In article
257a555d-72ec-4064...@st3g2000pbc.googlegroups.com>
> > In article
> > <
16f04f83-47ab-4d0f-b0c0-0a49d6e57...@h10g2000pbi.googlegroups.com>,
> > > > > > On Jun 14, 11:39=3D3DA0pm, "Myself Mallu, Yourself?"
> > > > > > <
KalluMallu...@gmail.com> wrote:
> > > > > >> On 6/13/2012 4:06 PM, Arindam Banerjee wrote:
> >
> > > > > >>> Oops, I was wrong - I did see one nice Hindi movie after Agneepath:
> > > > > >>> Bud-dah hoga tera baap, starring the great guru AB. =3D3DA0Ther=
> e too,=3D
> > > =A0there
> > > > > >>> was einsteinian relativism for the old guy (no distinction between
> > > > > >>> good and bad, just love for his son) but the beta fortunately had old-
> > > > > >>> age absolute heroic values.
> > > > > >> Pretentious goddamn prick, first find out what relativism means,=
> bef=3D
> > > ore
> > > > > >> tacking on Einstein's name ahead of it.
> >
> > > > > > At your service, quotay.
> > > > > > Arindam (bin Einstein ban Gandi) Banerjee, greatest genius of all
> > > > > > time, sole god among lotsa devils.
> > > > > > Note: bin =3D3D3D trash, rubbish, discard, etc.
> >
> > > > > > Part of a 2005 article, copied from the main article below:
> >
> > > > > > Before I tackle the most fundamental issues relating to the
> > > > > > Michelson-Morley interferometer experiment - and yet again expose=
> the
> > > > > > bungle there, this time as clearly as possible - let me first, wi=
> th
> > > > > > sadness, reflect upon the horrendous consequences of this most
> > > > > > pernicious theory of relativity.
> > > > > > The deepest theories of physics are by no means complete in
> > > > > > themselves,
> > > > > > with some relevance to engineering; they have an intimate connect=
> ion
> > > > > > with individual and social life, by providing the practical basis=
> for
> > > > > > individual and group thought structures. =3DA0By outing the need =
> for an=3D
> > > y
> > > > > > absolute frame of reference, Einstein's relativity implicitly gav=
> e
> > > > > > the license to all forms of individual and social thinking as equ=
> ally
> > > > > > valid. =3DA0Thus, the thinking of the child molester or serial ki=
> ller i=3D
> > > s
> > > > > > as
> > > > > > valid - from the extension of Einstein's relativity to real life =
> - as
> > > > > > the thinking of the law enforcer or saint. =3DA0There is no basis=
> for
> > > > > > differentiation between virtue and vice, between appearance and
> > > > > > reality. =3DA0All are equally valid in the same relativist curren=
> cy.
> > > > > > What
> > > > > > is truth, or what is lie, becomes merely a matter of opinion
> > > > > > announced
> > > > > > and imposed by the loudest and the strongest of the time.
> > > > > > Thus I see the stupidities, indecencies, and the extraordinary
> > > > > > bloody-mindedness of the 20th century (a century of world wars, m=
> ass
> > > > > > murders, extreme human inequalities; now leading to another domin=
> ated
> > > > > > by selfishness, fear and greed) as an indirect yet inescapable
> > > > > > consequence of Einstein's theories, to some extent. =3DA0Men can =
> turn
> > > > > > into self-important brats more easily, as their subconscious can =
> now
> > > > > > find good excuse, from the supposedly undeniable basics of physic=
> s,
> > > > > > to
> > > > > > disregard absolute checks upon behaviour. =3DA0Einstein himself s=
> howed
> > > > > > this, when he felt no constraints about writing a letter to the
> > > > > > President of the USA urging the development of the atomic bomb;
> > > > > > knowing
> > > > > > fully well that its development would cause immense evil.
> > > > > > For in a relativistic mental set-up, there can be no high and def=
> ined
> > > > > > end to aspire unto; there can be no striving for the realization =
> of
> > > > > > absolute truths as fixed goals. =3DA0There is, thus, only the sco=
> pe of
> > > > > > degeneration of whatever remaining values that were handed down b=
> y
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > non-relativists of earlier generations. =3DA0This is painfully ev=
> ident
> > > > > > from
> > > > > > the moral atrophy and social degeneration in modern societies; as
> > > > > > also
> > > > > > from those failed communist regimes where the whims of dictators
> > > > > > became
> > > > > > the highest values for all.
> >
> > > > > > A 2005 posting (full article)
> >
> > > > > > If we humans are to wander among your stars, we must first throw =
> out
> > > > > > certain ridiculously wrong notions about physics. =3DA0The most s=
> tartli=3D
> > > ng
> > > > > > of such nonsense relates to the theories of relativity, which rea=
> red
> > > > > > up
> > > > > > about a hundred years ago. =3DA0One of the most outrageous conseq=
> uences
> > > > > > of
> > > > > > this theory, as put forward by its adherents, is that the general
> > > > > > public sincerely believes that travel is not possible beyond the
> > > > > > speed
> > > > > > of light; and it also believes that unlimited energy could be
> > > > > > obtained
> > > > > > from certain processing of seawater! =3DA0In the historical persp=
> ective=3D
> > > ,
> > > > > > this is rather like believing that the world is flat; and in the
> > > > > > basic
> > > > > > principle of alchemy, that is, base metals could be converted int=
> o
> > > > > > gold.
> > > > > > The Michelson-Morley interferometer experiment, with its famously
> > > > > > unexpected null results, is the sole source and also remains the =
> core
> > > > > > hard undeniable scientific evidence for the theories of relativit=
> y.
> > > > > > One of the outstanding features about this experiment is that it =
> is
> > > > > > simple in concept, and has been done with painstaking efforts by =
> many
> > > > > > scientists.
> > > > > > In this article, I will quote exhaustively from a textbook (detai=
> ls
> > > > > > below) about the nature and philosophical background behind this
> > > > > > experiment and will pinpoint the great blunder that was made in t=
> he
> > > > > > analysis of the null results. =3DA0I will show as clearly as can =
> be, th=3D
> > > e
> > > > > > nature of this blunder. =3DA0I hope and believe that the intellig=
> ent
> > > > > > reader
> > > > > > will understand the subtlety underlying this very fine error, and
> > > > > > grasp
> > > > > > the enormous and highly positive consequences - with the
> > > > > > re-invigoration of physics from the most fundamental level.
> > > > > > Arindam Banerjee
> > > > > > Melbourne, July 2005.
> > > > > > Reference:
> > > > > > Textbook Details:
> > > > > > "Physics of the Atom", by M. Russell Wehr and James A. Richards,
> > > > > > Jr. of the Department of Physics, Drexel Institute of Technology.
> > > > > > Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
> > > > > > First Printed in 1964.
> > > > > > ______________________________=3D3DAC_________________________
> > > > > > "This book is neither a treatise nor a survey. =3DA0It is a textb=
> ook
> > > > > > which bridges the gap between classical physics and the present
> > > > > > frontiers of physical investigation." =3DA0- extract from the Pre=
> face, =3D
> > > by
> > > > > > the writers. =3DA0Philadelphia, Pa., July 1959.
