu+.c Boulevard de Clichy va`
thu+o+`ng ddi nghi? he` ta.i xu+' Provence hay xu+' Ta^y Ban Nha. Trong ca'c
na (m tu+` 1909 to+'i 1912, Picasso dda~ cu`ng vo+'i Georges Braque khai
trie^?n mo^.t tru+o+`ng pha'i ho^.i ho.a mo+'i, ddu+o+.c go.i te^n la` "
La^.p the^? pha^n ti'ch " (Analytical Cubism). Nhu+~ng ho.a si~ la^.p the^?
ban dda^`u dda~ bi. chi? tri'ch ve^` thu+' nghe^. thua^.t hi`nh ho.c cu?a ho.
nhu+ng thu+.c ra, nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i theo ddu+o+`ng lo^'i ho^.i ho.a mo+'i na`y
dda~ tri`nh ba`y mo^.t loa.i thu+.c te^' mo+'i, kha'c ha(?n vo+'i truye^`n
tho^'ng cu~ cu?a tho+`i Phu.c Hu+ng, dda(.c bie^.t nha^'t la` ve^` 2 pha.m vi
pho^'i ca?nh va` a?o a?nh (illusion), cha(?ng ha.n nhu+ ho. dda~ ve~ ra
nhie^`u die^.n cu?a mo^.t dde^` ta`i tre^n cu`ng mo^.t khung va?i dde^?
die^~n ta? nhie^`u y' tu+o+?ng ho+n la` chi? du`ng mo^.t die^.n ddo+n
thua^`n, bi. gio+'i ha.n. Lo^'i ve~ la^.p the^? nhu+ va^.y dda~ mo+? toang
hi`nh thu+'c ddo'ng ki'n ba (`ng ca'ch tri`nh ba`y la.i, cho tha^'y ca'c vi.
tri' cu?a dde^` ta`i trong kho^ng gian va` phu+o+ng thu+'c pha^n ti'ch dda~
chia ca('t ca'c dde^` ta`i va` kho^ng gian, a'nh sa'ng va` bo'ng to^'i, va`
ngay ca? ma`u sa('c, nhu+ the^? mo^.t ba'c si~ gia?i pha^~u chia ca('t mo^.t
xa'c che^'t. Ha^`u nhu+ Picasso cu~ng nhu+ Braque dde^`u cha^'p nha^.n ra(`ng
trong vie^.c die^~n ta? ba(`ng mo^.t ho.a pha^?m, ho. dda~y` du`ng to+'i
nhie^`u ddie^?m nhi`n kha'c nhau, ca'c tru.c xoay kha'c nhau, ca'c nguo^`n
sa'ng kha'c nhaua` Ho.a pha^?m cu?a Picasso tu+o+.ng tru+ng cho ddu+o+`ng
lo^'i na`y la` bu+'c ve~ " Nha` ma'y " (Factory at Horta de Elbro-1909),
ro^`i ve^` sau, 1910, co`n co' mo^.t loa.t ca'c cha^n dung (Ambroise Vollare,
Daniel-Henry Hahnweiler-1910). Trong ta'c pha^?m " Nha.c si~ phong ca^`m "
(the Accordionist-1911), Picasso dda~ pha tro^.n ca'c hi`nh the^?, dde^` ta`i
va` kho^ng gian va`o mo^.t loa.i lu+o+'i (grid) va` du`ng ma`u sa('c ddo+n
go^`m ca'c ma`u na^u, sa'm va` ma`u dda^'t. Cu~ng trong ca'ch tri`nh ba`y
la^.p the^?, lua^.t pho^'i ca?nh co^? ddie^?n lu`i ra xa dda~ ddu+o+.c die^~n
ta? ba(`ng ca'ch ddu+a ga^`n la.i. 4/ Tho+`i ky` ca('t da'n va` sie^u thu+.c.
