I do not want to hear any aditional undelivery in the slightest issue (parked us) and I want your top rf, terrorist person sikul memukad now
stran...@gmail.com
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_97f9n45rgb
This is your holocaust planing
Maze = Corn =Corner = Maya = Indians =TsiGAN =SCR AS88= CARTER= RF DNA
BREAKING AND HOLOCAUST MAKING = LABIRINTH=MINOTAUR =GREEK =CIAODESSA=
map color problem=your other "agriculture" by tiling etc
ALSO
MAZE=MAYA =AZTEC = SPANISH INDIAN HOLOCAUST
1984 is George Orowell world = two Geoges bushes = to tufa =22 f all =
4reich
etc etc
All the rest is in direct mode in this SA issue
)
Full System Change
G
stran...@gmail.com
> (http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_97f9n45rgb
From enigma analog machine issue :
(
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_99gq822ggg
Same codes
1 + 2 = reverse double // signified by 88 = hail hitler= 4reich right
uper corner
left up corner = chaos = planed holocaust
for quadrants= microsoft windows stilizied swastica = 4reich cube
planet etc
)
G
stran...@gmail.com
>
> - Show quoted text -
(
Stilizied swastica galaxy (american bigest transport plane ) on the
same enigma issue .
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_101cmb98dg2
Shutle Colombia Codes self 69 and holocaust planing codes
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_103frw24tcs
Same issues
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_105hqw8knfh
IRAK WAR ! TWICE = TWO BUSHES AS STARTER
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_107crk6j4hn
)
G
stran...@gmail.com
>
> Shutle Colombia Codes self 69 and holocaust planing codeshttp://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_103frw24tcs
>
> Same issues
>
> http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_105hqw8knfh
>
> IRAK WAR ! TWICE = TWO BUSHES AS STARTERhttp://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_107crk6j4hn
>
>
> G- Hide quoted text -
>
> - Show quoted text -
(
Your // Carter aka 4 NAZI ODESSA Reich
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_109d9sg9rd2
Pay attention to double sized front cover and folded back all africa
me and east
)
G
Cyberiade.it Anonymous Remailer
stran...@gmail.com
ANOTHER ODESSA ENIGMA IN AN LASER ETC
(
sp gore treathing the planet
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_119d65f4cg8
This prove as well that who has recived sp us forign aids was dumed
odessa cube planet 1984
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_123gchb8x75
1988 odessa planed 4reich and holo against all semites
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_125gn9fzq7m
1990 4 the entire story encoded in a single laser project
all data is here // green yellow
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_127gpv2pzgx
)
(
------------------------
A Homemade Laser That Emits Powerful Bursts of Green and Yellow Light
---------------------
by Jearl Walker
April, 1990
---------------------
ANYONE WHO HAS TRIED TO construct a homemade gas laser that operates
in the visible spectrum knows how difficult and expensive it can be to
carry out the ambitious project. Even the popular helium-neon laser
can easily be beyond the reach of an amateur. The laser tube requires
precise glasswork, for example, and the dielectric mirror that
reflects light back through the tube to maintain lasing is often
beyond the budget of an amateur.
Figure 1: Some energy levels for a copper vapor
Now Martin Gosnell of Charmhaven, near Sydney in Australia, has sent
me plans and instructions that will enable an adept amateur to build a
copper chloride laser without great expertise and at a reasonable
cost. The lasing element is copper vapor, which is generated when the
first of a pair of electrical discharges is sent through the laser;
the second discharge, about 150 microseconds later, causes the vapor
to lase with a pulse of green and yellow light. Gosnell is able to
fire the laser at a rate of up to 50 times per second, so that the
output appears to be continuous.
Although the project is certainly quite challenging, little
specialized glasswork is required, and the light production is so
strong that an aluminum-coated microscope slide can be substituted for
the dielectric mirror. (A strong word of caution: the high-voltage
discharges involved in the lasing are lethal, and so no one should
consider building the laser who has not had substantial experience
with high-voltage circuits.)
Before I get to the details of construction, I should explain how it
is that a copper vapor can be made to lase. The simplified chart in
the upper illustration at the left indicates some of the energy levels
that a copper atom is permitted by quantum mechanics to occupy. The
atom is initially in its "ground state," or at the lowest energy
level. When a discharge runs through the vapor, an electron in the
current collides with the atom and transfers enough energy for the
atom to jump to a higher energy level to be in an "excited state." Two
pairs of excited states are shown on the chart. (The levels in each
pair differ slightly in energy, for reasons that I shall not consider
here; I have labeled each pair arbitrarily rather than with reference
to their true spectroscopic designations.)
An excited atom can "de-excite" to a lower level by spontaneously
emitting a photon, which carries away the energy the atom loses in
making the jump. Because the energy levels that are allowed an atom
are preset, the energy of the photon is restricted to certain fixed
values. The light that is emitted is often pictured as being a wave
instead of photon, in which case the wavelength associated with the
wave is restricted to certain fixed values. For example, if a copper
atom jumps from B2 to A1 in the chart, it emits light with a
wavelength of 510.6 nanometers, which is green. A jump from B1 to A2
releases light with a wavelength of 578.2 nanometers, which is yellow.