> > > > > > Chapter 5 - Relativity (excerpts)
> > > > > > Pg111 ->
> > > > > > 5-1 =3DA0Consider the interpretations of physical events that mig=
> ht be
> > > > > > made
> > > > > > by a person of high IQ born and brought up on =3DA0a merry-go-rou=
> nd. =3D
> > > =3DA0He
> > > > > > would experience a force somewhat like the force of gravity. =3DA=
> 0It
> > > > > > would
> > > > > > be down at the centre of rotation, and, because of the centrifuga=
> l
> > > > > > component, it would be directed down and out at points away from =
> the
> > > > > > centre.
> > > > > > If our merry-go-round observer were to have the genius to devise =
> a
> > > > > > whole system of mechanics, the mechanics he would devise would no=
> t be
> > > > > > the mechanics of Newton.
> > > > > > For Newton's laws to be valid precisely, we must observe events f=
> rom
> > > > > > what is called an inertial frame of a Galilean-Newtonian co-ordin=
> ate
> > > > > > system. =3DA0Such a system is one which has no acceleration. =3DA=
> 0The who=3D
> > > le
> > > > > > structure of classical physics, then, is based on the assumption =
> that
> > > > > > we interpret all events as they would be interpreted by an observ=
> er
> > > > > > whose viewpoint is an inertial reference frame.
> > > > > > The genius of Newton is, in part, that although he never could st=
> ep
> > > > > > off
> > > > > > the earth physically, he did step off it mentally. =3DA0He interp=
> reted
> > > > > > events as though he had no acceleration. =3DA0Because of this shi=
> ft in
> > > > > > his
> > > > > > viewpoint, he was able to write his laws of mechanics in the
> > > > > > particularly simple form that he did.
> > > > > > But Newton never really knew where he projected himself to, and t=
> his
> > > > > > worried him. =3DA0He excluded the earth as a vantage point becaus=
> e the
> > > > > > earth not only rotates but revolves around the sun. =3DA0The sun =
> offere=3D
> > > d
> > > > > > possibilities, but even the sun moves and is probably accelerated
> > > > > > through space. =3DA0The stellar constellations were named by the =
> ancien=3D
> > > ts
> > > > > > and the stability of their arrangement led to their being called =
> the
> > > > > > "fixed" stars. =3DA0Yet it would be the strangest of co-incidence=
> s if
> > > > > > the "fixed" stars really were fixed.
> > > > > > It would seem that, however, that if we locate a frame of referen=
> ce
> > > > > > so
> > > > > > that it is fixed relative to the stars, this vantage point will b=
> e
> > > > > > sufficiently steady for Newton's laws to serve well for every
> > > > > > practical purpose. =3DA0Such a vantage point is good enough for t=
> he
> > > > > > practical men who want to fly aircraft, etc. But for a philosophe=
> r or
> > > > > > physicist whose primary concern is the understanding of the natur=
> e of
> > > > > > things and whose goal is the discovery of truth, uncertainty abou=
> t
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > frame of reference represented a serious flaw in the logical
> > > > > > structure
> > > > > > of classical physics.
> > > > > > 5-2 =3DA0The search for something more fixed than the stars went
> > > > > > something
> > > > > > like this. =3DA0James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that electricity=
> and
> > > > > > light
> > > > > > are related phenomena. =3DA0Starting with known properties of ele=
> ctrici=3D
> > > ty
> > > > > > and magnetism, Maxwell derived equations which are identical in f=
> orm
> > > > > > to
> > > > > > the equations which describe many wave phenomena. =3DA0He could
> > > > > > demonstrate, furthermore, that the velocity of the waves he
> > > > > > discovered
> > > > > > was the same as the velocity of light. =3DA0He could derive many =
> other
> > > > > > properties of light, and it was soon accepted that he had put the
> > > > > > wave
> > > > > > theory of light on a firm foundation. =3DA0In this theory, light =
> is an
> > > > > > electromagnetic wave motion.
> > > > > > Every wave motion has something that "waves". =3DA0 Surely, it wa=
> s
> > > > > > argued, light waves must involve the waving of something even in =
> free
> > > > > > space. =3DA0No one knew what it was, but it was given the name
> > > > > > "luminiferous ether".
> > > > > > Light passes through many kinds of materials. =3DA0It passes thro=
> ugh
> > > > > > relatively heavy materials like glass, and it passes through the
> > > > > > nearly
> > > > > > perfect vacuum that must lie between the stars and the earth. =3D=
> A0Thus
> > > > > > ether must permeate all of space.
> > > > > > However fanciful it may seem to us, physicists felt that this eth=
> er
> > > > > > might be just the thing to which to attach a Newtonian co-ordinat=
> e
> > > > > > system. =3DA0It was conceived that Newton's laws would hold exact=
> ly for
> > > > > > an observer moving without acceleration relative to the ether.
> > > > > > If the ether is assumed to be at rest, then the interesting quest=
> ion
> > > > > > is: How fast are we moving through the ether? =3DA0Since all spec=
> ulatio=3D
> > > ns
> > > > > > about the ether stem from its properties as a medium for carrying
> > > > > > light, an optical experiment is indicated. =3DA0It is not hard to=
> compu=3D
> > > te
> > > > > > how sensitive the apparatus must be to measure the ether drift.
> > > > > > Assuming, for the sake of argument, that the sun has no ether dri=
> ft,
> > > > > > the velocity of the earth through the ether must be its orbital
> > > > > > velocity. =3DA0If the sun has an ether drift, then the drift of t=
> he ear=3D
> > > th
> > > > > > will be even greater than its orbital velocity at some seasons.
> > > > > > Knowing that the earth's orbit is about 93 million miles, we can =
> find
> > > > > > the orbital velocity to be about 18.5 miles per second. =3DA0By
> > > > > > performing
> > > > > > the experiment at the best season of the year, we know that we sh=
> ould
> > > > > > be able to find an ether drift of at least 18.5 mi/sec. =3DA0The =
> veloci=3D
> > > ty
> > > > > > of light is 186,000 mi/sec. =3DA0Great as our orbital velocity is=
> , it i=3D
> > > s
> > > > > > only .0001 times the velocity of light; so it is evident that a v=
> ery
> > > > > > sensitive instrument is required.
> > > > > > 5-3 =3DA0A device of sufficient sensitivity was made and used in =
> the
> > > > > > United
> > > > > > States by Michelson and Morley in 1887. =3DA0The principle of the=
> ir
> > > > > > apparatus is brought out by the following analogy.
> > > > > > Suppose two equally fast swimmers undertake a race in a river bet=
> ween
> > > > > > floats anchored to the river bed.
> > > > > > (Arindam's note: please note the expression - "floats anchored to
> > > > > > the river bed" meaning that they are stuck to the ground, or the
> > > > > > inertial frame of reference. =3DA0Also let us mutter here, with G=
> alileo=3D
> > > ,
> > > > > > that the earth, it moves!)
> > > > > > _____________________River Bank______________________
> > > > > > =3DA0 C
> > > > > > Speed of river -> v
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 Same distance L l=
> ies between A and C,=3D
> > > =A0and A and D.
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0Speed of swi=
> mmer with respect to t=3D
> > > he water is c.
> > > > > > =3DA0A =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA=
> 0 =3DA0 =3DA0D
> > > > > > ______________________River Bank_______________________
> > > > > > Two equal courses, each having a total length 2L, are laid out fr=
> om
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > starting point, float A. =3DA0One course is AD, parallel to the f=
> low of
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > river relative to the earth, and the other AC, perpendicular to i=
> t.
