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> Blonds in the Far East and American Northwest
>
>
>
> By Prof. Phillip Bonner
>
>
> The idea that Caucasians inhabited both China and the North American
> continent thousands of years ago has never been acceptable to the
> anthropological establishment. But the discovery of blond mummies in China
> has caused a re-evaluation of this thesis, and whole new patterns of
> migration between the continents are now considered distinct
> possibilities.
>
>
> In April 1994 the science magazine Discover published an epoch-making
> article called "The Mummies of Xinjiang." Later advertisements for the
> magazine were to read "What are 4,000-year-old blond mummies doing in
> China?"
>
> The article contains pictures of blond and red-haired mummies up to
> 4,000 years old from the Chinese province of Xinjiang.
>
> The world-famous geneticist Luca Cavalli-Sforza of Stanford
> University, author of History and Geography of Human Genes, speculated
> that these were a few stray Europeans who somehow wandered thousands of
> miles east into China.
>
> In the popular press there were a number of articles expressing
> astonishment that blond people had somehow wandered so far east so early.
>
> Actually, some scholars who had taken the trouble to learn Chinese,
> Mongolian, Sogdian and other Oriental languages, as well as explorers and
> archeologists who had done research in Central Asia and China, had long
> ago figured out that white people from Europe played a major role in China
> since the beginning of civilization.
>
> In 1939, Oxford University Press put out a book called Early Empires
> of Central Asia by William McGovern which goes into great detail about the
> role of white people in China and Central Asia. He quotes repeatedly from
> Chinese, Turkish and other historical records.
>
> The blond mummies of Xinjiang are only the tip of the iceberg. There
> are skeletons, mummies, face masks, paintings, sculptures and vast
> historical records proving that white people have played a major role in
> Chinese history from the beginning.
>
> Around 4,000 B.C. the horse was first domesticated by blond
> Indo-Europeans living in and around what is now Ukraine. They left the
> valleys and started a new way of life, that of the steppe nomad. These
> people had vast herds of cattle, goats, sheep and horses. They invented
> wagons and carts around 3,000 B.C. This nomadic group made the world's
> first mobile homes, later called kibitkas, a huge wagon with far-apart
> wheels that carried a home constructed of wood and felt. These were pulled
> by up to 20 oxen.
>
> From the riverbanks of Ukraine and Russia, this wandering tribe now
> spread out over the virtually uninhabited steppes, or grassland prairies.
> Their herds of animals provided them with meat, milk, clothing and felt.
> Their wagons provided them with mobility. They quickly spread in every
> direction through the steppes. Of note is a band of steppe between 50 and
> 600 miles wide and 6,000 miles long which stretches all the way from
> Central Europe to Manchuria, near the Pacific Ocean. Blond people speaking
> Indo-European languages quickly occupied this vast area.
>
> Every several hundred years or so the steppe belt was hit with a
> drought. Animals and people started dying of hunger and thirst. This
> caused massive migrations out of the steppes. The first recorded time this
> occurred was around 2,000 B.C., when vast numbers of nomads poured out of
> the steppes and invaded Europe, Egypt, the Middle East, India and
> northwestern China.
>
> Nordics just east of the Ural Mountains had invented the chariot just
> a hundred years earlier. This gave them a huge advantage in warfare. The
> similarities between chariots from the Caucusus Moun tains and China are
> astonishing. Chariots were associated with the ruling class in China as in
> Egypt, the Middle East, India and elsewhere.
>
> In Gansu province, China, there has been found painted pottery,
> almost identical to pottery artifacts found in Tripolye, Ukraine and other
> places in between these locales. Pottery from Anau, Turk menistan, Susa,
> Iran and Trialeti, Romania are almost identical to pottery from the Honan
> and Gansu provinces of China.
>
> Many words in ancient Chinese were borrowed from Indo-European,
> including words for chariot, horse, warrior, prince, spear, axe and
> ruler/emperor. Even the Chinese character for king comes from the west. In
> modern Chinese it is "wang," but scholars tell us that the ancient Chinese
> pronounced it "gwang." If we add the character for "white" to the
> character for "king" we get a character that is the symbol for "emperor."