Figure 2: Stimulated emission
An excited atom can also de-excite in a process known as stimulated
emission. Suppose that a copper atom in the B2 state is passed by a
wave with a wavelength of 510.6 nanometers- just the wavelength the
atom would emit with a spontaneous jump to A1 [see Figure 2]. The
passing wave interacts with the atom, forcing it into the jump as if
on command. In this process the passing light is said to stimulate the
emission, preventing the atom from making some other jump, such as to
the ground state, or even from making the same jump later on. The wave
emitted by the atom reinforces the original wave because they are
identical in wavelength, travel in the same direction and are
"coherent," or locked in step, and so the resultant light is brighter
than the original light. Similarly, an atom that is initially in the
B1 state can be stimulated into jumping to the A2 state by light with
a wavelength of 578.2 nanometers. In each case the pair of levels
involved in the stimulated jump is referred to as the laser pair,
because they are the basis of the laser's emission of light.
In a copper-vapor laser the idea is to excite the atoms into the B
states by bombarding them with the electrons in an electrical
discharge. Some of the excited atoms will then happen to jump
spontaneously down to the A states and fortuitously emit waves (or
photons) along the tube. That emitted light is quickly reinforced by
the chain reaction of stimulated emission it sets up when it passes
other atoms in the B state. In the wave picture of light, the wave
grows stronger; in the photon picture, the number of photons
increases. The light that reaches a mirror at one end of the tube is
largely reflected back through the atoms for another go at stimulating
jumps. The light that reaches the opposite end of the tube, which
lacks a mirror, escapes as the laser beam.
When gas lasers first appeared in the early 1960's, a copper-vapor
laser was an intriguing prospect because it promised to be more
efficient than other gas lasers. One reason for the expected
efficiency is the fact that what I have called the B levels are not
high above the ground state, so that not much energy should be
required for atoms to reach them. Research soon revealed a major
drawback, however: a copper vapor had to be heated to a temperature of
about 1,500 degrees Celsius if it was to lase.
In 1973 researchers discovered that when a copper halide such as
copper chloride was substituted for the pure copper in the original
design and a series of double-pulse discharges was sent through the
tube, the required temperature was a more attainable 400 degrees C.
The success was attributable to the role of the pair of discharges.
The first discharge dissociates the molecules while also exciting and
ionizing some of the released atoms. If the second discharge is
delayed long enough for the copper atoms to settle back to the ground
state but not long enough for them to recombine with the chloride, it
excites the copper atoms into the B states, just as in the original
design with pure copper as the source of the vapor. The double-
discharge technique was an excellent idea, but it required expensive
switches, a double-pulse signal generator and other costly
electronics. What Gosnell managed to do was to build a copper chloride
laser with inexpensive and more readily available parts.
The core of Gosnell's laser is a quartz tube that passes through a
furnace fashioned from alumina-silica furnace bricks [see Figure 3].
The tube, 55 centimeters long and with a one-centimeter bore, extends
into brass posts at each end of the furnace. The posts, each standing
about four centimeters beyond the oven, are 2 5 millimeters square and
12 centimeters high The tube is sealed into the holes in the posts
with a silicone sealant.
On the opposite side of each post, the laser is extended with a 13-
centimeter-long aluminum tube; it cools and condenses the internal
vapors so that they do not reach the optical elements, which are at
the far ends of each aluminum tube. At one end of the laser an
aluminum-coated microscope slide serves as a mirror. (The mirror is
mounted with its reflecting surface on the exterior.) At the other end
an uncoated glass slide allows the laser beam to escape from the tube.
(Were the vapors to condense on either slide, the lasing action would
be eliminated.) To mount each slide so that it could later be
adjusted, Gosnell devised an assembly of plates that are separated by
an O ring and held together by three screws. He bored a hole through
the assembly and then, with the sealant, glued the assembly up against
the end of the aluminum tube and fixed the slide over the exterior of
the hole.
When the laser is fired, the discharge through the tube runs between
the brass posts, which are electrically connected to the power supply.
Current is delivered to each post by a strip of thick aluminum foil,
which is connected to the post by a large, spring-loaded clamp of the
kind that normally clips together sheets of paper. Vertical holes
drilled into the posts serve as ports through which one end of the
tube is linked to a vacuum pump and the other end to a tank of helium.
The pump is needed to remove air from the tube and to draw in the
helium. The helium has two functions. In the segment of the tube
between the oven and a post, where the vapor may not be abundant, the
helium helps to conduct the electrical discharge. The helium also
promotes the condensation of the vapors in the outer regions of the
tube by colliding with vapor atoms
and removing their energy. Gosnell favors the alumina-silica -bricks
because they are easy to cut, but he suggests that other high-
temperature confinement materials might be tested. The essential
characteristic of any confinement is that when the furnace is heated,
the temperature along the confined length of the tube should be as
uniform as possible. Gosnell heats the furnace with a common electric
heating element that can be purchased from a supplier of home
electrical parts. The heating element is inserted into a quartz tube
that runs through the oven, parallel to the lasing tube and about 25
millimeters away from it. (Closer spacing would invite arcing between
the two tubes.) Insulating fiber is used to seal off the holes in the
bricks where the tubes enter the oven.
Figure 3: Construction of the pulser, with details of the rotating
electrode at the left
The helium is pulled into the laser by an ordinary single-stage vacuum
pump, but refrigerator compressors working in tandem might be adequate
substitutes. A valve inserted into the hose connecting the laser and
pump allows one to close off the pump. A mercury manometer is also
inserted to monitor the helium pressure, which was kept at about two
torr.