> > > > > > How will the times compare if each of the swimmers goes out and b=
> ack
> > > > > > on
> > > > > > his course? =3DA0Let the speed of each swimmer relative to the wa=
> ter be
> > > > > > c,
> > > > > > and let the water drift or velocity with respect to the earth be =
> v.
> > > > > > When the swimmer on the parallel course goes downstream, his velo=
> city
> > > > > > will add to that of the water, giving him a resultant velocity of=
> (c
> > > > > > +v)
> > > > > > with respect to the earth. =3DA0The time required for him to swim=
> the
> > > > > > distance L from A to D is L/(c+v). =3DA0On his return, he must ov=
> ercome
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > water drift. =3DA0His net velocity then is (c-v), and his return =
> time i=3D
> > > s
> > > > > > L/(c-v). =3DA0His total time is the sum of these two times. This =
> is giv=3D
> > > en
> > > > > > by
> > > > > > Time_parallel =3D3D3D L/(c+v) + L/(c-v) =3D3D3D 2Lc/(cc - vv).
> > > > > > The other swimmer, going perpendicular to the water drift, spends=
> the
> > > > > > same time on each half of his trip, but he must head upstream if =
> he
> > > > > > is
> > > > > > not to be carried away by the current. =3DA0The component of his =
> veloci=3D
> > > ty
> > > > > > that carries him toward his goal is the square root of (cc - vv) =
> with
> > > > > > respect to the earth. =3DA0The total time for his trip also depen=
> ds on
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > water drift, and is
> > > > > > Time perpendicular =3D3D3D 2L/(square root of (cc - vv)).
> > > > > > To see how these two times compare, we divide the parallel course
> > > > > > time,
> > > > > > by the perpendicular course time, to get
> > > > > > Time parallel/Time perpendicular =3D3D3D 1/(square root of (1 - v=
> v/cc))
> > > > > > In still water v=3D3D3D0, the ratio of the times is unity, and th=
> e race=3D
> > > =A0is
> > > > > > a
> > > > > > tie, as we would expect. =3DA0In slowly moving water, the ratio i=
> s
> > > > > > greater
> > > > > > than unity and the swimmer on the perpendicular course wins; or p=
> ut
> > > > > > differently, if the swimmers are stroking in phase when they leav=
> e
> > > > > > float A, they will be out of phase when they return to it. =3DA0I=
> f the
> > > > > > velocity of the river increases to nearly that of the swimmer, th=
> en
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > ratio tends towards infinity. =3DA0If the river velocity exceeds =
> the
> > > > > > swimmer velocity, the entire analysis breaks down. =3DA0The ratio=
> becom=3D
> > > es
> > > > > > imaginary and both swimmers are swept off the course by the curre=
> nt.
> > > > > > The point is that, by observing the race, the velocity of the wat=
> er
> > > > > > relative to the system of anchored floats can be measured.
> > > > > > The optical equivalent of the above situation is to have a race
> > > > > > between
> > > > > > two light rays over identical courses, one parallel and one
> > > > > > perpendicular to the ether drift. =3DA0The instrument used, is ca=
> lled a
> > > > > > Michelson interferometer, is shown schematically below.
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0_C_ =3DA0 =
> =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3D
> > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0.
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0_B_
> > > > > > =3DA0 Light entry
> > > > > > _________A //_______________D
> >
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 ____observe=
> r (eye, telescope)
> > > > > > Light enters the apparatus from the source at the left. =3DA0At A=
> it
> > > > > > strikes a glass mirror (angled at 45 deg) which has a half-silver=
> ed
> > > > > > surface. =3DA0Half the light is reflected up toward B and C, whil=
> e the
> > > > > > other half refracts at both surfaces of A and emerges parallel to=
> the
> > > > > > original beam and goes on to D. =3DA0Both C and D are full-silver=
> ed,
> > > > > > front-surface mirrors which turn their beams back towards A. =3DA=
> 0The
> > > > > > beam
> > > > > > from C is partly reflected at A, but part of that beam refracts
> > > > > > through
> > > > > > A and goes to the observer. =3DA0The beam from D partially refrac=
> ts
> > > > > > through
> > > > > > A and is lost, but part of the beam is also reflected toward the
> > > > > > observer. =3DA0The plate of glass at B has the same thickness and
> > > > > > inclination as that at A, so that the two light paths from source=
> to
> > > > > > observer pass through the same number of glass thicknesses. =3DA0=
> If the
> > > > > > light from the slit did not diverge and remained very narrow in g=
> oing
> > > > > > through the apparatus, the observer would see a line of light. =
> =3DA0The
> > > > > > brightness of this line would depend on the difference in the opt=
> ical
> > > > > > length* of the two light paths. =3DA0(*Footnote: Two paths have t=
> he sam=3D
> > > e
> > > > > > optical length if light traverses both in the same time.
> > > > > > The optical lengths of the interferometer paths can be changed by
> > > > > > changing their physical length, by changing the index of refracti=
> on
> > > > > > of
> > > > > > the region through which the light passes, or, if the swimming
> > > > > > analogy
> > > > > > applies, by moving the apparatus relative to the light-carrying
> > > > > > medium.) =3DA0If these (optical lengths) differed by any whole nu=
> mber o=3D
> > > f
> > > > > > wavelengths of the light (including zero) the line would be brigh=
> t.
> > > > > > If
> > > > > > the path differed by an odd number of half-wavelengths, then the =
> line
> > > > > > would be dark. =3DA0Between these extremes every brightness grada=
> tion
> > > > > > would
> > > > > > be observed. =3DA0In practice, light does diverge in the apparatu=
> s, and
> > > > > > there are a great many slightly different paths being traversed
> > > > > > simultaneously. =3DA0Consequently the observer does not see but a
> > > > > > multiplicity of lines. =3DA0The loci of points where the paths di=
> ffer b=3D
> > > y
> > > > > > whole wavelengths are bright, and where the paths differ by an od=
> d
> > > > > > number of half-wavelengths there is darkness. =3DA0Thus, as one p=
> ath
> > > > > > length
> > > > > > is varied, the observer sees fringes, like the teeth of a comb, m=
> ove
> > > > > > across the field, rather than a single line becoming lighter and
> > > > > > darker. =3DA0It is fortunate that the optical system works as it =
> does,
> > > > > > since it is easier for the eye to detect differences in position =
> than
> > > > > > differences in intensity.
> > > > > > The precision of this device is remarkable. If yellow light from
> > > > > > Sodium
> > > > > > is used, the wavelength is 5.893*10**-7 m. =3DA0Moving the mirror=
> C awa=3D
> > > y
> > > > > > from A one-half this distance will increase one path length by a
> > > > > > whole
> > > > > > wavelength and cause the pattern to move an amount equal to the
> > > > > > separation of two adjacent dark lines. =3DA0If we can estimate to
> > > > > > hundredths of fringes, then the smallest detectable motion is onl=
> y
> > > > > > 2.9*10**-9m.