> If we add the character for "man" to the character for "white," we have a
> character which means "duke." In other words, a white man is a duke, and a
> white king is an emperor. The common people were called "the black-haired
> people."
>
> Chinese history is an endless repetition of the same pattern. In vad
> ers from the steppes conquer China, become Sinicized, intermarry with Chi
> nese, and become weak. Then they are conquered by a new wave of invasions
> from the steppes.
>
> Even today frescoes of white people can be found in Ulan Bator, the
> capital of Mongolia. They have blue eyes and are said to be "arhats" or
> followers of Buddha.
>
> The Mongols who conquered China and much of Eurasia in the 1200s were
> led by men who sometimes had red hair and blue or gray eyes. Marco Polo,
> who met Genghis Khan's grandson Kublai Khan in person, describes him as
> being "white and ruddy."
>
> From 1644 to 1911, China was ruled by a Eurasian people called the
> Manchus. There were only one million Manchus. They spoke a language
> related to Turkish and Mongolian. They usually had white skins. Their
> features were a mixture of white and mongoloid. Boris Yeltsin, Lenin,
> Kemal Ataturk and the WWII Japanese Prime Minister Tojo are examples of
> this Eurasian type. The Manchus took Chinese wives and concubines. Large
> numbers of Chinese slaves and farmers immigrated to Manchuria. Today there
> are hardly any Manchus left, even in Manchuria. Under the Manchus the
> Chinese Empire reached its greatest territorial expansion, and included
> Man churia, Mongolia, Tibet, Xijiang as well as Taiwan and parts of
> Kazakhstan, Siberia, Korea, Burma and Vietnam at various times.
>
> There are traces of the Caucasian race among the elite all over
> northeast Asia. The famous Japanese writer Yukio Mishima, who committed
> hara-kiri in a right-wing protest, relates in his autobiography that when
> he was a child he had blond hair. "My hair was blondish for a long time,
> but they kept putting olive oil on it until it finally turned black."
>
> Chinese metallurgy was derived from the Andronovo Indo-Europeans of
> the Minusinsk area of Siberia and from the copper experts of the White
> Indo-European Yueh-Chih of the Qichia culture of Gansu and Qinghai
> provinces.
>
> Casual observers have long commented that American Indians appear to
> occupy an intermediate position between the white race and the Mongoloid
> race. Some tribes could pass for Chinese. Others seem to resemble
> Caucasoid peoples in Western Asia.
>
> The general rule is that all American Indians have blood type O.
> However, there are two exceptions which point to the former presence of
> Caucasians. One is the blond and red-haired mummies from Peru, some of
> whom are A, B or AB. The other is among speakers of Na-Dene languages, who
> originated in the American northwest and western Canada.
>
> Na-Dene speakers often are type A, which is very common in western
> Europe.
>
> Amazingly, evidence has recently surfaced of Caucasoids having lived
> in the same vicinity, in Washington, Idaho, Montana and Nevada, around
> 7,000-2,500 B.C.
>
> The magazine Archaeology, in its January/February 1997 edition,
> featured an article on Kennewick Man, a Caucasian who lived along the
> Columbia River in Washington State about 8,400 years ago. Anthropologist
> James Chatters told the New York Times, "I've got a white guy with a stone
> point in him . . . That's pretty exciting, I thought I had a pioneer." But
> then Catherine J. Mac Millan, professor emeritus of physical anthropology
> at Central Washington University, looked at the bones. "He's a Caucasian,"
> she said, "but this type of arrowhead went out of use over 4,000 years
> ago." It was dated to what is called the Cascade Phase, 7,000-2,500 B.C.
>
> Some of the bones were sent to R. Ervin Taylor Jr. of the University
> of California, Riverside, for radiocarbon dating. The amazing result of
> the tests was that the bones dated to around 6,400 B.C.
>
> Then, the federal government stepped in. Because of the age of the
> bones they were declared to be American Indian remains. Federal law
> prohibits desecration of American Indian remains, so the Corps of
> Engineers declared that the bones must be turned over to local Indian
> tribes for reburial. Scientists were ordered to stop all tests. Kennewick
> Man is now locked up under armed guard at the old Hanford, Washington
> nuclear waste depository. No one is allowed to study the bones or even
> look at them.