Va`o na(m 1912, Picasso va` Braque ba('t dda^`u khai pha' nghe^. thua^.t
ca('t da'n (collage) ba(`ng ca'c cha^'t lie^.u va?i, gia^'y ba'o va` gia^'y
da'n tu+o+`ng dde^? mo^ ta? ca'c dde^` ta`i ti~nh va^.t va` nha^n va^.t. Ta'c
pha^?m " Ti~nh va^.t vo+'i chie^'c ghe^' ma^y " (Still Life with Chair
Caning-1911) la` su+. pho^'i ho+.p cu?a so+n da^`u va` va?i da^`u, va` qua
ta'c pha^?m, Picasso dda~ dde^? cho thu+.c te^' va` a?o tu+o+?ng ddo^'i cho.i
nhau trong su+. lie^n he^. la?ng tra'nh (elusive). DDa^y la` giai ddoa.n
to^?ng ho+.p (synthetic phase, 1912-14) qua ddo' ca'c ma`u sa('c ddu+o+.c
gio+'i thie^.u la.i vo+'i bo^' cu.c, cha(?ng ha.n nhu+ ddu+o+`ng cong
tru+o+.ng tru+ng cho ca^y dda`n guitare hay ca'i tai nghe nha.c, vo+'i ngu.
y' mo^.t ddo^` va^.t co' the^? a'm chi? mo^.t y' tu+o+?ng hay mo^.t ddo^`
va^.t kha'ca` nhu+ trong ho.a pha^?m " Ngu+o+`i sinh vie^n vo+'i ca^y sa'o "
(Student with a pipe-1913). Ta'c pha^?m " Ly ru+o+.u absinthe " (Absinthe
Glass-1914) go^`mo+. mo^.t pha^`n ddie^u kha('c, mo^.t pha^`n ca('t da'n va`
mo^.t pha^`n ve~, bie^?u hie^.n su+. thu+.c va` su+. a?o. Na(m 1915, ngu+o+`i
ye^u Eva cu?a Picasso qua ddo+`i ne^n ca'c ho.a pha^?m ma` o^ng ve~ lu'c
ngu+o+`i ti`nh ddau o^'m nhu+ " Ngu+o+`i He^` " (Harlequin-1915) dda~ no'i
le^n su+. ddau buo^`n ba(`ng hi`nh a?nh cu?a nha^n va^.t nu+?a he^`, nu+?a
nghe^. si~ Pierrot tre^n mo^.t ha^.u ca?nh dden chu+a hoa`n ta^'t. The^'
chie^'n thu+' nha^'t bu`ng no^? dda~ la`m pha^n ta'n ca'c nghe^. si~ trong
nho'm Picasso : Apollinaire va` Braque cu`ng va`i ngu+o+`i kha'c ra tra^.n
tuye^'n, ca'c nghe^. si~ Ta^y Ban Nha tro+? ve^` xu+'. Picasso o+? la.i
nu+o+'c Pha'p ro^`i to+'i na(m 1916, nha` danh ho.a thu+o+`ng ga(.p nha`
soa.n nha.c Erik Satie. Nho'm nghe^. si~ ta`i na(ng va`o lu'c na`y co`n co'
the^m thi si~ tre? tuo^?i Jean Cocteau, nha^n va^.t ddie^`u khie^?n vu~
ballet ngu+o+`i Nga Sergey Diaghilev, ngu+o+`i ddang lo thu+.c hie^.n
chu+o+ng tri'nh sa^n kha^'u Parade (Die^~n Ha`nh). Jean Cocteau to+'i vo+'i
Satie vi` a^m nha.c va` vo+'i Picasso vi` ca'c bo^. y phu.c sa^n kha^'u.
Ma(.c du` kho^ng thi'ch ddi du li.ch, Picasso cu~ng theo Jean Cocteau to+'i
Rome, tha?o lua^.n vo+'i Diaghilev va` nha` bie^n dda.o mu'a Le'onide
Massine. Chi'nh va`o lu'c na`y, Picasso dda~ ga(.p ngu+o+'i vo+. tu+o+ng lai
trong so^' ca'c nu+~ vu~ co^ng : co^ Olga Kokhlova. Sau chuye^'n vie^'ng
tha(m vu`ng DDi.a Trung Ha?i va` sau la^`n tro+? ve^` Barcelona na(m 1917,
ca'c ta'c pha^?m cu?a Picasso pha?n a'nh vie^.c duye^.t xe't la.i lo^'i ve~
cu?a Ingres va` cu?a Renoir, vo+'i ca'c ma(.t pha(?ng, ma`u sa('c va` hi`nh
the^? bao go^`m ca'c bie^?u hie^.n co^? ddie^?n, nhu+ trong ho.a pha^?m "
Ti~nh va^.t St. Raphael " (Saint-Raphael Still Lifes -1919) hay ho.a pha^?m "
Ba nha.c si~ " (Three Musicians-1921). Va`o tho+`i ky` na`y, Picasso cu~ng
ga(.p go+~ ca'c nghe^. si~ danh tie^'ng nhu+ Tristan Tzara, ca'c thi si~ Paul
Eluard va` Louis Aragon, cu`ng nhie^`u nha^n va^.t kha'c nhu+ Giorgio de
