Blood and the Shroud of Turin
david ford
contents:
Against Authenticity
Nickell
McCrone
Schafersman
Mueller
sundry against
Peer-Reviewed Articles
Books
Not-Science-Journal Articles
_SSI_
Sundry Blood
Archeology
Carbon Dating
Pollen
Coin Images
Vinland Map
AGAINST AUTHENTICITY
Nickell
Nickell, Joe. "The Shroud of Turin--Solved!" _The Humanist_ (Nov/Dec
1978), 30-2.
Nickell, Joe. "The Shroud Of Turin -- Unmasked" _The Humanist_ (Jan/Feb
1978), 20-2.
Nickell, Joe. "The Case of the Shroud" _Free Inquiry_ (spring 1998),
48-9.
Nickell, Joe. "The Turin Shroud: Fake? Fact? Photograph?" _Popular
Photography_ (Nov 1979), 97-9, 146-7.
Nickell, Joe. "Update on the Shroud of Turin" _Free Inquiry_ (spring
1985), 10-11.
Nickell, Joe. "Unshrouding a Mystery: Science, Pseudoscience, and the
Cloth of Turin" _The Skeptical Inquirer_ (spring 1989), 296-9.
Nickell, Joe. "Science vs. 'Shroud Science'" _The Skeptical Inquirer_
(July/Aug 1998), 20-2.
Nickell, Joe. "New Evidence: The Shroud of Turin is a Forgery" _Free
Inquiry_ (Summer 1981), 28-30.
Nickell, Joe. _Inquest on the Shroud of Turin_ (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus
Books, 1983, 1987), 178pp., 186pp.
Nickell, Joe. "New Shroud Developments, Intriguing to Bizarre" _The
Skeptical Inquirer_ (summer 1994), 343-4.
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McCrone
McCrone, Walter C. "Light Microscopical Study of the Turin 'Shroud';
III" _The Microscope_ 29(?): 19-38 (1981).
McCrone, Walter C. "Chemical Microscopy" _American Laboratory_ (Dec
1986), 19-25.
McCrone, Walter C. "The Shroud of Turin: Blood or Artist's Pigment?"
_Accounts of Chemical Research_ 23: 77-83 (1990).
McCrone, Walter C. "Light Microscopical Study of the Turin 'Shroud' II"
_The Microscope_ 28(4): 115-28 (1980).
McCrone, Walter C. and Christine Skirius, "Light Microscopical Study of
the Turin 'Shroud' I" _The Microscope_ 28(3): 105-13 (1980).
McCrone, Walter C. "Authentication of the Turin Shroud" in _Proceedings
of the 1977 United States Conference of Research on the Shroud of Turin_
(NY: Holy Shroud Guild, 1977), 124-30.
McCrone, Walter C. "The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Supplemented
by the Polarized Light Microscope (PLM), and Vice Versa" _Scanning
Microscopy_ 7: 1-4 (1993).
McCrone, Walter C. "Shroud Image Is the Work of an Artist" _The
Skeptical Inquirer_ (spring 1982), 35-6.
McCrone, Walter C. _Judgment Day for the Turin Shroud_ (Chicago:
Microscope Publications, 1996), 341pp.
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Schafersman
Schafersman, Steven. Reply to a letter _The Skeptical Inquirer_ (spring
1983), 91-2. Maloney, Paul C. Letter _The Skeptical Inquirer_
(spring 1983), 90-1.
Schafersman, Steve. Letter to _The Microscope_ 30(4): 345-352 (1982).
GET rest of. Schafersman, Steven. "Are the STURP Scientists
Pseudoscientists?" _The Microscope_ 30(3): 232-4 (1982).
Schafersman, Steven D. "Science, the Public, and the Shroud of Turin"
_The Skeptical Inquirer_ (spring 1982), 37-55.
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Mueller
Mueller, Marvin M. Letter _Industrial Research and Development_ (May
1980).
Mueller, Marvin M. "The Shroud of Turin: A Critical Appraisal" _The
Skeptical Inquirer_ (spring 1982), 15-34.