>
> It's ironic that Hanford, Washington, was chosen, as it once housed
> what was rumored to be the largest atomic bomb factory in the world.
> Perhaps Kennewick Man has explosive potential as well. On October 16, 1996
> eight scientists filed suit against the Army Corps of Engineers in Federal
> District Court in Portland, Oregon, where the corps' North Pacific
> division is headquartered, seeking access to the skeleton and to bar its
> reburial. Among those suing were Dennis J. Stanford, chairman of the
> Smithsonian's anthropology department. He has seen the remains and knows
> them to be Caucasian.
>
> A 1994 study by D. Gentry Steele and Joseph F. Powell, physical
> anthropologists at Texas A & M University, compared European, East Asian
> and American Indian skeletons. They concluded that American skeletons
> dated before 6,500 B.C. were somewhat like European skeletons, and more
> recent American Indians were somewhat like East Asians.
>
> The federal government has prohibited scientists, reporters and even
> state legislators from having access to two other ancient Caucasians, one
> from Pyramid Lake and the other from Spirit Cave in Nevada. Scientists
> wanted to do DNA tests on 10,000-year-old reddish human hairs dug up in
> Montana, but, instead, the hair was turned over to local Indians for
> reburial. Another priceless treasure recovered in Buhl, Idaho was recently
> secretly buried by Indians, closing off forever any chance for scientists
> to study it. It was one of the best preserved skeletons on earth from
> around 6,000 B.C. In a letter published in the March/April 1997 edition of
> Archaeology, George A. Agogino, distinguished research professor emeritus
> at Eastern New Mexico University, wrote, "In the instance of another set
> of remains, from Buhl, Idaho; here was a rare paleoindian, very ancient
> American skeleton, of which only roughly a dozen are known, that the local
> Indian group secretly buried under state law . . .
>
> "Had I murdered Jimmy Hoffa, one good way of disposal of the remains,
> after having them reduced to a skeleton, would be to tell some Indian
> group that the remains were definitely Indian and should be disposed of by
> them under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
> (NAGPRA)."
>
> Spirit Cave Man was found in 1940 by two Nevada state archaeologists.
> State Museum Curator Donald R. Tuohy writes, "This find represents the
> adaptation to desert oases which led to agriculture in several places on
> earth just after this time and may be significant in understanding the
> emergence of civilization.
>
> "Complex textiles in Spirit Cave demonstrate a degree of
> sophistication in material technology that rivaled any on the planet at
> the time, and the preservation of these textiles exceeds any of comparable
> age.
>
> "This is a world class discovery of significance to the understanding
> of humanity's origins on a planetary scale."
>
> Carbon dating puts the Spirit Cave mummy at 9,415 years old. Dr.
> Douglas Owsley of the Smithsonian Institution examined both Kennewick Man
> and the Spirit Cave mummy and determined that both were Caucasians.
>
> According to the legends of the Paiute Indians, when they arrived in
> the Spirit Cave area, it was inhabited by white giants with red hair. The
> Paiute "outsmarted" them by luring them into a cave and then setting fire
> to brush stacked around the entrance, burning or suffocating them to
> death. Nonetheless, the Paiute insist that the Spirit Cave mummy is one of
> their ancestors, and they want him buried without any more scientific
> tests whatsoever. Scientists are eager to do DNA tests to determine to
> what people the mummy is really related.
>
> The hair on the Spirit Cave mummy is reddish brown. All of these
> ancient Americans resemble the modern white inhabitants of the American
> Northwest more than they do American Indians.
>
> Amazingly, the latest research among the most advanced linguists in
> the world also points to unexpected connections between some languages
> spoken by white people and others spoken by American Indians. Merritt
> Ruhlen, of Stanford University, in a recent book called On the Origin of
> Languages, describes a new language super-family called Dene-Caucasian.
> "Dene" is the Navajo word for "Navajo." This super language family
> includes Basque, the Athabaskan languages of Canada, Chechen and other
> Caucasus Mountains languages, a Siberian language called Ket, Tibetan,
> Chinese, the Alaskan language Tlingit, and Navajo.