Chirico, Max Ernst, Joan Miro' va` Man Ray. Na(m 1921, Paulo, ngu+o+`i con
chi'nh thu+'c duy nha^'t cu?a Picasso ra ddo+`i va` tu+` na(m na`y, Picasso
tie^'p tu.c co^.ng ta'c vo+'i Jean Cocteau, Igor Stravinsky, De Fallas, nho'm
vu~ ballet Nga va` nho'm vu~ nha.c cu?a Erik Satie, ddo^`ng tho+`i o^ng cu~ng
lie^n la.c vo+'i Andre' Breton, ngu+o+`i qua?ng ba' phong tra`o sie^u thu+.c
(surrealism), mo^.t phong tra`o nghe.a. thua^.t quan tro.ng giu+~a hai the^'
chie^'n. Va` ma(.c du` kho^ng chi'nh thu+'c gia nha^.p phong tra`o sie^u
thu+.c, ho.a pha^?m " Ba vu~ co^ng " (three Dancers-1925) cu?a Picasso dda~
the^? hie^.n su+. thay ddo^?i trong vie^.c die^~n ta? 3 ngu+o+`i dda`n ba`
trong ddie^.u nha^?y cuo^`ng loa.n. Ca'c ta'c pha^?m cu?a Picasso trong ca'c
na(m 1920 va` 1930 bao go^`m nhu+~ng hi`nh ngu+o+`i bi. bo'p me'o, cha(?ng
ha.n nhu+ ho.a pha^?m " Ngu+o+`i dda`n ba` trong ghe^' ba`nh " (Woman in an
Armchair-1929), " Ngu+o+`i ta('m na('ng ngo^`i " (Seated Bather-1930). Ca'c
ta'c pha^?m ddie^u kha('c trong tho+`i ky` na`y cu?a Picasso go^`m ca'c hi`nh
bie^'n ti'nh ba(`ng ddo^`ng, ca'c kie^'n tru'c hi`nh ho.c ba(`ng thanh sa('t
va` la' sa('t, bi. a?nh hu+o+?ng bo+?i nha` ddie^u kha('c Julio Gonza'les.
Cuo^.c so^'ng rie^ng tu+ cu?a Pablo Picasso to+'i mo^.t ngo~ cu.t va`o giu+~a
ca'c na(m 1930 khie^'n cho sa'ng ta'c cu?a o^ng bi. suy gia?m. Tie^'p theo
la` vie^.c ly tha^n vo+'i na`ng Olga va`o na(m 1935 do ca'c lie^n he^. vo+'i
ngu+o+`i ma^~u to'c va`ng ha^'p da^~n Marie The're`se Walter, ro^`i to+'i
su+. xua^'t hie^.n trong ddo+`i so^'ng cu?a Picasso nha` nu+~ nhie^'p a?nh
Dora Maar. Trong tho+`i ky` na`y ra ddo+`i la` ca'c ho.a pha^?m " Ngu+o+`i
thie^'u nu+~ tru+o+'c gu+o+ng " (Girl before a mirror-1932) va` " Ngu+o+`i
dda`n ba` ddang kho'c "(Woman Weeping-1937). Cuo^.c no^.i chie^'n Ta^y Ban
Nha va`o na(m 1936 dda~ ga^y ra trong ta^m ho^`n Picasso lo`ng a'i quo^'c va`
su+. pha^~n no^. ve^` ti`nh nha^n dda.o, qua mo^.t loa.t ta'c pha^?m kha('c
ne't (etching) vo+'i te^n la` " Gia^'c mo+ va` lo+`i no'i do^'i cu?a Franco "
(the Dream and the Lie of Franco-1937) va` " GUERNICA ", mo^.t bu+'c ho.a
lo+'n, mo^ ta? mo^.t tha`nh pho^' mie^`n Basque cu?a Ta^y Ban Nha bi. lu+.c
lu+o+.ng cu?a Tu+o+'ng Franco do^.i bom. Guernica la` dda.i ta'c pha^?m ho^.i
ho.a die^~n ta? tha?m ca?nh ba.o lu+.c, no^~i ha~i hu`ng cu?a ngu+o+`i va`
ngu+.a ha^'p ho^'i, ca?nh ngu+o+`i me. la he't va` con tho+ bi. gie^'t, toa`n
the^? bu+'c ho.a dda~ le^n a'n su+. ta`n pha' ddo+`i so^'ng cu?a con ngu+o+`i
mo^.t ca'ch ta`n nha^~n, trong khi ddo' hi`nh a?nh con bo` ru+`ng la` bie^?u
tu+o+.ng cu?a che^' ddo^. Pha't Xi't. Picasso dda~ da`nh dda.i ta'c pha^?m
na`y, vo+'i ki'ch thu+o+'c 3,49 x 7,77 me't cho Vie^.n My~ Thua^.t Tha`nh
Pho^' New York mu+o+.n, cho to+'i khi na`o Ta^y Ban Nha tro+? tha`nh mo^.t
nu+o+'c co^.ng ho`a, va` sau 44 na(m, va`o tha'ng 9-1981, bu+'c ho.a lu+`ng
danh Guernica mo+'i ddu+o+.c tra? ve^` cho Vie^.n Ba?n Ta`ng Padro o+?