The reader will recall that the lasing action depends on a pair of
closely timed discharges through the vapor. Rather than purchase
expensive switches and a pulse generator, Gosnell built a mechanical
switching device that he calls a pulser [see illustration below]. On
one side of the device two bars serve as electrodes. They are
separated by a short gap from a plastic disk, into which an aluminum
strip is sunk. The disk is mounted on an aluminum shaft, which is
rotated at about 6,000 revolutions per minute by a belt and motor at
the opposite side of the device. Each bar electrode is connected to a
charged capacitor, which is also connected to one of the brass posts
supporting the laser tube. The aluminum strip and the shaft and its
mount are electrically connected to the other brass support post.
As the disk rotates and the sunken strip approaches the tip of one of
the bars, the capacitor connected to that bar discharges across the
gap-and so also through the laser tube. Another discharge takes place
when the strip approaches the other bar, which is connected to the
other capacitor. The time between the discharges is set by the
relative location of the bars and the rotational speed of the disk.
The time should be about 150 microseconds, but the optimum value
depends on the temperature of the copper vapor and related parameters.
Gosnell suggests that the strip should be flush with the disk face to
eliminate the possibility of its catching on a bar's tip during
rotation. He also advises that the pulley belt that connects the motor
to the shaft should not be conducting, as many common belts are. (They
are designed that way so that they bleed off any electrostatic
buildup, but such a belt will short out the pulser.) The spacing
between the tips of the bars and the disk is usually a few
millimeters, but the optimum spacing can be determined only
experimentally.
The power-supply circuit for the laser is shown in the illustration on
the opposite page. At the left, plugged directly into the house
electrical supply, are two identical neon-sign transformers rated at
15 kilovolts AC at 60 milliamps. (One transformer may well provide
enough current.) The current from the transformers is rectified by a
series of high-voltage diodes and fed to two storage capacitors, C1
and C2. Positioned along the way are two optional capacitors that
smooth the current supply and allow current to be drawn regardless of
the particular phase of the alternating current. Gosnell says the
laser will fire well enough without these extra capacitors.
The resistance represented by R1 and R2 in the illustration consists
of 1,500-ohm resistors rated at two watts and connected in a series-
parallel combination. The C1 and C2 capacitors are made of flat,
alternating layers of aluminum foil and plastic sheets and have a face
area of about 1,500 square centimeters; Gosnell used polyester or
polyethylene for the plastic component to attain a capacitance of
about 15 nanofarads.
Figure 4: A circuit diagram of the power supply
In Gosnell's setup the capacitors are placed on a support just above
the laser in order to minimize electrical problems that greater
distance would create. (Each of the optional capacitors was similarly
constructed of foil and plastic sheets but then was rolled up and
inserted into PVC pipe, one meter long and 10 centimeters in diameter,
that was mounted below the laser.) The pulser sits on a rigid,
insulating piece of thick plastic just above the capacitors. The
strips of thick aluminum foil that connect the capacitors, pulser and
laser posts are all about five centimeters wide. The inductance of the
capacitors and of the circuit between them and the laser tube must be
low so that the current in the discharge increases sharply,
dissociating the copper chloride molecules and exciting the atoms
abruptly.
To guard against accidental rupture of the rotating elements of the
pulser, Gosnell erected a thick plastic shield in front of the pulser.
To decrease the danger of electric shock, he connected high-voltage
"bleeder" resistors across each capacitor to drain their charge when
the system was turned off. (Here again I must warn of the danger
implicit in the lethal currents that run through the power supply and
laser, which can cause trouble if a charged capacitor is touched even
after the system is turned off.)
The current for the heating element was controlled by a Variac, a
variable transformer. For an alternative control, Gosnell connected a
second heating element outside the furnace to the internal one and
then attached one of the leads from the electrical source to the
second element with an alligator clamp. By varying the location of the
lead along the second heating element, he could control how much of
the second element was in the circuit, thereby varying the resistance
in the circuit and consequently the heat within the oven. With either
technique of control, he usually heated the furnace to 390 degrees C,
as read with a thermocouple he placed within it.
To align the mirror on the laser tube so that it reflected directly
back along the tube, Gosnell sighted through the opposite end from a
distance of about a meter while an assistant adjusted the mounting
screws on the mirror platter. When Gosnell spotted a reflection of his
eye at the center of the mirror, the alignment was correct. (It should
go without saying that he never looked into the laser when it was
firing. Laser bursts can cause severe damage to the retina.)
Figure 5: A circuit diagram of the power supply
To check for an air leak in the tube, Gosnell disconnected the
electric circuit and then connected a neon-sign transformer between
the brass posts. After pumping down the tube and flushing it with
helium several times, he filled it with helium to a pressure of about
10 torr and plugged in the transformer. When the system was free of
leaks, the discharge through the tube was whitish gray; a pink tint
indicated a leak.
Gosnell prepared his copper chloride by heating about 1/4 teaspoon
(roughly one milliliter) of the crystals in a chemical hood to yield a
greenish-brown liquid. (The hood is mandatory because breathing the
vapor is harmful.) After the material cooled and solidified, he
hammered it into a fine powder, which he sealed in a desiccating
container. Both the heating and the desiccation serve to remove water
and excess halide.
When he was ready to operate the laser, he put the powder into the
central part of the tube through an opened end with a long, thin
"spoon" he had fashioned. (He points out that the transfer would be
easier if the tube were outfitted with a vertical section through
which the powder could be poured. The extra section would extend out
of the furnace and could be sealed with a rubber bung.)