Mueller, Marvin M. and Joe Nickell. Chapter "Resurrection Radiance?" in
Nickell, _Inquest on the Shroud of Turin_ (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus
Books, 1987), 85-94.
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Sundry Against
Dutton, Denis. "Requiem for the Shroud of Turin" _Michigan Quarterly
Review_, [date?] 422-433.
Fischer, John F., with the assistance of Nickell and Mueller. Appendix
"A Summary Critique of Analyses of the 'Blood' on the Turin 'Shroud'" in
Nickell, _Inquest on the Shroud of Turin_ (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus
Books, 1987), 157-60.
Fischer, John F. and Joe Nickell. Chapter "Is the 'Blood' Blood?" in
Nickell, _Inquest on the Shroud of Turin_ (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus
Books, 1987), 127-32.
GET Sox, H. D. "Authenticity of the Turin Shroud" _Clergy Review_ 43:
250-6. Cited in _Biblical Archeologist_ (spring 1980), 117.
GET Rhein, Reginald W., Jr. "The Shroud of Turin: Medical Examiners
Disagree," _Medical World News_ (22 Dec 1980), around 40. Cited in
Nickell, _Inquest on the Shroud of Turin_ (1987), 168.
GET for and against authenticity papers and books from
http://www.shroud.com
Stein, Gordon. "Last Gasp of the Shroud Defenders" _The Skeptical
Inquirer_ (summer 1991), 417-8.
Wild, Robert A. "The Shroud of Turin: Probably the Work of a 14th
Century Artist or Forger" _Biblical Archeological Review_ (March/April
1984), 30-46. Letters in reply to: _BAR_ (July/Aug 1984), 22-25, 76-8.
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PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES
Accetta, J.S. and J. Stephen Baumgart. "Infrared reflectance
spectroscopy and thermographic investigations of the Shroud of Turin"
_Applied Optics_ 19: 1921-9 (1980).
Avis, C., D. Lynn, J. Lorre, S. Lavoie, J. Clark, E. Armstrong, and J.
Addington. "Image Processing of the Shroud of Turin" _IEEE 1982
Proceedings of the International Conference on Cybernetics and Society_,
554-8 (Oct 1982).
Carter, Giles F. "Formation of the Image on the Shroud of Turin by
x-Rays: a New Hypothesis" _Archeological Chemistry III_, Joseph B.
Lambert, ed. (Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1984), 425-46.
Based on a symposium sponsored by the Division of the History of
Chemistry at the 184th meeting of the American Chemical Society, 12-17
Sept 1982.
Devan, Don and Vernon Miller. "Quantitative Photography of the Shroud of
Turin" _IEEE 1982 Proceedings of the International Conference on
Cybernetics and Society_, 548-53 (Oct 1982).
Dinegar, Robert H. and Larry A. Schwalbe. "Isotope Measurements and
Provenance Studies of the Shroud of Turin" in _Archaeological Chemistry
IV_, ed. Ralph O. Allen. (Washington, DC: American Chemical Society,
1989), 409-17. Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of
the History of Chemistry at the 193rd meeting of the American Chemical
Society, Denver, Colorado, 5-10 April 1987.
Edwards, William D., et al. "On the Physical Death of Jesus Christ"
_Journal of the AMA_ 255: 1455-63 (1986).
Ercoline, William R., Robert C. Downs, Jr., and John P. Jackson.
"Examination of the Turin Shroud for Image Distortions" _IEEE 1982
Proceedings of the International Conference on Cybernetics and Society_,
576-9 (Oct 1982).
Gilbert, R., Jr. and M.M. Gilbert. "Ultraviolet-visible reflectance and
fluorescence spectra of the Shroud of Turin" _Applied Optics_ 19: 1930-6
(1980).
Heller, J.H. and A.D. Adler. "Blood on the Shroud of Turin" _Applied
Optics_ 19: 2742-4 (1980).
Heller, J.H. and A.D. Adler. "A Chemical Investigation of the Shroud of
Turin" _Canadian Society of Forensic Sciences Journal_ 14: 81-103
(1981).
Jackson, J.P., E. Arthurs, L.A. Schwalbe, R.M. Sega, D.E. Windisch, W.H.