> > > > > > The similarity between the Michelson interferometer and the swimm=
> ing
> > > > > > race should be evident. =3DA0Light corresponds to the swimmers an=
> d has
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > free-space velocity, c, with respect to the ether medium. =3DA0Th=
> e ethe=3D
> > > r
> > > > > > drift corresponds to the water current drift and has the velocity=
> v
> > > > > > with respect to the earth. =3DA0Just as we could learn about the =
> river
> > > > > > flow
> > > > > > by seeing the outcome of the swimmers' race, so we wish to measur=
> e
> > > > > > the ether drift by conducting a "light race" over equal paths
> > > > > > parallel and perpendicular to the ether drift.
> > > > > > Suppose that instead of taking the ratio of the times for the two
> > > > > > paths
> > > > > > of the river race we now take their difference; then
> > > > > > t =3D3D3D time difference =3D3D3D 2Lc/(cc-vv) - 2L/square root of=
> (cc-vv) =3D
> > > =3D3D3D
> > > > > > Lvv/ccc after using the first two terms of the binomial expansion=
> , to
> > > > > > a
> > > > > > good approximation if v<<c.
> > > > > > In the interferometer, the time difference should appear as a fri=
> nge
> > > > > > shift from the position the fringes would have if there were NO e=
> ther
> > > > > > drift. =3DA0The distance light moves in a time t is d=3D3D3Dct an=
> d if thi=3D
> > > s
> > > > > > distance represents n waves of wavelength W, then d=3D3D3DnW. =3D=
> A0Theref=3D
> > > ore
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > fringe shift would be n=3D3D3DLvv/(Wcc)
> > > > > > Thus if the light race is carried out with speed of light c and
> > > > > > wavelength W in an interferometer whose arms are of length L, one=
> of
> > > > > > which is parallel to the ether drift of velocity v, then the equa=
> tion
> > > > > > n=3D3D3DLvv/(Wcc) gives the number of fringes that should be disp=
> laced
> > > > > > because of the motion of the earthe through the ether compared wi=
> th
> > > > > > their positions if the earth were AT REST in the ether.
> > > > > > 5-4 The Michelson-Morley Experiment. =3DA0The apparatus used was =
> large
> > > > > > and
> > > > > > had its effective arm length increased to about 10 m by using
> > > > > > additional mirrors to fold up the path. =3DA0The entire apparatus=
> was
> > > > > > floated on mercury so that it could be rotated at constant speed
> > > > > > without introducing strains that would deform the apparatus.
> > > > > > ROTATION
> > > > > > WAS NECESSARY in order to make the fringes shift, and by rotating
> > > > > > through 90deg, first one arm and then the other could be made
> > > > > > parallel
> > > > > > to the drift, thereby doubling the fringe displacement given in t=
> he
> > > > > > earlier equation. =3DA0We can now estimate whether this instrumen=
> t shou=3D
> > > ld
> > > > > > be sensitive enough to detect the ether drift. =3DA0Recall that a=
> t some
> > > > > > time of the year the ether drift v was expected to be at least th=
> e
> > > > > > orbital velocity of the earth, which is about .0001c. =3DA0Thus w=
> e expe=3D
> > > ct
> > > > > > vv/cc to be at least 10**-8. =3DA0Using light of wavelength 5*10*=
> *-7 m,
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > computed shift is n=3D3D3D0.4 fringe. =3DA0Michelson and Morley e=
> stimated=3D
> > > =A0that
> > > > > > they could detect a shift of 0.01 fringe. =3DA0Sensitivity to spa=
> re!
> > > > > > Measurements were made over an extended period of time at all sea=
> sons
> > > > > > of the year, but no significant fringe shift was observed. =3DA0T=
> hinkin=3D
> > > g
> > > > > > that the earth might drag a little either along with it just as a
> > > > > > boat
> > > > > > carries a thin layer of water when it glides, Michelson and Morle=
> y
> > > > > > took
> > > > > > the entire apparatus to a mountain laboratory in search of a site
> > > > > > which
> > > > > > would project into the drifting ether. =3DA0Again a diligent sear=
> ch
> > > > > > failed
> > > > > > to measure an ether drift. =3DA0The experiment "failed".
> > > > > > Few experimental failures have been more stimulating than this. =
> =3DA0Th=3D
> > > e
> > > > > > negative result of the Michelson-Morley experiment presented a
> > > > > > challenge to explain its failure. =3DA0Fitzgerald and Lorentz pre=
> sented
> > > > > > an
> > > > > > ad hoc explanation. =3DA0They pointed out that there might be an
> > > > > > interaction between the ether and objects moving relative to it, =
> such
> > > > > > that the object became shorter in all its dimensions parallel to =
> the
> > > > > > relative velocity. =3DA0Recall that in the flowing water analogy =
> the
> > > > > > ratio
> > > > > > of the times of the swimmers was
> > > > > > 1/square-root of (1-vv/cc).
> > > > > > If the route parallel to the flow had been shorter by this factor=
> ,
> > > > > > then
> > > > > > the ratio of the times would have been one and the race would hav=
> e
> > > > > > been
> > > > > > a tie. A similar shortening of the parallel interferometer arm wo=
> uld
> > > > > > account for the tie race Michelson and Morley always observed. =
> =3DA0The
> > > > > > shortening could never be measured because any rule used to measu=
> re
> > > > > > it
> > > > > > would also be moving relative to the ether and would shorten also=
> .
> > > > > > Whether you accept the Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction hypothesis =
> or
> > > > > > not, the Michelson-Morley experiment indicates that all observers=
> who
> > > > > > measure the velocity of light will get the same result regardless=
> of
> > > > > > their own velocity through space.
> > > > > > 5-5 The constant velocity of light. =3DA0Michelson and Morley fou=
> nd tha=3D
> > > t
> > > > > > the speed of the earth through space made no difference in the sp=
> eed
> > > > > > of
> > > > > > light relative to them. =3DA0The inference is clear: either that =
> the
> > > > > > earth
> > > > > > moves in some way through ether space more slowly than it moves a=
> bout
> > > > > > the sun, or that ALL OBSERVERS MUST FIND THAT THEIR MOTION THROUG=
> H
> > > > > > SPACE MAKES NO DIFFERENCE IN THE SPEED OF LIGHT RELATIVE TO THEM.
> > > > > > The above inference was clear, at least to Einstein, who took the
> > > > > > second alternative and made it a cornerstone of his special theor=
> y of
> > > > > > relativity.
> > > > > > Recall that the Michelson-Morley experiment was carried out to
> > > > > > measure
> > > > > > the speed of the earth relative to the ether in order to establis=
> h a
> > > > > > frame of reference relative to which Newton's laws would hold. =
> =3DA0The
> > > > > > failure of that experiment meant that the search for the fixed
> > > > > > reference system must be made by another technique or abandoned
> > > > > > altogether. =3DA0Einstein explored the alternative of abandonment=
> . =3DA0H=3D
> > > e
> > > > > > asked himself where he would stand (both literally and figurative=
> ly)
> > > > > > if
> > > > > > there were no "Newtonian" frame of reference. =3DA0In this case t=
> here
> > > > > > could be no absolute velocities, for every velocity would have to=
> be
> > > > > > measured relative to an origin that might and probably would be
> > > > > > moving.
> > > > > > =3DA0Since there can be no preferred frame of reference, any fram=
> e must
> > > > > > be
> > > > > > as good as any other. =3DA0To be universal, the laws of physics m=
> ust be
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > same for all observers regardless of any motion they may have.