>
> The Dene-Caucasian people moved east from Spain all the way to Idaho
> around 8,000-6,000 B.C. Their ancestors could have been the people who
> painted bison in the caves of France and Spain around 30,000 B.C. In most
> areas they were replaced by later invaders. But isolated pockets of
> Dene-Caucasian re mained in northern Spain, the northern Caucusus,
> Siberia, China, and North America.
>
> One of the earliest proofs of the existence of Caucasians in the Far
> East is in China, northeast of Beijing. In 1906 Japanese archaeologist
> Ryuzo Torii dug up a clay head at Niu Ho Liang. The head has Caucasian
> features, and is pink, with blue stones for eyes.The Japanese date it at
> 5,000 B.C. Everyone else dates it to around 3,500 B.C. Artifacts of
> similar cultures have been found all across far northern China, Mongolia,
> southern Siberia and northern Xinjing. It is speculated that these people
> spoke Altaic languages, the ancestors of Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu, and to
> some extent Korean, Japanese and Ainu.
>
> Over 100 years ago an Englishman, A.H. Savage Landor, visited the
> lands of the Ainu in northern Japan and islands farther north now
> belonging to Russia. He wrote a book called Alone With the Hairy Ainu. He
> says that on the island of Shikotan, "one or two of the children had very
> fair hair." Along the northeast coast of Yezo I came across several Ainu
> adults who had reddish hair and beard; and in the Kurile Islands, at
> Shikotan, several of the children had light auburn hair hanging in large
> loose curls and rather flaxy in texture . . ." Further, "Red hair, or hair
> with red shades in it, is common among the Ainu of the northeast coast of
> Yezo [now called Hokkaido], and also among the Kurilsky Ainu of Shikotan
> [Kurile Islands]. I saw some Ainu who, contrary to the rule, had red
> hair."
>
> Soviet anthropologist Levin also reported reddish hair and blue eyes
> among the Ainu and some natives of nearby parts of Siberia.
>
> There was a tribe related to the Manchus called the Oroch, who lived
> in the vicinity of what is now Vladivostock, a Russian city on the Pacific
> Ocean near the North Korean and Chinese borders. The Chinese called these
> people Ch'ih Mao Tze, which means Red Hair People.
>
> Strange as it may seem, the people of Mongolia were once
> non-Mongoloid. McGovern writes, "Thus, for example, in southern Siberia,
> in the region now inhabited by the Buriat Mongols, all of whom are now
> typically Mongoloid in appearance, archaeological work has brought to
> light a number of skeletons dating from an early period. All of these
> skeletons were markedly long-headed, in striking contrast with the modern
> Mon gol skulls, the great majority of which are round-headed. It is
> therefore, definitely established that in the very heart of Mongolian
> domain the characteristically round-headed race of the present day was
> preceded by a race of a very different type.
>
> "So far archaeology has thrown little light on the problem of the
> coloration of this early long-headed race; but the Chinese records would
> lead us to believe that this early population had 'red hair, green eyes,
> and white faces,' and we have every reason to believe that this
> description is not greatly inaccurate. In this connection, however, it
> must be borne in mind that this long-headed and presumably blond type is
> known to have inhabited not Mongolia proper, but southern Siberia
> immediately north of Mongolia. It is quite possible, in fact probable,
> that this early, blond, long-headed type spread into northern Mon golia,
> and it is not at all impossible that in very early prehistoric times this
> type was predominant all over the Mongolian Plateau."
>
> Speaking of another people of the Chinese borderlands, McGovern
> states, "It so happens, however, that the Chinese have a tradition that
> the ancient Kirghis were decidedly blond in appearance, or, as the Chinese
> say, were tall with white skin, red hair and green eyes."
>
> Writing of the area where the blond mummies were found, he remarks,
> "To the west of Lake Lopnur was the 'country of thirty-six
> principalities,' or of the numerous city states. As we know al ready, the
> inhabitants of this region were practically all Indo-Europeans, the Wusun
> (which is Chinese for 'descendants of the Crow'), and the Yueji (Moon
> People), and from the Turanian Huns in that they practiced agriculture and
> lived in walled towns and villages . . .