Long, and E.A. Stappaerts. "A New Tool for Cellulose Degradation
Studies" Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology: Symposium held 6-8
April 1988, Reno, Nevada, U.S.A., ed. Edward V. Sayre et al., _Materials
Research Society_ 123: 311-16 (1988).
Jackson, John P., Eugene Arthurs, Larry A. Schwalbe, Ronald M. Sega,
David E. Windisch, William H. Long, and Eddy A. Stappaerts. "Infrared
laser heating for studies of cellulose degradation" _Applied Optics_ 27:
3937-43 (1988).
Jackson, John P., Eric J. Jumper, and William R. Ercoline. "Correlation
of image intensity on the Turin Shroud with the 3-D structure of a human
body shape" _Applied Optics_ 23: 2244-70 (1984).
Jackson, John P., Eric J. Jumper and William R. Ercoline. "Three
Dimensional Characteristic of the Shroud Image" _IEEE 1982 Proceedings
of the International Conference on Cybernetics and Society_, 559-75 (Oct
1982).
Jumper, Eric J. and Robert W. Mottern. "Scientific investigation of the
Shroud of Turin" _Applied Optics_ 19: 1909-12 (1980).
Jumper, E.J., A.D. Adler, J.P. Jackson, S.F. Pellicori, J.H. Heller and
J.R. Druzik. "A Comprehensive Examination of the Various Stains and
Images on the Shroud of Turin" _Archaeological Chemistry III_, Joseph B.
Lambert, ed. (Washington DC: American Chemical Society, 1984), 447-476.
Based on a symposium sponsored by the Division of the History of
Chemistry at the 184th meeting of the American Chemical Society, 12-17
Sept 1982.
Jumper, Eric J. "An Overview of the Testing Performed by the Shroud of
Turin Research Project with a Summary of Results" _IEEE 1982 Proceedings
of the International Conference on Cybernetics and Society_, 535-7 (Oct
1982).
Meacham, William. "The authentication of the Turin Shroud: an issue in
archaeological epistemology" _Current Anthropology_ 24: 283-95 (1983).
Replies to: _Current Anthropology_ 24: 296-311 (1983); letters by
Francis L. Filas and William Meacham, _Current Anthropology_ 25: 248-9
(1984); letter by John H. Heller and Alan D. Adler, and a reply by
William Meacham, _Current Anthropology_ 24: 537-8 (1983).
Miller, V.D. and S.F. Pellicori. "Ultraviolet Fluorescence Photography
of the Shroud of Turin" _Journal of Biological Photography_ 49: 71-85
(1981).
Mills, Allan A. "Image formation on the Shroud of Turin: The reactive
oxygen intermediates hypothesis" _Interdisciplinary Science Reviews_ 20:
319-27 (1995).
Morris, R.A., L.A. Schwalbe, and J.R. London. "X-Ray Fluorescence
Investigation of the Shroud of Turin" _X-Ray Spectrometry_ 9: 40-7
(1980).
Mottern, R.W., R.J. London, and R.A. Morris. "Radiographic Examination
of the Shroud of Turin--A Preliminary Report" _Materials Evaluation_ 38:
39-44 (Dec 1980).
Mouraviev, Serge N. "Image formation mechanism on the Shroud of Turin:
a solar reflex radiation model (the optical aspect)" _Applied Optics_
36: 8976-81 (1997).
Pellicori, S.F. and R.A. Chandos. "Portable Unit Permits UV/vis Study
of 'Shroud'" _Industrial Research and Development_ 186-189 (Feb 1981).
Pellicori, S. and M.S. Evans. "The Shroud of Turin Through the
Microscope" _Archaeology_ Jan/Feb 1981, 34-43.
Pellicori, S.F. "Spectral properties of the Shroud of Turin" _Applied
Optics_ 19: 1913-20 (1980).
Schwalbe, L.A. and R.N. Rogers. "Physics and Chemistry of the Shroud of
Turin: A Summary of the 1978 Investigation" _Analytica Chimica Acta_
135: 3-49 (1982).