> > > > > > Contrary to the first paragraphs of this chapter, one's viewpoint
> > > > > > MUST MAKE NO DIFFERENCE in one's interpretation of events observe=
> d.
> > > > > > If he is to be correct, the man born and brought up on a merry-go=
> -
> > > > > > round
> > > > > > must deduce the same laws of physics as anyone else.
> > > > > > **** End of exhaustive quotations from the textbook "Physics of t=
> he
> > > > > > Atom", from 5-1 to 5-5. =3DA0The following sections, in brief, ar=
> e abou=3D
> > > t:
> > > > > > 5-6 General and Special theories of relativity.
> > > > > > 5-7 Classical Relativity
> > > > > > 5-8 Einsteinian Relativity. =3DA0Quote: p123 The Michelson-Morley
> > > > > > experiment was based on the assumption that since the classical
> > > > > > velocity transformation is not invariant, it should be possible t=
> o
> > > > > > measure the velocity of light in the ether relative to the earth.
> > > > > > The
> > > > > > experiment demonstrated that at least one velocity is invariant -=
> the
> > > > > > velocity of light. =3DA0Einstein accepted this as a second fundam=
> ental
> > > > > > assumption of this special theory of relativity. =3DA0He postulat=
> ed tha=3D
> > > t:
> > > > > > (2) ALL OBSERVERS MUST FIND THE SAME VALUE OF THE FREE-SPACE VELO=
> CITY
> > > > > > OF LIGHT REGARDLESS OF ANY MOTION THEY MAY HAVE.
> > > > > > 5-9 Relativistic space-time transformation equations.
> > > > > > 5-10 The relativistic velocity transformation
> > > > > > 5-11 Relativistic mass transformation
> > > > > > 5-12 Relativistic mass-energy equivalence
> > > > > > 5-13 The upper limit of velocity
> > > > > > 5-14 Examples of relativistic calculations
> > > > > > 5-15 Pair production
> > > > > > 5-16 Summary. =3DA0We have seen how Einstein's attention to a fla=
> w in
> > > > > > logic in Newtonian mechanics led him to consider the importance o=
> f an
> > > > > > observer's viewpoint. =3DA0We have seen how the "failure" of the
> > > > > > Michelson-Morley experiment led Einstein to assign special
> > > > > > significance
> > > > > > to the velocity of light in free space. =3DA0We have seen how the=
> se
> > > > > > considerations led to new concepts of space, time, mass, energy, =
> and
> > > > > > matter. =3DA0When we realize that this was but one of Einstein's
> > > > > > achievements, we begin to sense the magnitude of his contribution=
> to
> > > > > > human thought.
> > > > > > (End of quotes from the book "Physics of the Atom".)
> > > > > > Before I tackle the most fundamental issues relating to the
> > > > > > Michelson-Morley interferometer experiment - and yet again expose=
> the
> > > > > > bungle there, this time as clearly as possible - let me first, wi=
> th
> > > > > > sadness, reflect upon the horrendous consequences of this most
> > > > > > pernicious theory of relativity.
> > > > > > The deepest theories of physics are by no means complete in
> > > > > > themselves,
> > > > > > with some relevance to engineering; they have an intimate connect=
> ion
> > > > > > with individual and social life, by providing the practical basis=
> for
> > > > > > individual and group thought structures. =3DA0By outing the need =
> for an=3D
> > > y
> > > > > > absolute frame of reference, Einstein's relativity implicitly gav=
> e
> > > > > > the license to all forms of individual and social thinking as equ=
> ally
> > > > > > valid. =3DA0Thus, the thinking of the child molester or serial ki=
> ller i=3D
> > > s
> > > > > > as
> > > > > > valid - from the extension of Einstein's relativity to real life =
> - as
> > > > > > the thinking of the law enforcer or saint. =3DA0There is no basis=
> for
> > > > > > differentiation between virtue and vice, between appearance and
> > > > > > reality. =3DA0All are equally valid in the same relativist curren=
> cy.
> > > > > > What
> > > > > > is truth, or what is lie, becomes merely a matter of opinion
> > > > > > announced
> > > > > > and imposed by the loudest and the strongest of the time.
> > > > > > Thus I see the stupidities, indecencies, and the extraordinary
> > > > > > bloody-mindedness of the 20th century (a century of world wars, m=
> ass
> > > > > > murders, extreme human inequalities; now leading to another domin=
> ated
> > > > > > by selfishness, fear and greed) as an indirect yet inescapable
> > > > > > consequence of Einstein's theories, to some extent. =3DA0Men can =
> turn
> > > > > > into self-important brats more easily, as their subconscious can =
> now
> > > > > > find good excuse, from the supposedly undeniable basics of physic=
> s,
> > > > > > to
> > > > > > disregard absolute checks upon behaviour. =3DA0Einstein himself s=
> howed
> > > > > > this, when he felt no constraints about writing a letter to the
> > > > > > President of the USA urging the development of the atomic bomb;
> > > > > > knowing
> > > > > > fully well that its development would cause immense evil.
> > > > > > For in a relativistic mental set-up, there can be no high and def=
> ined
> > > > > > end to aspire unto; there can be no striving for the realization =
> of
> > > > > > absolute truths as fixed goals. =3DA0There is, thus, only the sco=
> pe of
> > > > > > degeneration of whatever remaining values that were handed down b=
> y
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > non-relativists of earlier generations. =3DA0This is painfully ev=
> ident
> > > > > > from
> > > > > > the moral atrophy and social degeneration in modern societies; as
> > > > > > also
> > > > > > from those failed communist regimes where the whims of dictators
> > > > > > became
> > > > > > the highest values for all.
> > > > > > ______________________________=3D3DAC_______________________
> > > > > > It is evident from the above (extracts from the paras 5.1 to 5.5 =
> of
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > textbook "Physics of the atom) that the entire basis of Einstein'=
> s
> > > > > > theory of relativity depends upon the null result of the Michelso=
> n
> > > > > > -Morley interferometer experiment. =3DA0This single fact is of vi=
> tal
> > > > > > importance. =3DA0Equally important is that analogy given earlier,
> > > > > > relating
> > > > > > to the swimmer; swimming parallel to, and perpendicular to, the
> > > > > > flowing
> > > > > > river. =3DA0For based upon this analogy, and this analogy alone, =
> was th=3D
> > > e
> > > > > > logic and also the mathematics for the analysis of the Michelson-
> > > > > > Morley
> > > > > > interferometer experiment developed.
> > > > > > Let us see how far this analogy relates to the dynamics of light =
> on
> > > > > > this our moving earth. =3DA0The diagram is redrawn below:
> > > > > > _____________________River Bank______________________
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0=
> =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 C
> > > > > > Speed of river -> v
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 Same distance L lies between A and C, and betwe=
> en A and D=3D
> > > .
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 Speed of swimmer with r=
> espect to the wate=3D
> > > r is c.
> >
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 River Bank____ A________=3D3DAC__________=
> ___D
> > > > > > We must note here, once again, that in this analogy A, C and D ar=
> e
> > > > > > fixed floats on the river bed. =3DA0So, while the swimmer himself=
> is
> > > > > > affected by the flow of water, which gives him a higher or lower
> > > > > > speed
> > > > > > depending upon his direction, the floats are not affected at all.