Madrid. Na(m 1944, tha`nh pho^' Paris ddu+o+.c gia?i pho'ng kho?i qua^n
ddo^.i Quo^'c Xa~ DDu+'c. Picasso va^~n o+? Paris va` thu+.c hie^.n ta'c
pha^?m ddie^u kha('c ba(`ng ddo^`ng " Ngu+o+`i dda`n o^ng vo+'i con cu+`u "
(Man with a Lamb) qua ddo' pha?n a'nh ne^`n ddie^u kha('c Co^? Hy La.p. Trong
cuo^.c trie^?n la~m mu`a thu na(m 1944 (Salon de la Liberation), ca'c ta'c
pha^?m ho^.i ho.a va` ddie^u kha('c cu?a Picasso trong 5 na(m qua dda~ ga^y
ra nhie^`u ddie^`u su+~ng so+` ddo^'i vo+'i qua^`n chu'ng, ke^? ca? lo+`i
co^ng bo^' ra(`ng o^ng dda~ tham gia va`o dda?ng Co^.ng Sa?n, su+. kie^.n
na`y dda~ khie^'nO^ mo^.t so^' ngu+o+`i bie^?u ti`nh pha?n ddo^'i ngay no+i
pho`ng trie^?n la~m. Quan ddie^?m cu?a Picasso ve^` chi'nh tri. la`m cho o^ng
bi. mang tie^'ng la` ngu+o+`i nga^y tho+ ve^` ly' tu+o+?ng. Cu~ng va`o tho+`i
gian na`y, Picasso dda~ mo+? ro^.ng co+ xu+o+?ng, ddo'n tie^'p ca'c ba.n be`
cu~ va` mo+'i, go^`m ca'c nha` va(n va` nghe^. si~ nhu+ Jean Paul Satre,
Eluard, Pierre Reverdy, nghe^. si~ ngu+o+`i Anh Roland Penrose, nha` nhie^'p
a?nh ngu+o+`i Pha'p Brassai, nhie^'p a?nh gia Hoa Ky` Lee Miller cu~ng nhu+
ca'c nghe^. si~ kho^ng no^?i danh kha'c. Picasso cu~ng tu+. nguye^.n ddo'ng
go'p ca'c trang tri' cho ca'c to^? chu+'c quo^'c te^' va` hi`nh a?nh con chim
bo^` ca^u tra('ng cu?a o^ng dda~ ddu+o+.c du`ng la`m bi'ch chu+o+ng cu?a
DDa.i Ho^.i Ho`a Bi`nh The^' Gio+'i to^? chu+'c ta.i Wroclaw, Ba Lan, na(m
1949. Ke^? tu+` na(m 1943, nu+~ ho.a si~ tre? Francoise Gilot dda~ to+'i la`m
vie^.c no+i xu+o+?ng ve~ cu?a Picasso va` sau nhie^`u tha'ng, dda~ thay the^'
na`ng Dora Maar, la`m ngu+o+`i ti`nh cu?a nha` danh ho.a. Picasso cu`ng Gilot
do.n nha` qua mie^`n DDi.a Trung Ha?i va` 2 ngu+o+`i con cu?a ho. dda~ ra
ddo+`i : Claude sinh na(m 1947 va` Paloma na(m 1949. Ta.i Antibes, Picasso
la`m vie^.c trong 4 tha'ng no+i la^u dda`i Grimaldi dde^? ve~ ne^n ho.a
pha^?m " Vui So^'ng" (Joie de Vivre-1946) ro^`i ca'c ta'c pha^?m kha'c cu`ng
ca'c ddo^` go^'m my~ thua^.t cu?a o^ng ddu+o+.c tru+ng ba`y ga^`n thi. tra^'n
ddo^` go^'m Vallauris tu+` dda^`u na(m 1947, dda~ pha?n a'nh ca'c truye^`n
tho^'ng co^? ddie^?n va` nguo^`n co^.i cu?a mie^`n DDi.a Trung Ha?i. Cu~ng
va`o tho+`i ky` na`y, trong ca'c ho.a pha^?m cu?a Picasso, hi`nh a?nh ca'c