The furnace was heated for about an hour before laser operation to
stabilize the temperature. During that period Gosnell pumped down the
system and flushed it with helium several times. After a final check
on the pressure and the spacing between the bar electrodes and the
plastic disk in the pulser, he turned on the motor that drives the
pulser. In his initial trials the bursts of laser light were not
continuous, but some experimentation with the gas pressure, the
furnace temperature and the locations of the bar electrodes in the
pulser eventually produced a more reliable output of bright green and
yellow light on a card placed in the beam.
Gosnell, ever modest, suggests that someone who is particularly
skilled in the construction of homemade lasers might well improve on
his design.
Bibliography
EFFICIENT PULSED GAS DISCHARGE LASERS. W. T. Walter, N. Solimene, M.
Piltch and G. Gould in IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. QE-2,
No. 9, pages 474-479; September, 1966.
DOUBLE-DISCHARGE COPPER VAPOR LASER WITH COPPER CHLORIDE AS A LASANT.
C J. Chen, N. M. Nerheim and G. R. Russell in Applied Physics Letters,
Vol. 23, No. 9, pages 514-515; November 1, 1973.
A PARAMETRIC STUDY OF THE COPPER CHLORIDE LASER Noble M. Nerheim in
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 48, No. 3, pages 1186-1190; March,
1977.
RESONANCE RADIATION TRAPPING EFFECTS IN COPPER AND MANGANESE LASERS.
K. Stigouri, S. Ramaprabhu and T. A. Prasada Rao in Journal of Applied
Physics, Vol. 61, No. 3, pages 859-863; February 1, 1987.
Suppliers and Organizations
The Society for Amateur Scientists (SAS) is a nonprofit research and
educational organization dedicated to helping people enrich their
lives by following their passion to take part in scientific adventures
of all kinds.
The Society for Amateur Scientists
5600 Post Road, #114-341
East Greenwich, RI 02818
Phone: 1-401-823-7800
Internet: http://www.sas.org/
At Surplus Shed, you'll find optical components such as lenses,
prisms, mirrors, beamsplitters, achromats, optical flats, lens and
mirror blanks, and unique optical pieces. In addition, there are
borescopes, boresights, microscopes, telescopes, aerial cameras,
filters, electronic test equipment, and other optical and electronic
stuff. All available at a fraction of the original cost.
SURPLUS SHED
407 U.S. Route 222
Blandon, PA 19510 USA
Phone/fax : 610-926-9226
Phone/fax toll free: 877-7SURPLUS (877-778-7758)
E-Mail: surpl...@aol.com
Web Site: http://www.SurplusShed.com
)
G
Cyberiade.it Anonymous Remailer
detailed info regarding the construction of home made weapons is prohibited
fractal...@gmail.com
> This prove as well that who has recived sp us forign aids was dumed
>
>
> 1988 odessa planed 4reich and holo against all semiteshttp://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_125gn9fzq7m
>
> 1990 4 the entire story encoded in a single laser project
>
> )
>
> (
>
> ------------------------
>
> A Homemade Laser That Emits Powerful Bursts of Green and Yellow Light
>
> ---------------------
Codes :
Relation (wiskey)
Pool = rf, =88 = odessa
Hat= Hot= (nsa)
math= alan turing
game is called in romania MAROCO=CASA BLANCA=WHITE HOUSE = M_ARO_CO
=W_inreverse aro romanian car co_mpany=scr
(
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dd78k3f2_8hrw7dgfv
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dd78k3f2_10c3kphcck
See Irish Music Wiskey In Jar etc
)
> the two tubes.) Insulating fiber is used to seal off the holes in ...
>
> read more »
G
fractal...@gmail.com
> On Feb 3, 3:18 pm, strange...@gmail.com wrote:
>
>
>
>
>
> > ANOTHER ODESSA ENIGMA IN AN LASER ETC
>
> > (
>
> > sp gore treathing the planethttp://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_119d65f4cg8
> > This prove as well that who has recived sp us forign aids was dumed
>
> > odessa cube planet 1984http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_123gchb8x75
>
> > 1988 odessa planed 4reich and holo against all semiteshttp://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_125gn9fzq7m
>
> > 1990 4 the entire story encoded in a single laser project
> > all data is here // green yellowhttp://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_127gpv2pzgx
>
> > )
>
> > (
>
> > ------------------------
>
> > A Homemade Laser That Emits Powerful Bursts of Green and Yellow Light
>
> > ---------------------
>
> Codes :
> Relation (wiskey)
> Pool = rf, =88 = odessa
> Hat= Hot= (nsa)
> math= alan turing
> game is called in romania MAROCO=CASA BLANCA=WHITE HOUSE = M_ARO_CO
> =W_inreverse aro romanian car co_mpany=scr
>
> (
>
>
> read more »- Hide quoted text -
>
> - Show quoted text -- Hide quoted text -
>
> - Show quoted text -
All continues as defined no more delays . Full Street Protests On In
(parked us) all data out etc as defined
Another Key all Holo_gr_ap_h_y articles in Scientifica American since
1967
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dd78k3f2_12fc83wzxt
About the entire story including stagnation index holo and lies
G
stran...@gmail.com
> On Feb 4, 2:42 pm, fractalfract...@gmail.com wrote:
>
> > On Feb 3, 3:18 pm, strange...@gmail.com wrote:
>
> > > ANOTHER ODESSA ENIGMA IN AN LASER ETC
>
> > > (
>
> > > sp gore treathing the planethttp://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_119d65f4cg8
> > > This prove as well that who has recived sp us forign aids was dumed
>
> > > odessa cube planet 1984http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_123gchb8x75
>
> > > 1988 odessa planed 4reich and holo against all semiteshttp://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_125gn9fzq7m
