Ho+.p ddo^`ng dda^'t ddai o+? Cha^u Phi va` Cha^u A': Vo+ ve't dda^'t canh no^ng quo^'c ngoa.i
hailua
KD lu+o+.c di.ch
Land Deals in Africa and Asia: Cornering foreign fields
to+` Economist print edition
Trung Quo^'c va` kho^'i A?-Ra^.p ddang thu mua dda^'t no^ng nghie^.p tu+`
ca'c quo^'c gia nghe`o o+? ty? le^. kho^?ng lo^`. Ha~y dde^` pho`ng ke^'t
qua?.
Trong ho+n hai na(m qua, co' dde^'n 20 trie^.u he'c-ta dda^'t canh ta'c -
vo+'i die^.n ti'ch to ba(`ng dda^'t canh no^ng cu?a ca? nu+o+'c Pha'p va`
tri. gia' tu+` 20 ti? dde^'n 30 ti? ddo^ la` - dda~ ddu+o+.c a^m tha^`m trao
qua tay ca'c quo^'c gia xua^'t kha^?u-tu+ ba?n nhu+ A?-Ra^.p Saudi, Kuwait
va` Trung Quo^'c. Ho. thu mua hoa(.c thue^ mu+o+'n ha`ng trie^.u ma^~u
dda^'t dde^? tro^`ng ca'c loa.i lu+o+ng thu+.c chu? ye^'u hoa(.c nhie^n
lie^.u sinh ho.c, dde^? ro^`i chuye^n cho+? ve^` nu+o+'c mi`nh. Ca'c quo^'c
gia ddang chuye^n ba'n dda^'t la` mo^.t so^' trong ca'c quo^'c gia nghe`o
va` ba^'t o^?n ddi.nh nha^'t nhu+: Sudan, Ethiopia, Congo, Pakistan. Tho^ng
thu+o+`ng, khi ngu+o+`i ngoa.i quo^'c xua^'t hie^.n o+? ca'c quo^'c gia
na`y, ho. dde^'n vo+'i vie^.n tro+., vo+'i lo`ng thu+o+ng ha.i, va` ca'c
ba`i thuye^'t tri`nh (hoa(.c, trong mo^.t tru+o+`ng ho+.p, vo+'i tra't
le^.nh ba('t giu+~ to^.i pha.m chie^'n tranh). DDa^y pha?i la` mo^.t thay
ddo^?i thu' vi. ddo^'i vo+'i ca'c quo^'c gia na`y khi dda^'t no^ng nghie^.p
cu?a ho., dda'ng le~ luo^n luo^n la` nguo^`n go^'c cu?a su+. tha^'t ba.i va`
na.n ddo'i ke'm, la.i tro+? tha`nh mu.c tie^u thu+ong ma.i ddu+o+.c quan
ta^m.
Tuy va^.y, trong lu'c chi'nh quye^`n ca'c nu+o+'c lie^n quan ddang a(n
mu+`ng cho ca'c mo^'i dda^`u tu+ na`y, pha^`n co`n la.i cu?a the^' gio+'i
co' the^? ho?i mo^.t ca'ch ho+.p ly' ra(`ng ta.i sao, ne^'u ca'c thu+o+ng
vu. na`y ngon la`nh the^', quo^'c gia lo+'n nha^'t trong so^' ddo' la.i go'p
pha^`n la^.t ddo^? chi'nh phu? dda~ ky' ke^'t va`o ho+.p ddo^`ng - ddo' la`
nu+o+'c Co^.ng Ho`a Madagascar. Lie^.u cuo^.c tranh gia`nh mo+'i me? na`y
o+? Cha^u Phi va` A' Cha^u co' tha^.t su+. la`m suy gia?m na.n suy dinh
du+o+~ng nhu+ phe u?ng ho^. tuye^n bo^' hay kho^ng? Hay la` ca'c nha` phe^
bi`nh dda~ ddu'ng khi no'i ra(`ng dda^y la` loa.i "chie^'m dda^'t", "ta^n
thu+.c da^n", thu mua ba'n dda('t, kha'c vo+'i che^' ddo^. thu+.c da^n cu?a
the^' ky? 19 chi? vi` chu'ng bao go^`m mo^.t loa.i ngu+o+`i chie^'m dda^'t
kha'c va` la`m gia`u cho ca'c ta^`ng lo+'p u+u tu' kha'c ta.i ddi.a
phu+o+ng.
Che^' ddo^. bao che hay ti'nh hie^.u qua??