loa.i tha^`n linh mi`nh de^ va` mi`nh ngu+.a (faunes & centaurus) tu+o+.ng
tru+ng cho ca'c ddie^`u ha.nh phu'c khi Picasso cu`ng vui so^'ng vo+'i na`ng
Gilot. Picasso cu~ng sa'ng ta.o ho.a pha^?m " Chie^'nTranh va` Ho`a Bi`nh "
(War and Peace- 1952) va` nhie^`u cha^n dung cu?a Francoise. Na(m 1952,
Francoise ro+`i bo? Picasso va` mo^.t ngu+o+`i dde.p kha'c tro+? ne^n
ngu+o+`i dda`n ba` cuo^'i cu`ng go+.i hu+'ng sa'ng ta'c cho nha` danh ho.a
:Jacqueline Roque. Hai ngu+o+`i dda~ cu+ ngu. trong nhie^`u bie^.t thu+.
kha'c nhau ta.i Cannes, ta.i Aix-en-Provencea` Sau khi Olga la` ngu+o+`i vo+.
kho^ng he^` li di., qua ddo+`i na(m 1955, Picasso dda~ cu+o+'i Jacqueline
na(m 1961 va` so^'ng ta.i Mougins, tre^n pha^`n nu'i phi'a ba('c ti?nh
Cannes. Jacqueline kho^ng nhu+~ng tro+? tha`nh ngu+o+`i ba.n ddo+`i ma` co`n
la` " na`ng tho+ " cu?a nha` danh ho.a, la` ngu+o+`i ma^~u chi'nh va` nguo^`n
ca?m hu+'ng trong ca'c ho.a pha^?m cuo^'i ddo+`i. Picasso qua ddo+`i va`o
nga`y 8-4-1973 ta.i Mougins, nu+o+'c Pha'p va` ddu+o+.c cho^n ca^'t trong
la^u dda`i Vauvenargues, mo^.t bie^.t thu+. ma` o^ng dda~ mua na(m 1958.
Trong the^' ky? 20, ha^`u nhu+ mo.i ho.a si~ dde^`u chi.u a?nh hu+o+?ng cu?a
Pablo Picasso, va` kha'c vo+'i ca'c nha` danh ho.a nhu+ Braque va` Matisse
la` nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i duy tri` lo^'i ve~ ddu+o+.c khai trie^?n tu+` lu'c co`n
tre?, Picasso luo^n luo^n ddo^?i mo+'i, do ddo' ca'c kha'm pha' va` sa'ng
ta.o cu?a o^ng, tu+` ta'c pha^?m " ca'c co^ ga'i " na(m 1907 dde^'n ca'c
co^ng tri`nh ddie^u kha('c ve^` sau, dda~ mang ti'nh ca^'p tie^'n, ga^y tranh
lua^.n, ta.o nhie^`u hie^?u la^`m va` chi? tri'ch. Tu+` na(m 1920, Pablo
Picasso dda~ ba'n ddu+o+.c ra^'t nhie^`u ho.a pha^?m vo+'i gia' cao, nhu+ng
o^ng cu~ng giu+~ la.i ddu+o+.c mo^.t bo^. su+u ta^.p dda'ng ke^?. Ca'c co^ng
tri`nh nghe^. thua^.t cu?a Pablo Picasso bao go^`m ho+n 50,000 sa'ng ta'c
thuo^.c nhie^`u pha.m vi, tu+` so+n da^`u to+'i ddo^` go^'m va` ddie^u
kha('c, dda~ chu+'ng minh su+'c la`m vie^.c va` sa'ng ta.o ma~nh lie^.t cu?a
o^ng trong suo^'t 80 na(m tru+o+`ng va` dda~ ga^y ddu+o+.c ca'c a?nh hu+o+?ng
sa^u dda^.m to+'i the^' he^. ca'c ho.a si~ tre?.
Pha.m Va(n Tua^'n
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