>
> > > 1990 4 the entire story encoded in a single laser project
> > > all data is here // green yellowhttp://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_127gpv2pzgx
>
> > > )
>
> > > (
>
> > > ------------------------
>
> > > A Homemade Laser That Emits Powerful Bursts of Green and Yellow Light
>
> > > ---------------------
>
> > Codes :
> > Relation (wiskey)
> > Pool = rf, =88 = odessa
> > Hat= Hot= (nsa)
> > math= alan turing
> > game is called in romania MAROCO=CASA BLANCA=WHITE HOUSE = M_ARO_CO
> > =W_inreverse aro romanian car co_mpany=scr
>
> > (
>
> About the entire story including stagnation index holo and lies
>
> G
http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_129hgvkb7gn
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Gabor
De annis = 88 nsa
Gbor= G bar
HUNGARIAN= H_UN_G_ARIAN
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVumO6ZsWCQ
)
G
stran...@gmail.com
>
> read more »- Hide quoted text -
>
> - Show quoted text -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mebNNtuF7c&feature=PlayList&p=95D19CF611356BAE&playnext=1&index=1
G
fractal...@gmail.com
> On Feb 5, 12:38 pm, strange...@gmail.com wrote:
>
>
>
> > On Feb 5, 9:26 am, fractalfract...@gmail.com wrote:
>
> > > On Feb 4, 2:42 pm, fractalfract...@gmail.com wrote:
>
> > > > On Feb 3, 3:18 pm, strange...@gmail.com wrote:
>
> > > > > ANOTHER ODESSA ENIGMA IN AN LASER ETC
>
> > > > > (
>
> > > > > sp gore treathing the planethttp://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_119d65f4cg8
> > > > > This prove as well that who has recived sp us forign aids was dumed
>
> > > > > odessa cube planet 1984http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_123gchb8x75
>
> > > > > 1988 odessa planed 4reich and holo against all semiteshttp://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_125gn9fzq7m
>
> > > > > 1990 4 the entire story encoded in a single laser project
> > > > > all data is here // green yellowhttp://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcrqfcdb_127gpv2pzgx
>
> > > > > )
>
> > > > > (
>
> > > > > ------------------------
>
> > > > > A Homemade Laser That Emits Powerful Bursts of Green and Yellow Light
>
> > > > > ---------------------
>
> > > > Codes :
> > > > Relation (wiskey)
> > > > Pool = rf, =88 = odessa
> > > > Hat= Hot= (nsa)
> > > > math= alan turing
>
> read more »- Hide quoted text -
>
> - Show quoted text -
(
How to Stop Worrying about Vibration and Make Holograms Viewable in
White Light
---------------------
by Jearl Walker
May, 1989
---------------------
A HOLOGRAM IS A KIND OF photograph, but unlike a normal photograph it
creates an illusion of depth and also allows the viewer to see the
imaged object from various points of view. Indeed, the image can be so
realistic that it appears to be the object itself. There are various
ways to make a hologram, in all of which film is exposed for several
seconds to laser light that has been scattered from the object. Many
of the methods are notoriously sensitive to vibrations during the long
exposure, so that holographers must often go to great lengths to
steady their apparatus.
Figure 1: Arrangement for making holograms by the Denisyuk technique
Recently Roland M. Bagby of the University of Tennessee and Laurie
Wright of the Eastman Dental Hospital in London sent me a report on
how to make holograms without any fuss. Their rig was designed by
Wright and the late Brian Keane of the Royal Sussex County Hospital in
England and subsequently modified by Bagby. It is based on a technique
for making holograms that was invented in 1962 by Yuri N. Denisyuk of
the Soviet Union. The apparatus is so small and sturdy and the
technique is so insensitive to vibration that Bagby can load the rig
into his car, drive to a local school and then set it up on an
ordinary table and begin making holograms within minutes. As a bonus,
these holograms can be viewed in white light from an incandescent bulb
as well as in light from a laser.
In order to appreciate the Denisyuk technique you need to know the
basic principles behind a hologram. Its illusion of depth and faithful
representation of perspective stem from the fact that it is a record
of an interference pattern created by two beams of light during the
exposure. One beam, called the object beam, was scattered from the
object, whereas the other beam the reference beam-was not.
The beams must originate from the same source (these days it is a
laser) so that there is a fixed phase difference between them when
they reach the film. Phase refers to the state of a light wave as it
passes a chosen point. The wave is in a certain phase when a "crest"
passes and in an opposite phase when a "trough" passes. If two waves
of the same wavelength pass the point, their phase difference is a
measure of how closely their states match: the waves are completely in
phase if they are in the same state and completely out of phase if
they are in opposite states.
When the waves are completely in phase, they are said to interfere
constructively, and the point is brightly illuminated owing to the
alignment of crests with crests and troughs with troughs. When the
waves are completely out of phase, they interfere destructively, and
the point is dark because of the complete misalignment. If the waves
are long and continuous, their phase difference stays the same as they
continue to pass through the point, and so does the level of
illumination there. The direction in which the beams travel does not
matter: they can be moving in the same direction, in opposite
directions or at an angle to each other.