Schwortz, Barrie M. "Mapping of Research Test-Point Areas on the Shroud
of Turin" _IEEE 1982 Proceedings of the International Conference on
Cybernetics and Society_, 538-47 (Oct 1982).
Tamburelli, Giovanni. "Some Results in the Processing of the Holy
Shroud of Turin" _IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine
Intelligence_ vol. pami-3, no. 6, 670-6 (Nov 1981).
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BOOKS
Barbet, Peirre, M.D. _A Doctor at Cavalry: the Passion of Our Floor
Jesus Christ As Described by a Surgeon_ (1950) translated by the Earl of
Wicklow (1953) (Harrison, NY: Roman Catholic Books), 178pp.
Heller, John H. _Report on the Shroud of Turin_ (Boston: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 1983), 225pp.
Hoare, Rodney. _The Shroud is Genuine: The Irrefutable Evidence_ (Great
Britain: Souvenir Press, 1994), 188pp.
Humber, Thomas. _The Sacred Shroud_ (NY: Pocket Books, 1977), 222pp.
Kersten, Holger and Elmar R. Gruber. _The Jesus Conspiracy: The Turin
Shroud and the Truth about the Resurrection_ (MA: Element, 1994), 373pp.
Picknett, Lynn and Clive Prince. _Turin Shroud: In Whose Image? The
Truth behind the Centuries-Long Conspiracy of Silence_ (USA:
HarperCollins, 1994), 212pp.
Stephenson, Kenneth E. and Gary R. Habermas. _Verdict on the Shroud:
Evidence for the Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ_ (Ann Arbor,
Michigan: Servant Books, 1981), 224pp.
The Bible, King James Version.
Wilson, Ian. _The Shroud Of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Juice Christ?_
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1978), 272pp.
Wilson, Ian. _The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence That the World's
Most Sacred Relic Is Real_ (NY: The Free Press, 1998), 333pp.
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NOT-SCIENCE-JOURNAL ARTICLES
Bortin, Virginia. "Science and the Shroud of Turin" _Biblical
Archeologist_ (spring 1980), 109-17.
Bucklin, Robert. "The Shroud of Turin: a Pathologist's Viewpoint"
_Legal Medicine Annual_ 1981 or 1982, 33-9.
Bucklin, Robert. "The Legal and Medical Aspects of the Trial and Death
of Christ" _Medicine, Science, and the Law_ 10(1): 14-26 (Jan 1970).
Culliton, Barbara J. News and comment "The Mystery of the Shroud of
Turin Challenges 20th-century Science" _Science_ 201: 235-9 (1978).
Dinegar, Robert Hudson. "The Shroud of Turin - A Look at the Overall
Picture" _The Living Church_ (17 May 1981), 9-11.
GET Lewis, R. "Pathologist at Calvary: Examination of Turin Shroud
Provides Crucifixion Details" _American Medical News_ (13 April 1979),
21. Cited in _Biblical Archeologist_ (spring 1980), 117.
Goldblatt, Jerome S. "The Shroud" _National Review_ (16 April 1982),
415-19.
Green, Maurus. "Enshrouded in Silence: In Search of the First
Millennium of the Holy Shroud" _Ampleforth Journal_ 74: 319-45 (1969).
Johnson, Robert I. "The Shroud of Turin" _Industrial Research and
Development_ (Dec 1979), 74-8.
Johnson, Robert I. "Scientists Examine the Shroud of Turin" _Industrial
Research and Development_ (Feb 1980), 145-50.
Murphy, Cullen. "Shreds of Evidence" _Harper's_ (November 1981), 42-65.
Pellicori, Samuel F. Letter _Industrial Research and Development_ (July
1980).
Schoen, Edward L. "David Hume and the Mysterious Shroud of Turin"
_Religious Studies_ 27: 209-222 (get date; peer?)
Special report "Archeological chemists grapple with the Shroud of Turin"
_Chemical and Engineering News_ (21 February 1983), 34-5.
Thurston, H. "The Holy Shroud as a Scientific Problem" _The Month_ 101:
162-79 (1903).
Vignon, Paul, Sc.D. "The Problem of the Holy Shroud" _Scientific
American_ (March 1937), 162-4. Translated from the French by Edward A.