>
> "To the north of Kashgaria lay the Tien Shan or Celestial mountains
> and beyond this Zungaria or the Ili Basin, still occupied by the Wusun."
> According to Chinese legends, the first emperors, called "sons of heaven"
> originally came from the Tien Shan, or Mountains of Heaven, "which were
> surrounded by red-haired Indo-Europeans."
>
> He continues, "From the statement in Han Shu, 96a, 18b, that 'From
> Dayuan westwards all the inhabitants have deep set eyes and are hairy,' it
> is obvious that all the inhabitants of Turkestan at this period were
> predominantly Caucasoid in race."
>
> "Of far greater interest than either of the two above mentioned
> legends are the stories told concerning the intimate relationships
> existing between the 'Northern Barbarians' and the ancestors of the
> Chinese Emperors of the House of Jou (two periods-1122-770 and 770-256
> B.C.) The Jou dynasty is generally regarded as the most glorious of all
> the Chinese ruling houses. Not only did the monarchs of this house rule
> over China for a far longer period than the members of any other dynasty,
> but it was during this period that the Five Classics were compiled. Also
> at this time the great sages, such as Confucius, Mencius and Laodse
> (Lao-tse) lived and wrote their works." Portraits of Confucius usually
> show him as having Caucasian features.
>
> "Considering this fact, it is rather surprising to find that the
> House of Jou owed its early fame to its connection with the wild
> barbarians of the north and west. When the ancestors of the Jou dynasty
> first definitely emerge upon the horizon of history, we find them to be
> feudal lords of a small community in the extreme northwest portion of
> China. In this region they were surrounded on all sides by various tribes
> of Northern Barbarians (who are called on this occasion Rung and Di).
>
> "It will be remembered that the Yueji were nomads speaking an
> Indo-European language and living in Northwestern China [the present
> province of Gansu] and Northeastern Kashgaria."
>
> We find Mencius speaking of Wen Wang, the real founder of the Jou
> dynasty, as 'a western barbarian.' "
>
> A Hunnish general who took the Chinese capital Loyang in 311 A.D. was
> a hairy albino named Liu Yao, and Shi Huang Di, the emperor who built the
> Great Wall of China, was of western barbarian origin.
>
> He writes: ". . . the second emperor of the Wei dynasty (386-535
> A.D.), of Sienbi origin, had a long, yellow beard."
>
> The Chinese chronicles specifically state that the emperors came from
> a land "where the women's skins were white."
>
> In his book Central Asia: Turk menia Before the Achaemenids, Vadim
> Masson tells us that there was a culture called the Tien Shan Culture. He
> explains that this is a variant of the Andronovo Culture, which was
> composed of white Indo-Europeans. It occupied a large area of Kazakhstan
> and parts of Siberia.
>
> Jessica Rawson writes in a 1980 book called Ancient China, Art and
> Archae ology, about the incredible similarity between chariots in China
> and the Caucas. We now know that the chariots from both places came from
> the Ural Mountains area. From page 49: "Chariot burials: communications
> with western Asia: There is one further type of site excavated at Anyang
> and other parts of north China that provides important evidence for the
> late Shang period, the chariot burial. The chariot itself and two bronze
> items associated with it, a 'jingle' and a particular knife or dagger
> raise the question of outside influence. Although contacts between China
> and western Asia were rare in the early period, the introduction of the
> chariot suggests that the issue cannot be ignored.
>
> "Chariots were apparently not known in China before the beginning of
> the Anyang phase of the Shang dynasty, circa 1300 B.C. The chariots of
> that date, which were evidently buried in connection with royal funerals,
> bear some resemblance to those found in burials in the Caucasus. They are
> similar in three distinctive respects: both types have a low, open-fronted
> box in which to ride, wheels with a large number of spokes, and felloes,
> or wheel rims, made of two bent pieces of wood. Even the burial of the
> chariot is a shared practice."
>
> The September 1996 issue of Antiquity had an interesting article
> about white people who lived just north of Beijing (Peking) in ancient
> times.