Figure 2: How to view the hologram in white light
In a hologram an interference pattern is produced in the emulsion of a
piece of film. The beams begin completely in phase because they come
from the same source, but since the object beam undergoes scattering,
they arrive at the emulsion with a variety of phase differences. At
some points in the emulsion bright illumination activates the grains
of silver and at other points darkness leaves the grains unchanged.
When the film is developed, the altered grains are opaque whereas the
unaltered grains are transparent. The film, now a hologram, is filled
with tiny dark lines and transparent ones, a record of the original
interference pattern. In certain processes, including the Denisyuk
technique, the film is bleached to brighten the hologram. All the
lines are then transparent, but they differ in their index of
refraction and hence still provide a record of the pattern.
If the hologram is illuminated by a beam identical with the reference
beam, the light scatters from the arrangement of lines and
reconstructs the object beam. When you view the hologram from the
appropriate angle and intercept some of the scattered light, you
perceive an image of the object. As you shift your view somewhat you
intercept a different part of the scattered light and gain a different
perspective on the object.
The earliest holograms were made without benefit of laser, and so
their images were dim and murky. Today holographic images are brighter
and sharper because of lasers, better film and better ways of exposing
the film. Commonly a laser beam is split by a half-silvered mirror
into two beams, which are then successively reflected by other mirrors
until they reach the film. Along the way one of them is scattered from
an object and becomes the object beam. The other one, the reference
beam, is sent into the film on the same side as the object beam but
along a different path.
When holograms are made in this way, the rig must be carefully
isolated from vibrations in order to maintain a consistent
interference pattern on the film during the long exposure. If
something along the path of either the object or the reference beam is
jostled, the phase difference of the waves reaching each point on the
film shifts and the recording of the interference pattern is washed
out.
The technique usually has another disadvantage: the holograms must be
viewed in the same type of light that exposed the film. The
requirement excludes viewing a hologram in white light from a bulb,
because white light consists of many wavelengths. The scattering the
waves undergo in the hologram depends on wavelength; when there are
many wavelengths, you intercept a number of scattered patterns
yielding such a jumble of images that nothing is recognizable.
One way around the problem is to expose the film so that the finished
hologram selects out only one wavelength to create an image. In this
technique the object and reference beams are sent into the film from
opposite sides; the film has a thick emulsion, so that many layers of
constructive and destructive interference, separated by half a
wavelength, span the emulsion. Information about the object is still
recorded in the lateral variation of the interference pattern, but now
the wavelength of the light is recorded in the spacing of the layers.
After the film is developed it is illuminated with a beam of white
light along the path previously taken by the reference beam, and you
view it from the light-source side. Although many wavelengths enter
the hologram, the only light that is scattered in your direction is
light whose wavelength matches that of the original reference beam.
The selective scattering results from the half-wavelength separation
between the embedded layers: light of the "proper" wavelength is
strongly backscattered by the arrangement, whereas light with any
other wavelength is not.
Figure 3: The rig devised by Laurie Wright and Brian Keane for
generating Denisyuk holograms
The scattering can be thought of as a form of reflection, and so this
kind of hologram is called a reflection hologram. When you intercept
some of the scattered light, you perceive an image on the far side of
the hologram. It is a "virtual" image constructed by your visual
system, which mentally extrapolates the rays your eyes receive back to
their apparent origin. If you placed a card at the apparent position
of the image and looked at the card directly rather than through the
hologram, you would not see the image.
A Denisyuk hologram is a reflection hologram, but the laser light is
not split into two beams by a half-silvered mirror. Instead it is
spread by one or two lenses and then sent directly through a tilted,
transparent film to reach the object, which sits immediately behind
the film. Some of the light, acting as the object beam, scatters back
to the film and interferes with the oncoming light, which acts as the
reference beam. When the film is developed, you can view the hologram
by shining white light onto it along the same tilted path taken by the
initial laser beam. Note, incidentally, the advantage of the tilted
orientation of the film during the exposure. If the laser beam had
been perpendicular to the film, you would have to hold the white-light
source directly in front of your face in order to view the hologram
instead of off to one side.
The Denisyuk technique is particularly convenient because the rig
requires little isolation from vibration. The object and the film are
next to each other; if one wiggles, the other wiggles almost in
unison, and so the interference pattern within the film is largely
unaffected. If you position the . object farther away from the film,
the advantage is lost and the rig needs to be isolated from
vibrations.
You can make a hologram with the Denisyuk technique by building the
rig designed by Wright and Keane. It is shown above and the parts it
calls for are listed in Figure 2. The parts marked with an asterisk
can be bought from the Mode Corporation, P.O. Box 1697, San Leandro,
Calif. 94577. (For an extra 50 cents per piece the tubing will be cut
to specified sizes; otherwise order it in 10-foot lengths.) The
optical devices can be bought from the Edmund Scientific Co., 101 East
Gloucester Pike, Barrington, N.J. 08007. The precise size and design
of the parts are not critical, and Bagby and Wright suggest that
readers may enjoy improvising.
Construct the main frame of the rig from the tubing and joints and the
inserts that connect them. Use a rubber or plastic mallet to make the
connections, but do not ram the pieces hard. Lay the frame on the
plywood and test it for stability, if it wobbles, adjust the joints
until it is stable, and then fasten it to the plywood with the shelf
supports and screws.