> > > > > > They
> > > > > > are stuck to the river bed, and thus, have the same fixedness as =
> the
> > > > > > river bank.
> > > > > > If this analogy (with respect to the motion of earth in ether) is
> > > > > > correct, then the subsequent mathematics (that gives us the famou=
> s
> > > > > > Lorentz transformation) is correct. =3DA0But is this analogy corr=
> ect?
> > > > > > For the analogy to hold, the river is the Earth moving with speed=
> v
> > > > > > and
> > > > > > the river bank is the ether or absolute frame of reference. =3DA0=
> Any
> > > > > > object
> > > > > > floating on the river, then, has to have the same speed of the ri=
> ver.
> > > > > > When an object is stuck to the river bed (not allowed to drift) i=
> t is
> > > > > > implicitly given a velocity of -v, so that its net velocity with
> > > > > > respect to the river bank frame of reference is v-v=3D3D3D0.
> > > > > > This implicit, totally arbitrary giving of a negative velocity to=
> the
> > > > > > float, equal to the velocity of the river flow, making it thus fi=
> xed
> > > > > > with respect to the river bank, was completely missed by all the
> > > > > > physicists, past and present. =3DA0However, it is an absolute and
> > > > > > undeniable fact that all the stationary objects on Earth have the
> > > > > > same
> > > > > > velocity v around the Sun, since the Earth is moving with that
> > > > > > tangential speed around the Sun, according to Galileo and all lat=
> er
> > > > > > non-Aristotelian astronomers. =3DA0There is no way it is possible=
> to gi=3D
> > > ve
> > > > > > any object on earth a negative velocity through some external eth=
> er
> > > > > > hook-up process! =3DA0All objects on Earth move at the same speed=
> v. =3D
> > > =3DA0So
> > > > > > we
> > > > > > do not see objects from Earth being left behind, as it were, as w=
> e
> > > > > > orbit the Sun! =3DA0There is no way we can go to and from goal po=
> sts
> > > > > > fixed
> > > > > > in the ether reference! =3DA0Nor can light travel to and from goa=
> l post=3D
> > > s
> > > > > > fixed in the ether reference!
> > > > > > However, by fixing the floats on the river bed (which is the same
> > > > > > reference as the river bank) all the physicists have implicitly
> > > > > > assumed
> > > > > > all the above. =3DA0They have kept the floats fixed in the ether
> > > > > > reference,
> > > > > > while implicitly holding they are in the Earthly reference. =3DA0=
> This
> > > > > > implies that the Earth is not moving at all! =3DA0For if the Eart=
> h is
> > > > > > moving, there could be no question of keeping the floats fixed to=
> the
> > > > > > river bed, for any valid analogy. =3DA0They would have to drift w=
> ith th=3D
> > > e
> > > > > > velocity v with respect to the river bank.
> > > > > > So the terrible mistake in this analogy was to keep the floats fi=
> xed
> > > > > > to
> > > > > > the river bed/ether, as opposed to letting it drift with the flow=
> .
> > > > > > The
> > > > > > importance of this point simply cannot be overstated. =3DA0When e=
> xtende=3D
> > > d
> > > > > > to
> > > > > > the Michelson-Morley experimental set-up, this means - absolutely=
> ! -
> > > > > > that all the mirrors stay fixed in etheric space while the earth
> > > > > > moves
> > > > > > away from them with velocity v! =3DA0 Ridiculous! =3DA0But this i=
> s exactl=3D
> > > y
> > > > > > what
> > > > > > must happen when we extend the analogy of the swimmers, with the
> > > > > > floats
> > > > > > drifting but fixed to the river bed, to the apparatus in the so-v=
> ital
> > > > > > Michelson-Morley interferometry experiment.
> > > > > > Bodies, and light, can, have to, and do travel to and from "goal
> > > > > > posts" fixed in the moving Earthly reference! =3DA0There is simpl=
> y no w=3D
> > > ay
> > > > > > in which the mirrors used in the Michelson-Morley experiment can =
> be
> > > > > > assumed to remain fixed in etheric space, while the Earth moves a=
> way
> > > > > > from the set-up! =3DA0If we admit this, then we must allow that t=
> he
> > > > > > swimming analogy was flawed. =3DA0The correct analogy would be to=
> cut t=3D
> > > he
> > > > > > floats loose, and let them drift with the velocity v.
> > > > > > Now let us see the consequences of this change.
> > > > > > _____________________River Bank______________________
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0=
> C =3DA0C'
> > > > > > Speed of river -> v
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 Same distance L lies between A and C, and=
> between A a=3D
> > > nd D.
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 Speed of swimmer with r=
> espect to the wate=3D
> > > r is c.
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0=
> A =3DA0A' =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3D
> > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0D =3DA0D'
> > > > > > ______________________River Bank_______________________
> > > > > > The figure above shows the change of position of the float with t=
> ime.
> > > > > > As earlier there are two equal lengths L, marked out by the
> > > > > > perpendicular course AC and the parallel course AD. =3DA0(L=3D3D3=
> DAC=3D3D3D=3D
> > > AD). =3DA0But
> > > > > > now the floats are *not* fixed to the river bed, so they drift wi=
> th
> > > > > > velocity v. =3DA0After time t, which is L/c, they move to the poi=
> nts A'=3D
> > > ,
> > > > > > C' and D'.
> > > > > > t=3D3D3DL/c is the time the swimmer would have swum the lengths L=
> in th=3D
> > > e
> > > > > > absence of flow, that is, with v=3D3D3D0.
> > > > > > So AA', DD' and CC' are all of length vt or vL/c.
> > > > > > Let us take the swimmer taking the route AD, parallel to the rive=
> r
> > > > > > bank. =3DA0He starts from A, towards D. =3DA0He has the speed (c+=
> v) as he=3D
> > > =A0is
> > > > > > swimming with the flow. =3DA0Since the target float D is moving, =
> the
> > > > > > swimmer now has to travel a further distance DD' to catch up. =3D=
> A0So, =3D
> > > he
> > > > > > has actually swum the distance AD' instead of the earlier AD. =3D=
> A0AD'
> > > > > > =3D3D3D AD+DD'.
> > > > > > So he has swum the length L+vL/c, with the speed c+v. =3DA0The ti=
> me it
> > > > > > would take him to do that will be (L+vL/c)/(c+v).
> > > > > > Now (L+vL/c)/(c+v) =3D3D3D L(1+v/c)/(c+v) =3D3D3DL(1+v/c)/(c(1+v/=
> c)) =3D3D3=3D
> > > D L/c =3D3D3D t.
> > > > > > Which means, no matter what the speed of the river, the swimmer w=
> ould
> > > > > > reach his goal float in the same time, provided the float was *no=
> t*
> > > > > > tethered, freely drifting instead.
> > > > > > Now let us consider the route AC, that is the one perpendicular t=
> o
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > river bank. =3DA0The swimmer swims with velocity c in the perpend=
> icular
> > > > > > direction, but is pushed sideways as a result of the flow. =3DA0H=
> e has =3D
> > > an
> > > > > > additional component of velocity thus, which pushes him sideways =
> to
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > float which also has moved by the distance CC' in the time t. =3D=
> A0The
> > > > > > magnitude of the velocity of the swimmer, on his way to C' has to=
> be
> > > > > > square root of (cc+vv).