>
> Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen of UC Berkeley studied the scholarly
> literature in Chinese, Turkish, Russian, German and English and reports to
> us about Caucasians in China: "Europoids in East Asia":
>
> "As the account of the massacre of the Hsiung-nu Chieh in Chao in 349
> A.D. shows, the great majority of that people were Europoids. When Jan Min
> made himself lord of Chao in northern Honan, which until then had been
> ruled by the Chieh, he ordered the extermination of all Chieh. In and
> around Yeh more than 200,000 were slain. The Chieh soldiers were
> recognized by their high noses and full beards.
>
> "Uchida Gimpu and I, independently of each other, adduced this
> characterization of the Chieh as proof of the existence of a Europoid
> group among the Hsiung-nu in the fourth century." At any rate, by the
> middle of the fourth century there were Europoids among the Hsiung-nu.
>
> " 'Liu Yuan, the Hsiung-nu conqueror of Lo-yang [the capital of
> China] in 311, was 184 centimeters tall; there were red strains in his
> long beard. An anecdote in the Shih-shuo hsin-yu, compiled by Liu
> Yi-ch'ing in the first half of the fifth century, shows that the
> Hsien-pei, who are supposed to have spoken a Mongolian language, were
> racially not Mongoloid. When in 324 Emperor Ming, whose mother, nee Hsun,
> came from the Hsien-pei kingdom of Yen, heard about the rebellion of Wang
> Tun, he rode into the camp of the rebels to find out their strength. He
> rode in full gallop through the camp. His puzzled enemies thought he was a
> Hsien-pei because of his yellow beard.
>
> "The T'ang period falls outside the framework of the present studies.
> I mention only in passing the Europoid 'Tokharians,' depicted with their
> red hair and green eyes on the wall paintings in northern Hsin-chiang . .
> . The barbarian horsemen from Yu-chou in a poem by Li Po, probably Turks,
> had green eyes. Even later the Chinese know of Mongol Huang t'ou Shih-wei,
> 'Shih-wei with the yellow heads,' and Genghis Khan and his descendants had
> blond or reddish hair and deep-blue eyes.
>
> "Yen Shih-ku's often quoted descriptions of the Wu-sun, neighbors and
> hereditary enemies of the Hsiung-nu, seems to prove that at one time the
> Wu-sun were preponderantly Europoid: 'Of all the barbarians of the western
> lands the Wu-sun look the most peculiar. Those barbarians who have
> cerulean eyes and red beards and look like Mi monkeys are their
> descendants.'
>
> "Already at a time when only a small number of skulls from the
> territory held by the Wu-sun were known, they were recognized as Europoid
> . . . As late as the third century some Wu-sun were almost purely
> Europoid.
>
> "The paleoanthropological work in Hsin-chiang has barely begun. It
> is, therefore, all the more remarkable that some of the skulls collected
> by the Sino-Swedish Expedition in 1928 and 1934 and studied by C.H.
> Hjortsjo and A. Walander point to Europoids of the northern type in the
> ancient population. Around the beginning of our era, Europoids of the
> Nordic type lived, thus both in the Semirech'e [Kazakhstan-China border
> region near the Tien Shan] and Hsin-chiang."
>
> Writing about the Mongols, Harold Lamb says of Genghis Khan (p. 37):
> "His ancestors, it is true, had been Borjigun, Blue-eyed Men, legendary
> heroes of the steppes." Genghis Khan had red hair and gray eyes. Ogadai
> had gray eyes. Subotai, who conquered Cathay (China) had a long, reddish
> beard. Marco Polo described Kublai Khan as being very ruddy. The Arab
> writer Rashid ed Din wrote that people were surprised Kublai Khan had dark
> hair and eyes, because most of Genghis Khan's descendants had reddish hair
> and blue eyes.
>
> Professor Eberhard, an expert on ethnic groups in China, has this to
> say: "In 1980 Chinese archaeologists found in a tomb in the eastern part
> of Sinkiang province a female with red-blond hair. The tomb was dated from
> approximately 3,200 years before our time . . . Indo-Europeans . . .
> according to investigations of several sinologists, even reached the heart
> of north China sometime around 2000 B.C. or somewhat later . . .