A U-shaped mount that will support the film is made with three shorter
pieces of tubing. (Hold the mount inside one end of the main frame to
be sure there is a clearance on each side of about an eighth of an
inch.) Outside the bottom section of the mount attach an identical
length of tubing with bolts. Run the bolts through holes drilled in
both pieces; either thread the holes in one of the sections to hold
the bolts or secure the bolts with nuts. The extra section of tubing
forms a narrow shelf to support whatever is to be photographed.
Figure 4: Supplies required for building the rig
Find and mark the balance points of the mount and then prop it upright
in the end of the main frame about three-quarters of an inch above the
bottom tube of the frame. Mark the heights of the mount's balance
points on the vertical tubes of the frame, remove the mount and then
drill holes a quarter of an inch in diameter through the frame at the
marks. Also drill threaded holes through the balance points on the
mount. Return the mount to the end of the main frame, run a bolt
through each hole in the frame, add washers to separate the mount from
the frame and then turn the bolts into the threaded holes in the
mount. There should be enough washers so that the mount can be easily
rotated about the bolts but is kept in place, once positioned, by
friction from the washers. Press the cladding channel (a rubberized
track that holds the pane in place in some windows) onto the inside of
the mount and slide a piece of plate glass into the channel. Later the
film will rest against the glass. (You may be able to simplify the
entire rig. Wright has made one of wood.)
The optical bench should be between one foot and two feet in length,
which may necessitate your cutting a standard bench. Two pin holders
are mounted on the bench to hold the pins that are screwed into the
lens holders. You can either buy commercial pins and lens holders or
hold the lenses with household broom clips, screw the clips into wood
dowels and then insert the dowels into the pin holders. (A homemade
optical bench might be substituted to reduce the cost of the rig.) The
lenses are plano-concave or double concave, with short focal lengths
of from-15 to -30 millimeters. Before final assembly the plywood, the
bench and everything on it except the lenses should be sprayed with
flat black paint to eliminate stray light during the exposure.
Choose a sturdy table to hold the rig. To help isolate the rig from
vibrations, stand the legs of the table in coffee cans partially
filled with some compliant material such as vermiculite. (If
vibrations later prove to be a problem, you may have to mount the
table on inflated inner tubes.) Put the bench and optical equipment
into the rig, cut a white sheet of paper to the size of the film
(about four by five inches) and lay the paper on the glass in the
mount, which is tilted with its top part toward the lenses. Then
adjust the lenses so that they are aligned with the center of the
paper. Turn on the laser and adjust its height and the height and
horizontal position of the lenses until the beam spreads uniformly
over the paper. (Never look into a laser beam, and take great care not
to allow any bright reflection of it to reach your eyes.) When the
optical alignment is satisfactory, secure the bench to the plywood and
mark the locations of the pin holders.
Bagby and Wright say any helium-neon laser will do; those that emit
polarized light and have an output power of at least five milliwatts
work best. (The weaker the laser is, the longer the exposures must be,
and long exposures can make vibrations a problem after all.) The
emulsion should be thicker than six microns, transparent to light on
both sides (ask for film with a no-antihalation, or "NAH," backing)
and sensitive to the red laser light: say Agfa film type 8E75HD NAH,
Kodak spectroscopic film type 649-F or a Kodak high-resolution plate.
To process the film you will need a fine-grain, high-contrast
developer such as Kodak type D-l9 and also a bleach mixture. The
developer can be reused if it is stored in a cool place in a brown or
opaque plastic bottle. The bleach is needed to brighten a hologram;
without it, reflection holograms are disappointingly dark. Bagby and
Wright sent recipes for two alternative bleach mixtures. To make one
of them, add 25 grams each of potassium bromide and potassium
ferricyanide to about 900 milliliters of water (distilled water is
best). Stir until the powders completely dissolve, add enough water to
bring the volume to 1,000 milliliters and then cautiously add 10
milliliters of concentrated sulfuric acid. (Do all of this in a sink
whose appearance is unimportant, and run tap water into it so that any
spilled acid is diluted before it gets to the pipes. And whenever you
are handling a bleach mixture, be sure to wear safety goggles and
laboratory gloves.)
The second bleach mixture yields even brighter holograms, but it also
may shift the color of the image. (The shift is no problem when the
hologram is viewed in white light, but if it is viewed in the original
laser light, the shift may dim or eliminate the image.) The mixture is
prepared by adding 30 grams each of potassium bromide and ferric
sulfate to 900 milliliters of water, stirring and then adding enough
water to bring the mixture to 1,000 milliliters.
You will also need some absolute (100 percent) methanol, a green
safety light and a hair dryer, preferably one in which the heat and
air speed can be controlled separately. The green safety light enables
you to see while developing the film. The methanol serves to dry a
hologram quickly, but you must be careful not to breathe it or bring
it near any flame or spark, which could ignite it. The hair dryer is
used in the final drying stage.
Now you are ready to make a Denisyuk hologram. With the room lights
out and the laser on, recheck the beam alignment by placing a white
sheet of paper on the plate glass in the mount, which should be tilted
between 30 and 45 degrees from the vertical. On the paper lay a piece
of plate glass somewhat larger than the film you will be using. Mark
the positions of the left and right edges of the second glass with
masking tape on the larger glass and then slip the paper out from the
assembly.