Wuenschel.
Weaver, Kenneth F. "The Mystery of the Shroud" _National Geographic_
(June 1980), 730-53.
Wuenschel, Edward A. "The Shroud of Turin and the Burial of Christ II--
John's Account of the Burial" _Catholic Biblical Quarterly_ vol. 8, year
1946,pp. 135-78.
Wuenschel, Edward A. "The Shroud of Turin and the Burial of Christ"
_Catholic Biblical Quarterly_ vol. 7, year 1945,pp. 405-437.
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_SSI_
Adler, Alan D. "Conservation and Preservation of the Shroud of Turin"
_Shroud Spectrum International_ (Dec 1991), 2-6.
Adler, Alan D. and Larry A. Schwalbe. "Conservation of the Shroud of
Turin" _Shroud Spectrum International_ (Dec 1993), 7-15.
Battaglini, Angiolo. "Considerations on the Feet of the Man of the
Shroud" _Shroud Spectrum International_ (Dec 1983), 3-6.
Bollone, Pierluigi Baima and Agostino Gaglio. "Demonstration of Blood,
Aloes and Myrrh on the Holy Shroud with Immunofluorescence Techniques"
_Shroud Spectrum International_ (Dec 1984), 3-8.
Bollone, Pierluigi Baima and Anna Lucia Massaro. "Research on Extremely
Minute and Ancient Traces of Blood" _Shroud Spectrum International_
(June 1984), 2-5.
Bollone, Pierluigi Baima, Maria Jorio, and Anna Lucia Massaro.
"Identification of the Group of the Traces of Human Blood on the Shroud"
_Shroud Spectrum International_ (March 1983), 3-6.
Bucklin, Robert. "Postmortem Changes and the Shroud of Turin" _Shroud
Spectrum International_ (March 1985), 3-6.
Bucklin, Robert. "The Shroud of Turin: Viewpoint of a Forensic
Pathologist" _Shroud Spectrum International_ (Dec 1982), 3-10.
Crispino, Dorothy. "A Chronological Survey of Observations on the
Shroud Textile" _Shroud Spectrum International_ (Mar./June 1991), 21-6.
D'Muhala, Thomas, John Jackson, William Ercoline, Alan Adler, Rudy
Dichtl, Robert Dinegar, and Eric Jumper. "A Scientific Proposal for
Studying the Shroud of Turin" _Shroud Spectrum International_ (Dec
1984), 9-22.
Dinegar, Robert H. "The 1978 Scientific Study of the Shroud of Turin"
_Shroud Spectrum International_ (Sept 1982), 3-12.
Feuillet, Andre. "The Identification & Disposition of the Funerary
Linens of Jesus' Burial According to the Fourth Gospel" _Shroud Spectrum
International_ (Sept 1982), 13-23.
Jackson, John P. "Blood and Possible Images of Blood on the Shroud"
_Shroud Spectrum International_ (Sept 1987), 3-11.
Lavoie, Gilbert R., Bonnie B. Lavoie, Rev. Vincent J. Donovan, John S.
Ballas. "Blood on the Shroud of Turin: Part I" _Shroud Spectrum
International_ (June 1983), 15-19.
Lavoie, Bonnie B., Gilbert R. Lavoie, Rev. Daniel Klutstein, and John
Regan. "In Accordance With Jewish Burial Custom, the Body of Jesus Was
Not Washed" _Shroud Spectrum International_ (June 1982), 8-17.
Lavoie, Gilbert R., Bonnie B. Lavoie and Alan D. Adler. "Blood on the
Shroud of Turin: Part III" _Shroud Spectrum International_ (Sept 1986),
3-6.
Lavoie, Gilbert R., Bonnie B. Lavoie, Rev. Vincent J. Donovan, John S.
Ballas. "Blood on the Shroud of Turin: Part II" _Shroud Spectrum
International_ (Sept 1983), 2-10.
Rodante, Sebastiano. "The Coronation of Thorns in the Light of the
Shroud" _Shroud Spectrum International_ (issue #1, Dec 1981), 5-24.