> > > > > > The distance he covers is square root of (L*L + vt*vt) or square =
> root
> > > > > > of (L*L + v*v*L*L/(c*c)) or (L/c)*square root of (cc+vv). =3DA0So=
> the
> > > > > > time
> > > > > > taken to cover this distance will be distance/speed or L/c*square
> > > > > > root
> > > > > > of (cc+vv)/square root of (cc+vv) which is L/c which again is t.
> > > > > > So no matter whether the swimmer is swimming with the current or
> > > > > > perpendicular to the current - if the floats are drifting, he wil=
> l
> > > > > > always cover the distances involved in exactly the same time as i=
> f
> > > > > > there was no flow in the water.
> > > > > > For the sake of completion, we now consider the return journeys i=
> n
> > > > > > both
> > > > > > the parallel and perpendicular directions.
> > > > > > _____________________River Bank______________________
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0C =3DA0C' C''
> > > > > > Speed of river -> v
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0Same distance L lies between A and C, and =
> between A an=3D
> > > d D.
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0Speed of swimmer with respect to the=
> water is c.
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0A =3DA0A' =3DA0A'' =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0=
> =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0=3D
> > > =A0=3DA0 D =3DA0D' D''
> > > > > > ______________________River Bank_______________________
> > > > > > Over the time 2t, the floats will have moved the distances AA'',
> > > > > > DD'' and CC''. =3DA0The swimmer on the parallel path, having
> > > > > > reached the float at D, turns back towards the float and will mee=
> t it
> > > > > > at the point A''. =3DA0The distance he now covers is D'A" which i=
> s
> > > > > > A'D'-A'A" or L-vt or L-vL/c or L(1-v/c). =3DA0The speed of the
> > > > > > swimmer is (c-v) as he is going against the flow. =3DA0So the tim=
> e take=3D
> > > n
> > > > > > by
> > > > > > the swimmer to reach the float on the return journey is L(1-v/c)/=
> (c-
> > > > > > v)
> > > > > > or L(1-v/c)/(c(1-v/c)) =3D3D3D L/c =3D3D3D t.
> > > > > > In the perpendicular path, the swimmer covers the distance C'A''.
> > > > > > =3DA0Using the earlier analysis, we can once again find that the =
> time i=3D
> > > t
> > > > > > would take him to cover this distance would be t. =3DA0(His speed=
> would
> > > > > > be
> > > > > > the same as that going from A to C'; and the distance C'A'' is
> > > > > > also the same as AC'.)
> > > > > > We thus see that no matter what angle the direction of travel, th=
> e
> > > > > > time
> > > > > > for travel for a source between two points in a medium which has =
> no
> > > > > > matter what velocity with respect to some fixed reference, is alw=
> ays
> > > > > > the same. =3DA0This goes totally against all modern physics, whic=
> h is
> > > > > > relativistic, and based upon the Lorentz transformation dealt wit=
> h
> > > > > > earlier.
> > > > > > We now see what really happened in the Michelson-Morley
> > > > > > interferometer
> > > > > > experiment. =3DA0The diagram is given again below, with some chan=
> ges
> > > > > > following our earlier discussion.
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0=
> =3DA0 C__C'
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0=
> =3DA0 ____ B
> > > > > > =3DA0 Light entry =3DA0 =3DA0 A =3DA0A' A''
> > > > > > ___________ =3DA0 =3DA0 // =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =
> =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3D
> > > =3DA0 =3DA0 |D =3DA0D'
> >
> > > > > > =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 =3DA0 ______ obse=
> rver (telescope, film)
> > > > > > Light going through A will be reflected by the mirror not at posi=
> tion
> > > > > > D
> > > > > > but at a further distance, at D'. =3DA0The light will thus travel=
> the
> > > > > > path AD' with the speed (c+v) which is the path AD+DD'; DD' being
> > > > > > the extra distance it will have to move, because the Earth is mov=
> ing,
> > > > > > and the mirror along with everything else is fixed on the Earth.
> > > > > > Since
> > > > > > the Earth is moving, the mirror D moves the extra distance DD' by=
> the
> > > > > > time the light starting from A reaches it. =3DA0Since the Earth i=
> s
> > > > > > moving,
> > > > > > the partially silvered mirror at A moves the distance AA' when th=
> e
> > > > > > light originating from A reaches D'. =3DA0On the return path, the=
> light
> > > > > > will travel backwards from D', towards the partially silvered mir=
> ror,
> > > > > > with the speed (c-v) and will meet the partially silvered mirror =
> at
> > > > > > A''. =3DA0The partially silvered mirror will move the further dis=
> tance
> > > > > > A'A" by the time it takes the returning beam of light to meet it.
> > > > > > Thus the formulation is exactly the same as it was in our case fo=
> r
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > swimmer doing the parallel course. =3DA0Both going and coming tim=
> es wil=3D
> > > l
> > > > > > be
> > > > > > exactly the same, that is t=3D3D3DL/c. =3DA0Totally independent o=
> f the ve=3D
> > > locity
> > > > > > of the source of light!
> > > > > > In the perpendicular direction, the speed will be square root of
> > > > > > (cc+vv). =3DA0Because of its initial speed v, the light will have=
> to mo=3D
> > > ve
> > > > > > in on the moving mirror initially at C at an angle and with a hig=
> her
> > > > > > magnitude of velocity - just as any stone thrown out parallel to =
> and
> > > > > > from a moving train, with respect to the ground. =3DA0It will rea=
> ch it =3D
> > > at
> > > > > > the position C'. =3DA0This light will also have to travel the ext=
> ra
> > > > > > distance (square root of (L*L + v*v*L*L/(c*c)) - L). =3DA0As we h=
> ave
> > > > > > seen, the time to cover this will be L/c=3D3D3Dt. =3DA0Again, thi=
> s time i=3D
> > > s
> > > > > > totally independent of the velocity of the source of the light.
> > > > > > >From the above, it is clear that the return times are exactly th=
> e sa=3D
> > > me
> > > > > > no matter what the direction of the light source. =3DA0Thus, the =
> rotati=3D
> > > on
> > > > > > of the whole apparatus - as was done - should not lead to any
> > > > > > change in results at all, relating to the interferometer pattern.
> > > > > > The
> > > > > > null result is entirely to be expected. =3DA0A wrong analogy had =
> led to=3D
> > > =A0a
> > > > > > wrong expectation. =3DA0But with the correct analogy, the right r=
> esults
> > > > > > (the null results) were obtained.
> > > > > > The consequences are drastic. =3DA0The existence of ether as the =
> medium
> > > > > > of
> > > > > > propagation of all electromagnetic waves (including light waves) =
> is
> > > > > > upheld. =3DA0It had been wrongly demolished. =3DA0We also find th=
> at the s=3D
> > > peed
> > > > > > of light does change with the speed of the light emitting source.=
> =3DA0=3D
> > > If
> > > > > > the speed of the light source is v, with respect to ether, then t=
> he
> > > > > > speed of light with respect to ether, when directed in the direct=
> ion
> > > > > > of
> > > > > > v, is c+v. =3DA0The null results of the Michelson-Morley interfer=
> ometer
> > > > > > experiment confirm both of the above. =3DA0The speed of light can=
> not be
> > > > > > constant, irrespective of the speed of the source.