Ky' ke^'t tru+o+'c ho+.p ddo^`ng dda^`u tu+ quo^'c ngoa.i vo+'i nhu+~ng no+i
nghe`o na`n nha^'t the^' gio+'i co' the^? se~ la` vie^.c la`m khie^'m nha~.
Nguo^`n lo+.i tie^`m ta`ng tu+` ca'c ha.t gio^'ng mo+'i, he^. tho^'ng
tu+o+'i nho? gio.t, va` ti'n du.ng ddo^`n ddie^`n ra^'t bao la. Ta^'t ca?
nhu+~ng thu+' kha'c co' ve? nhu+ dda~ khie^'n ne^`n no^ng nghie^.p Cha^u Phi
tha^'t ba.i - dda^`u tu+ quo^'c no^.i, vie^.n tro+. nu+o+'c ngoa`i, ca'c
khoa?n no+. quo^'c te^' - ne^n cu~ng dda'ng dde^? thu+? nghie^.m mo^.t ca'ch
gi` mo+'i me?. Tu+o+?ng cu~ng ne^n nho+' ra(`ng hie^.u qua? kinh te^' toa`n
the^' gio+'i se~ ta(ng tru+o+?ng ne^'u (cu~ng nhu+ ddang xa?y ra) A?-Ra^.p
Saudi bo? ro+i ca'c no^ng tra.i lu'a mi` xa hoa kho' tu+o+?ng trong sa ma.c
va` thu mua dda^'t canh no^ng o+? mie^`n DDo^ng Cha^u Phi.
Tuy va^.y, nhu+~ng i'ch lo+.i na`y va^~n kho^ng che^' ngu+. ddu+o+.c no^~i
lo la('ng kho^ng ye^n. Ba('t dda^`u tu+` vie^.c pha^`n nhie^`u ca'c ho+.p
ddo^`ng ddu+o+.c che da^'u trong bi' a^?n - i't khi na`o la` mo^.t da^'u
hie^.u to^'t, nha^'t la` ddo^'i vo+'i ca'c quo^'c gia dda^`y da^~y na.n tham
nhu~ng. Mo^.t chi'nh tri. gia o+? Cam Bo^'t than phie^`n ra(`ng mo^.t ho+.p
ddo^`ng thue^ mu+o+'n ha`ng nghi`n ma^~u dda^'t tro^`ng ga.o co' i't chi
tie^'t ho+n la` mo^.t ho+.p ddo^`ng thue^ mu+o+'n nha`. Su+. ki'n dda'o
khie^'n cho ngu+o+`i ta kho^ng the^? na`o bie^'t ddu+o+.c ca'c no^ng tra.i
tha^.t su+. co' hie^.u qua? ho+n kho^ng hay ca'c ho+.p ddo^`ng ddu+o+.c ky'
ke^'t chi dde^? la^'p dda^`y tu'i cu?a ca'c chi'nh tri. gia.
Ke^' tie^'p la` vie^.c pha^`n nhie^`u ca'c ho+.p ddo^`ng na`y ddu+o+.c ky'
ke^'t giu+~a ca'c chi'nh quye^`n. DDie^`u na`y go+.i le^n nhu+~ng ca^u ho?i
dda^`y ra('c ro^'i. DDa^`u tu+ ngoa.i quo^'c giu'p i'ch ca'c quo^'c gia
kho^ng chi? bo+?i u+'ng du.ng ca'c ky~ thua^.t ta^n tie^'n ma` co`n bo+?i
ta'i thie^'t la^.p ca'ch ngu+o+`i ta la`m vie^.c va` bo+?i gia'm sa't cha(.t
che~ ca'c chi phi'. Chi? co' mo^.t va`i chi'nh quye^`n co' the^? la`m to^'t
ddie^`u na`y, thie^'u kha? na(ng nha^'t la` ca'c chi'nh quye^`n tham nhu~ng.
Mo^.t trong nhu+~ng va^'n dde^` lo+'n nha^'t cu?a ngha`nh no^ng nghie^.p
thu+o+ng ma.i o+? mu+'c vi~ mo^ ta.i ca'c quo^'c gia nghe`o la` ca'c no^ng
gia co' ca'c mo^'i quan he^. to^'t thu+o+`ng kha'm pha' ra ra(`ng ddi ti`m
dda(.c a^n co' lo+.i ho+n canh ta'c. Ca'c ho+.p ddo^`ng na`y co' the^? la`m
va^'n dde^` ddo' tro+? ne^n tra^`m tro.ng ho+n. Te^. ho+n nu+~a, ddo^.ng
lu+.c thu'c dda^?y ddo^'i vo+'i nhie^`u ngu+o+`i trong so^' ho. kho^ng pha?i
la` su+. kie^'m lo+.i bo+?i nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i muo^'n thay ddo^?i ca'c no^ng
tra.i ddang tha^'t ba.i. Ma` ddu'ng ho+n la` nhu+~ng ba'o ddo^.ng tu+` gia'
lu+o+ng thu+.c gia ta(ng va` ca'c le^.nh ca^'m xua^'t kha^?u. Che^' ddo^.