Rodante, Sebastiano. "The Words of Christ on the Cross and the Shroud"
_Shroud Spectrum International_ (June 1989), 3-7.
Schwalbe, L. A. "Scientific Issues and Shroud Research in the 1990s"
_Shroud Spectrum International_ (June/Sept 1990), 3-12.
Tamburelli, Giovanni. "Reading the Holy Shroud, called the Fifth
Gospel, with the Aid of the Computer" _Shroud Spectrum International_
(March 1982), 3-11.
Tamburelli, Giovanni. "An Image Resurrection of the Man of the Shroud"
_Shroud Spectrum International_ (June 1985), 3-6.
Go to http://www.shroud.com/spectrum.htm if you would like to purchase a
_SSI_ copy; though the covers are in color, the copies are small in
size, only about 40 pages long, and contain black & white photographs.
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SUNDRY BLOOD
Belcher, Anne E. _Blood Disorders_ (USA: Mosby, 1993), 262pp.
Brown, Barbara A. _Hematology: Principles and Procedures_ (Philadelphia:
Lea & Febiger, 1984), 405pp.
Case, Thomas W. _The Shroud of Turin and the C-14 Dating Fiasco: A
Scientific Detective Story_ (Cincinnati: White Horse Press, 1996),
103pp.
Epstein, Herman T. _Elementary Biophysics: Selected Topics_ (MA:
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1963), 122pp.
Fairbanks, G., Theodore L. Steck, and D.F. Wallach. "Electrophoretic
Analysis of the Major Polypeptides of the Human Erythrocyte Membrane"
_Biochemistry_ 10: 2606-17 (1971).
Fiori, Angelo. "Detection and Identification of Bloodstains" in _The
Methods of Forensic Science Volume 1_, Frank Lundquist, ed. (NY: John
Wiley & Sons, 1962), 243-90.
GET Frache, G., E. Mari Rizzatti, and E. Mari. "A Definitive Report on
the Haematological Investigations" in _Report of the Turin Commission on
the Holy Shroud_ (London: Screenpro Films, 1976), 49-54. Cited in
Stevenson & Habermas, 211.
GET part of: McDonaugh, Antony F. "Bile Pigments: Bilatrienes and
5,15-Biladienes" _The Porphyrins Volume VI Biochemistry, Part A_, David
Dolphin, ed. (NY: Academic Press, 1979), 294-472+.
Heller, John H. _Of Mice, Men and Molecules_ (NY: Charles Scribner's
Sons, 1960), 176pp.
Inbau, Fred E., Andre A. Moenssens, and Louis R. Vitullo. _Scientific
Police Investigation_ (Philadelphia: Chilton Book Company, 1972),
chapters "Biological Evidence" and "Neutron Activation Analysis."
Kabat, Elvin A. _Structural Concepts in Immunology and Immunochemistry_
(NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1968), 310pp.
Kirk, Paul L. _Crime Investigation_ (NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1974).
Patterson, D. "Use of Reflectance Measurements in assessing the Colour
Changes of Ageing Bloodstains" _Nature_ 187: 688-9 (1960).
Routh, Joseph I. "Liver Function Tests" in Norbert W. Tietz, ed.,
_Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry_ (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders
Company, 1970), 743-91.
Shaler, Robert C. "Forensic Science: A Walk through History" in _More
Chemistry and Crime: From Marsh Arsenic Test to DNA Profile_, Samuel M.
Gerber and Richard Saferstein, eds. (Washington, DC: American Chemical
Society, 1997), 13-31.
Surgenor, Douglas MacN, ed. _The Red Blood Cell_, Vol. 2. (NY:
Academic Press, 1975), 1372pp.
Willard, Hobart H., Lynne L. Merritt, Jr., and John A. Dean.
_Instrumental Methods of Analysis_ (New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand Company,
Inc., 1965), 784pp.
Wilson, Curtis M. "Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins:
Impurities in Amido Black Used for Staining" _Analytical Biochemistry_
53: 538-44 (1973).