> Archeological findings from the time of the Shang dynasty (1600-1050 B.C.)
> give us a different picture. Excavations of royal tombs at An-yang, a site
> that perhaps was the last capital of the Shang or at least the burial
> place of their leaders, have brought out many skeletons, some of which
> seem to belong to non-Mongol races. Although the excavations were done
> around 1935, the anthropological results are still not fully published,
> perhaps because the findings were somewhat embarrassing, just as Europeans
> would feel embarrassed if remnants of a black race were found in the midst
> of Europe (and there is a possibility that people with dark skin once
> inhabited parts of Europe). There are also rumors concerning excavations
> in Korea during the time of Japanese rule, namely that remains of
> non-Mongol people were discovered there, who were related to races found
> in Siberia."
>
> Until recently, Chinese archeologists had a bad habit of throwing
> away skeletons and looking only for artifacts.
>
>
> BIBLIOGRAPHY
>
> Archaeology Mar-Apr 1995; Anthony, David W. and Vinogradov, Nikolai
> B. "Birth of the Chariot: Excavations east of the Ural Mountains reveal
> traces of the first two-wheeled high-performance vehicles."
>
> Archaeology, Sept./Oct., 1996, "Oldest North American Mummy," by Lara
> J. Asher. This reddish hair was carbon dated at 7420 B.C. It was stored at
> the Nevada State Museum in Carson City until it was confiscated by the
> federal government.
>
> Feddersen, Martin, Chinesisches Kunst gewerbe, Berlin, Klinkhardt &
> Bierman Verlag, 1939; Ridley, Michael, Treasures of China, N.Y., Arco
> Publishing Co., 1973; and Childe, V. Gordon, The Aryans: A Study of
> Indo-European Origins, N.Y., Barnes & Noble, 1993.
>
> Karlgren, Bernhard, Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese,
> N.Y., Dover, 1991.
>
> Eberhard, Wolfram, China's Minorities: Yesterday and Today, Belmont,
> Calif., Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1982; Eberhard, Wolfram, A History of
> China, Berkeley, Univ. of Calif. Press, 1977; and Ssu-ma, Ch'ien, Shih Chi
> Hsuan, Hong Kong, 1976.
>
> Jisl, Lumir, Mongolei, Kunst und Tradition, Praha, Artia, 1960.
>
> Bellonci, Maria, The Travels of Marco Polo, N.Y., Facts on File
> Publications, 1984.
>
> Matson, R.G. and Coupland, G. The Pre-History of the Northwest Coast,
> Academic Press, Toronto, Canada.
>
> Mishima, Yukio, Confessions of a Mask, N.Y., New Directions
> Publishing Co., 1958.
>
> Jettmar, Karl, Art of the Steppes, N.Y., Crown Publishers, 1967; and
> Chung, Kwang-chih, The Archaeology of Ancient China, London, Yale
> University Press, 1986.
>
> Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. and Cavalli-Sforza, Francesco, The Great Human
> Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution, Sidney, Addison-Westley
> Co., 1995.
>
> The Courier, 1-16-97, Finley, Tim, "Feds Blocking Research: Kennewick
> Man Was Not Alone."
>
> Mao, P'ei-ch'i, Sui Yueh, Ho Shan, Taipei, 1978.
>
> Akademia Nauk SSSR, Institute Etnografi; edited by Levin, M.G. and
> Potapov, L.P., The Peoples of Siberia, Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press,
> 1964.
>
> Czaplicka, M.A., Aboriginal Siberia, A Study in Social Anthropology,
> Oxford, at the Clarendon Press, 1969.
>
> Sekai Zenshi, Tokyo, Kodansha, 1994; 1953 Encyclopedia Britannica,
> "Confucius."
>
> Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J., The World of the Huns, Studies in Their
> History and Culture, Berkeley, University of Calif. Press, 1973.
>
> Polo, Marco, The Book of Ser Marco Polo, Vol. I, translated and
> edited, with notes, by Colonel Sir Henry Yule, London, John Murray, 1929;
> also Michel's Joinville; D'Ohsson, II; Erdmann.
>
> Eberhard, China's Minorities . . . , op. cit.
>
>
>