bao che, kho^ng pha?i ti'nh hie^.u qua?, dda~ va` ddang la` ddo^.ng lu+.c
thu'c dda^?y. Mo+? ro^.ng tu+. do cho ca'c thi. tru+o+`ng lu+o+ng thu+.c va`
gia ta(ng trao ddo^?i ma^.u di.ch se~ to^'t ho+n la` khuye^'n khi'ch mua
ba'n dda^'t canh ta'c the^m nu+~a.
Thu+' ba la` vie^.c ngu+o+`i ta hoa`i nghi ca'c quo^'c gia thu mua dda^'t
canh ta'c co' tha^.t su+. tra? ddu'ng gia' tha`nh hay kho^ng? Ca'c chi'nh
phu? chu? nha` thu+o+`ng no'i ra(`ng dda^'t canh ta'c ho. ddu+a ra ba'n la`
dda^'t tro^'ng, thuo^.c quye^`n so+? hu+~u cu?a chi'nh quye^`n. DDie^`u ddo'
nhie^`u lu'c kho^ng ddu'ng su+. tha^.t. Ca'c ma?nh dda^'t ddo' ra^'t co'
the^? la` nguo^`n sinh so^'ng ha`ng ma^'y ddo+`i cu?a ca'c no^ng gia nho?.
Ho. kho^ng co' gia^'y to+` so+? hu+~u, chi? co' quye^`n so+? hu+~u theo
ta^.p tu.c. Ca'c ho+.p ddo^`ng dda^?y ho. ra kho?i dda^'t canh ta'c cu?a
mi`nh hoa(.c la^'n a'p quye^`n so+? hu+~u theo ta^.p tu.c cu?a ho. kho^ng
the^? go.i la` ho+.p ly' ddu+o+.c. Ca'c the^' lu+.c quo^'c te^', nhu+ Lie^n
Minh Cha^u Phi, ddang trong ho'a tri`nh thie^'t la^.p ca'c quy lua^.t chi?
dda.o nha(`n ha.n che^' nhu+~ng la.m du.ng na`y. Ca'c quy lua^.t chi? dda.o
na`y hie^.n nay ra^'t ca^`n pha?i co'.
Cho du` the^', ca'c ho+.p ddo^`ng thu mua thue^ mu+o+'n dda^'t se~ kho^ng
bao gio+` giu'p i'ch cho ngu+o+`i nghe`o ba(`ng tu+. do trao ddo^?i ma^.u
di.ch va` ca'c quye^`n so+~ hu+~u ba^'t ddo^.ng sa?n kie^n co^' ho+n. Nhu+ng
ne^'u ca'c ho+.p ddo^`ng na`y se~ gia ta(ng sa?n lu+o+.ng, truye^`n ba' ky~
thua^.t ta^n tie^'n, va` ta.o vie^.c la`m mo+'i, thi` o+? mu+'c to^'i
thie^?u se~ la` ly' do dde^? a(n mu+`ng. Hie^.n nay thi` ra^'t nhie^`u trong
so^' ca'c ho+.p ddo^`ng na`y co' ve? nhu+ ddu+o+.c sa('p xe^'p dde^? ga^y
lo+.i cho tha`nh pha^`n thu+o+.ng lu+u ta.i ddi.a phu+o+ng ho+n la` ca'c
no^ng gia ddi.a phu+o+ng; ho. su+? du.ng nha^n co^ng nha^.p va`o tu+`
nu+o+'c ngoa`i va` xua^'t kha^?u pha^`n nhie^`u to^?ng sa?n lu+o+.ng sa?n
xua^'t, ga^y thie^.t ha.i cho thi. tru+o+`ng lu+o+ng thu+.c ddi.a phu+o+ng.
Tru+` khi ca'c ho+.p ddo^`ng na`y co' bie^?u hie^.n kha'c, su+. hoa`i nghi
dda'ng ke^? ne^n ddu+o+.c ddi ke`m vo+'i nhu+~ng hy vo.ng ha^'p ta^'p ma`
ca'c ho+.p ddo^`ng dda^'t ddai na`y dda~ sinh ra.
Pho?ng theo ba`i Cornering foreign fields, to+` Economist print edition.