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ARCHEOLOGY
Bender, A.P. "Beliefs, Rites, and Customs of the Jews, Connected with
Death, Burial, and Mourning (as illustrated by the Bible and later
Jewish literature) V." _The Jewish Quarterly Review_ vol. 7, year 1895,
pp. 259-69.
Bender, A.P. "Beliefs, Rites, and Customs of the Jews, Connected with
Death, Burial, and Mourning (as illustrated by the Bible and later
Jewish literature) IV." _The Jewish Quarterly Review_ vol. 7, year 1894,
pp. 101-18.
Haas, N. "Anthropological Observations on the Skeletal Remains from
G'at ha-Mivtar" _Israel Exploration Journal_ vol. 20, year 1970, pp.
38-59.
Hachlili, Rachel. "Ancient Burial Customs Preserved in Jericho Hills"
_Biblical Archeology Review_ (July/Aug 1979), 28-35.
Lamm, Maurice. _The Jewish Way in Death and Mourning_ (NY: Jonathan
David Publishers, 1969, revised edition Jan 1972), 265pp.
Naveh, J. "The Ossuary Inscriptions from Giv'at ha-Mivtar" _Israel
Exploration Journal_ vol. 20, year 1970, pp. 33-37.
Ricci, Monsignor Giulio. "Historical, Medical and Physical Study of the
Holy Shroud" in _Proceedings of the 1977 United States Conference of
Research on the Shroud of Turin_ (NY: Holy Shroud Guild, 1977), 58-73.
Robinson, John A.T. "The Shroud of Turin and the Grave-Clothes of the
Gospels" in _Proceedings of the 1977 United States Conference of
Research on the Shroud of Turin_ (NY: Holy Shroud Guild, 1977), 23-30.
Tzaferis, V. "Jewish Tombs at and near Giv'at ha-Mivtar, Jerusalem"
_Israel Exploration Journal_ vol. 20, year 1970, pp. 18-32.
Wilson, Edmund. _The Scrolls From the Dead Sea_ (NY: Oxford University
Press, 1955), 121pp.
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CARBON DATING
Damon, P.E., et al. "Radiocarbon dating of The Shroud of Turin" _Nature_
337: 611-15 (1989).
Gove, Harry E. _Relic, Icon or Hoax?: Carbon Dating the Turin Shroud_
(Bristol and Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing, 1996),
336pp.
Hall, E. T. "The Turin Shroud: An Editorial Postscript" _Archeometry_
31(1): 92-5 (1989).
Harbottle, Garman and Walden Heino. "Carbon Dating the Shroud of Turin:
A Test of Recent Improvements in the Technique" in _Archeological
Chemistry_ IV, ed. Ralph O. Allen. (Washington, DC: American Chemical
Society, 1989), 313-20. Developed from a symposium sponsored by the
Division of the History of Chemistry at the 193rd meeting of the
American Chemical Society, Denver, Colorado, 5-10 April 1987.
Nickell, Joe. "The 'Shroud' of Turin Found to Be Medieval" _The
Skeptical Inquirer_ (winter 1989), 117.
Phillips, Thomas J. Letter "Shroud irradiated with neutrons?" _Nature_
337: 594 (1989).
Waldrop, M. Mitchell. "The Shroud of Turin: An Answer Is at Hand"
_Science_ 241: 1750-1 (1988).
Wilson, Ian. Chapter "The Shroud: Can Carbon Dating Lie?" in his _Holy
Faces, Secret Places: An Amazing Quest for the Face of Jesus_ (NY:
Doubleday, 1991), 170-79.
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POLLEN
Eyde, Richard H. Letter in _National Geographic_ (Feb 1985).
Nickell, Joe. "Pollens on the 'Shroud': A Study in Deception" _The
Skeptical Inquirer_ (summer 1994), 379-85.
Wilson's 1998 book.
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COIN IMAGES
Filas, Francis L. Letter _Industrial Research and Development_ (April
1980), 92.
Jumper, Eric, Kenneth Stevenson, Jr., and John Jackson. "Images of
Coins on a Burial Cloth?" _The Numismatist_ (July 1978), 1349-57.