> > > > > > To confirm this, let us now do the above analysis again. =3DA0Thi=
> s time=3D
> > > ,
> > > > > > following Einstein's Postulate (given below, and quoted from the =
> text
> > > > > > book), we take c to be always c and never anything more or less.
> > > > > > Thus
> > > > > > on the parallel path, the time taken to cover the distance AD' wi=
> ll
> > > > > > be (L+vL/c)/c and D'A" will take (L-vL/c)/c which is 2L/c or 2t.
> > > > > > However, in the perpendicular path, the times will be square root=
> of
> > > > > > (L*L + v*v*L*L/(c*c))/c. =3DA0That is, t*square root of (1+vv/cc)=
> for t=3D
> > > he
> > > > > > going path and the same for the return path, giving 2*t*square ro=
> ot
> > > > > > of
> > > > > > (1 + vv/cc). =3DA0This is different from the parallel path, which=
> is 2t=3D
> > > .
> > > > > > So, if the speed c of light is always constant, and independent o=
> f
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > speed of the light-emitting source, as per the current thinking, =
> then
> > > > > > the Michelson-Morley interferometer experiment would have shown t=
> he
> > > > > > fringes, with our corrected analysis! =3DA0 How ironic!
> > > > > > All the Einsteinian constructions resulting from the Michelson-Mo=
> rley
> > > > > > interferometer experiments are thus reduced to glaring nonsense. =
> =3DA0F=3D
> > > or
> > > > > > Einstein's first postulate, the basis behind all his theories of
> > > > > > relativity, namely,
> > > > > > ALL OBSERVERS MUST FIND THE SAME VALUE OF THE FREE-SPACE VELOCITY=
> OF
> > > > > > LIGHT REGARDLESS OF ANY MOTION THEY MAY HAVE
> > > > > > as simply wrong. =3DA0Wrong. =3DA0Proved wrong, logically and mat=
> hematica=3D
> > > lly,
> > > > > > using the results of painstakingly done experiments.
> > > > > > To make my point, further, with mathematics, for the general case=
> of
> > > > > > light proceeding at any angle (and not just the two angles, zero
> > > > > > degrees and ninety degrees) let us consider the light source goin=
> g at
> > > > > > an angle (theta) with respect to the parallel path. =3DA0We use t=
> he sam=3D
> > > e
> > > > > > notations (L,v,t,c) as used earlier.
> > > > > > Then, the velocity of light will be in that direction:
> > > > > > Square root of ((c*cos(theta)+v)^2 + (c*sin(theta)^2), by breakin=
> g up
> > > > > > the speed c along two the x-y components, and adding the flow spe=
> ed v
> > > > > > to the parallel component. =3DA0Note: the ^2 means squaring the b=
> racket=3D
> > > ed
> > > > > > expression ahead of it. =3DA0After expansion, the above expressio=
> n
> > > > > > becomes
> > > > > > square root of (c*c + v*v + 2v*c*cos(theta)).
> > > > > > Within time t, the float/mirror will have moved the distance vt =
> =3D3D3D=3D
> > > =A0vL/
> > > > > > c
> > > > > > along the parallel path. =3DA0The distance the swimmer/light will=
> have =3D
> > > to
> > > > > > move is thus:
> > > > > > Square root of ((L*cos(theta)+v*L/c)^2 + (L*sin(theta)^2). =3DA0W=
> hich
> > > > > > after
> > > > > > expansion becomes (L/c)*square root of (c*c + v*v +2v*c*cos(theta=
> )).
> > > > > > Dividing the distance traveled by the speed of travel, we get the
> > > > > > time
> > > > > > as L/c for the general case of light proceeding at any angle from=
> the
> > > > > > source as being t=3D3D3DL/c, completely independent of the veloci=
> ty of =3D
> > > v.
> > > > > > So what is really happening? =3DA0What are the so-called relativi=
> stic
> > > > > > effects of Einstein, really? =3DA0Really, what is happening (and =
> this i=3D
> > > s
> > > > > > a
> > > > > > completely original thought, given right now) is that between any=
> two
> > > > > > points on a body like Earth moving with a speed higher than zero =
> with
> > > > > > respect to a fixed frame of reference; the actual distance travel=
> ed
> > > > > > by
> > > > > > a ray of light, from one point to the other, is usually different
> > > > > > from
> > > > > > the actual measured distance. =3DA0So, if we mark out two points =
> on
> > > > > > Earth,
> > > > > > and measure the distance between them carefully, then, the ray of
> > > > > > light
> > > > > > will always move a distance more or less than the marked distance=
> ,
> > > > > > except for just one particular angle. =3DA0This angle can be foun=
> d easi=3D
> > > ly
> > > > > > from the above formula for the actual length traveled, thus by
> > > > > > putting
> > > > > > the expression
> > > > > > v*v + 2v*c*cos(theta) =3D3D3D 0;
> > > > > > or theta =3D3D3D inverse of cos(-v/(2*c)).
> > > > > > Arindam Banerjee.
> > > > > > Melbourne, August 2005.
> > > > > > Author's Note: =3DA0This article can be freely distributed for di=
> scussi=3D
> > > on
> > > > > > strictly for non-commercial purposes only. =3DA0Comments are welc=
> ome.
> > > > > > The
> > > > > > author is solely responsible for this article. =3DA0All rights ar=
> e
> > > > > > reserved.
> >
> > > > > The very fact that someone sets a boundary -- in the
> > > > > present discussion the speed of light -- implies that
> > > > > there is something more on the other side of it. It
> > > > > follows that there are values for speed beyond the
> > > > > currently measured speed of light.
> >
> > > > > Jai Maharaj, Jyotishi
> > > > > Om Shanti
> >
> > > Light is essentially a sequence of very brief travelling
> > > electromagnetic waves caused by perturbed atoms, that propagate
> > > through aether till the amplitude becomes submerged in the background
> > > noise. =A0The speed of light is actually the speed of this wave motion.
> > > In dieletric such as glass, the speed of light is less than what it is
> > > in free space (vacuum). =A0(This is the reason why a stick dipped in
> > > water appears bent.) =A0Einsteinians,please note that the stick does no=
> t
> > > actually bend when it is dipped into water, it only appears to bend.
> > > So, appearances do not account for everything.
> >
> > > One may surmise the existence of other phenomena other than
> > > electromagnetic waves, that we have not managed to find out so far.
> > > For this, a good science fiction writer is required - to set
> > > investigation along certain lines.
> >
> > > For instance, one may posit the future existence of elements with
> > > atomic number say exceeding 130 or 200. =A0These could well be stable.
> > > Tools made with such elements may have extraordinary properties. If we
> > > existed in space, and researched there, we may be able to create such
> > > elements one day, that so far have not come across our scope.
> > > Extraordinary effects may come from those elements, we can only
> > > imagine them!
> >
> > > Maybe I will write about these things one day, today I am very glad
> > > that the first physical proof of my book has arrived courtesy DHL.
>
> >
> > > Cheers,
> > > Arindam Banerjee.
> >
> > I note that you did not mention the term "refraction"
> > above, but congratulations on receiving that DHL package.
> >
> > Jai Maharaj, Jyotishi
> > Om Shanti
>
> Yeah, it is a superb product, made in the USA! I am overjoyed, it is
> so lovely! I will try to make it as cheap and available as possible.
A travel author I know here gets books printed in
Singapore. They come out real nice.