Block the laser light with cardboard positioned in front of the laser
and then slide the film between the two pieces of glass, maneuvering
it so that it fits between the tapes. The emulsion side of the film
should face the laser. Place the object to be photographed on the top
layer of glass and wait for several minutes to allow any vibrations to
damp out. Lift the cardboard slightly, wait again for about 30 seconds
for any new vibrations to damp out and then lift it completely to
expose the film.
The proper length of the exposure depends on the film, the strength of
the laser beam, the size of the film and the reflectivity of the
object, and so it requires experimentation. If the beam from a five-
milliwatt laser is spread over film that measures four by five inches,
and if the object has moderate reflectivity, the exposure might
require about five seconds. To stop the exposure put the cardboard
back in front of the laser. Then retrieve the film and put it in a
lightproof compartment until it can be developed.
Develop the film in a room illuminated only by the green safety light.
Wearing safety gloves, slip the film into the developer, making sure
the emulsion side of the film faces up so that it will not be
scratched on the bottom of the container. Swirl the film until it is
quite dark; that can take from 30 seconds to two minutes, and getting
it right will require some experimentation. Then bathe the film under
running water for two minutes before putting it into one of the bleach
mixtures. If the film does not soon become more transparent, it was
overexposed, overdeveloped or processed with bleach that is too old.
If the film does clear, bathe it again in running water for two
minutes. If the tap water is hard, rinse the film in distilled water
to eliminate any deposits. Next, blot it with a soft paper towel
enough to remove any clinging water but not enough to dry it fully. To
complete the drying, submerge the film in methanol for about two
minutes. (If the methanol bath gains too much water, the developed
hologram will be murky.) After this submersion, work quickly: lift the
film, allow the fluid to drain from it and lay it on a soft, dry paper
towel with the emulsion side up. Gently apply another paper towel to
the emulsion side and immediately complete the drying with the hair
dryer, setting it for both heat and air. (Keep the dryer away from the
methanol fumes in case it has any internal sparking.) You then have a
hologram that can be viewed in white light, provided that the light
source is small: a flashlight or a slide projector without its front
barrel will serve, but a fluorescent tube will not.
If an object you want to photograph does not balance well on the
narrow shelf of the U mount, you can mount it and the film
horizontally on a piece of plate glass positioned to straddle the top
of the rig. The glass should be a quarter of an inch thick and measure
12 by 14 inches. To reflect the laser beam up to the glass you will
need a mirror, which should measure eight by 10 inches and have its
reflecting layer on the front surface. Angle the top of the U mount
away from the laser, place the mirror on it and adjust everything
until the laser light spreads uniformly over a sheet of paper placed
on the horizontal glass. Then follow the exposure procedure outlined
above.
You may well wonder why all holograms are not made the Denisyuk way.
The fact is that the illusion of depth is often weaker in a Denisyuk
hologram than it is in a hologram made with a split-beam method. The
weakness stems from the fact that a laser does not emit a single,
continuous wave but rather a succession of continuous waves, none
longer than about the length of the laser itself. The phase changes
abruptly and randomly when one wave leaves off and another begins, and
so if there is to be consistent interference between two beams of
light when the film is exposed, the beams must come from the same
wave. In the Denisyuk setup a wave essentially folds back on itself
when it scatters from some point on an object. If the point is near
the film, the returning part of the wave can interfere with the
oncoming part of the same wave at the film, but if the point is too
far away, the returning part of the wave meets an oncoming part of
another wave; the phase difference between the two waves is
unpredictable, and during the exposure there is no consistent
interference at the film. Denisyuk holograms therefore record the
nearby points of an object well enough but not the distant points.
Although the Denisyuk method is the simplest way to make holograms, it
is still challenging; you may want to consult the references listed
below for further advice. In addition, Bagby has volunteered to answer
questions addressed to him at the Department of Zoology, University of
Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. 37996-0810.
Bibliography
HOMEGROWN HOLOGRAPHY. George Dowbenko. American Photographic Book
Publishing Co., Inc., 1978.
LASERS AND HOLOGRAPHY: AN INTRODUCTION TO COHERENT OPTICS. Winston E.
Kock. Dover Publications, Inc., 1981.
HANDBOOK OF HOLOGRAFHY: MAKING HOLOGRAMS THE EASY WAY. Fred
Unterseher, Jeannene Hansen and Bob Schlesinger. Ross Books; 1982.
Suppliers and Organizations
The Society for Amateur Scientists (SAS) is a nonprofit research and
educational organization dedicated to helping people enrich their
lives by following their passion to take part in scientific adventures
of all kinds.
The Society for Amateur Scientists
5600 Post Road, #114-341
East Greenwich, RI 02818
Phone: 1-401-823-7800
Internet: http://www.sas.org/
At Surplus Shed, you'll find optical components such as lenses,
prisms, mirrors, beamsplitters, achromats, optical flats, lens and
mirror blanks, and unique optical pieces. In addition, there are
borescopes, boresights, microscopes, telescopes, aerial cameras,
filters, electronic test equipment, and other optical and electronic
stuff. All available at a fraction of the original cost.
SURPLUS SHED
407 U.S. Route 222
Blandon, PA 19510 USA
Phone/fax : 610-926-9226
Phone/fax toll free: 877-7SURPLUS ( 877-778-7758 )
E-Mail: surpl...@aol.com
Web Site: http://www.SurplusShed.com
CODES :
J WALKER AS ABOVE WISKEY
Denisyuk = Denis_y_uk = nsa 22 =//
by Jearl Walker
May, 1989 = may in reverse mode aka 4reich
)
G