Whanger, Alan D. and Mary Whanger. "Polarized image overlay technique:
a new image comparison method and its applications" _Applied Optics_ 24:
766-72 (1985).
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VINLAND MAP
Cahill, T.A., et al. "The Vinland Map, Revisited: New Compositional
Evidence on Its Inks and Parchment" _Analytical Chemistry_ 59: 829-33
(1987).
McCrone, Walter C. "The Vinland Map" _Analytical Chemistry_ 60:
1009-1018 (1988).
david ford
Jesus' Resurrection?" on 28 Nov 1998:
KF Since McCrone's data is easy to understand, unambiguous, undisputable
KF and confirmed by other tests, it's no wonder you try so hard to dismiss
KF it. It proves beyond any doubt that the shroud is a painting. Read
KF below and judge for yourself.
KF Following is a transcript of a Usenet post from April.
[snip]
Summary:
McCrone's painting allegation is refuted by
* for claim of finding a painting medium, failure of body image to
fluoresce under ultraviolet light
* for iron oxide claim, absence of iron earth contaminants
* for vermillion claim, absence of mercury
1532 fire
* lack of image discoloration even though exposed to heat during
1532 fire
* lack of evidence of a scorched painting mechanism
* the body image's reflectance spectrum doesn't resemble iron
oxide's reflectance spectrum
===================================
McCrone: "....the final conclusion: the Shroud is painted with a very
dilute watercolor paint consisting of an iron-earth pigment, enhanced in
blood-image areas with vermilion, another red pigment, both in a
collagen tempera medium."[McCrone (1986), 25]
P1: if a collagen tempera medium was used in creating the body image,
then that collagen medium would fluoresce under ultraviolet light.
Supporting evidence:
A quite frequent hypothesis is that the body image was painted.
The binders used in paints as early as the 14th century would be
made of proteinaceous materials, animal collagen being a favorite
material; egg white and gelatin are other examples. But these
collagens would inherently be contaminated by fluorescing amino
acids.^13 Random sampling of book bindings and illustrations from
the 14th and 15th centuries were observed to emit bright
fluorescence when excited by long-wave mercury vapor lamp
excitation.[Miller & Pellicori, 84. 13: Jumper et al.]
P2: the body image does not fluoresce under ultraviolet light.
Supporting evidence: There is an "absence of body image fluorescence,"
and "Hypotheses such as... paint are contradicted by the fluorescence
photography results."[Miller & Pellicori, 83, 84]
C: the Shroud body image does not consist of, using McCrone's words,
pigment "in a collagen tempera medium." Summary of the argument, which
is a modus tollens syllogism: if collagen tempera medium was used for
making the body image, then medium would fluoresce under UV light; body
image does not fluoresce under UV light; thus, a collagen tempera medium
was not involved in the appearance of the body image.
===================================
McCrone: "The artist evidently used a mixture of the two most popular
red pigments of the 14th Century--a red iron earth and...."[McCroneIII,
20]
P1: if McCrone's claim that the Shroud's body and blood images partly
consist of a red iron earth pigment is correct, then the contaminants
manganese, nickel, and cobalt should very likely be present. Supporting
evidence:
.... earth pigments (_13-15_) such as Venetian red or ocher from
medieval or older European, North African, or Middle Eastern
sources are always contaminated with elements such as manganese,
nickel, or cobalt above the level of 1% (unless pure hematite
crystals were employed by the artist, which, although possible, is
highly unlikely). Examination of medieval Venetian red and ocher
demonstrates that these contaminants are omnipresent above the 1%
level. Indeed, electron microprobe of late medieval ferric
oxide-derived paints or even modern ones shows such
contaminants.[Jumper et al., 465. 13-15: McCrone's first 3 Shroud
papers as published in his magazine _The Microscope_.]
P2: the contaminants manganese, nickel, and cobalt are not present in
the Shroud body and blood images. Supporting evidence:
Iron oxide particles found on the Shroud are chemically pure to the
level of 99 + %, as would be expected if they were formed by a
'khaki-like' process from the iron taken up by the original retting
[retting is a process done when turning flax into linen]. The only
other source of iron on the Shroud is from blood, which is also
pure as of biological origin.[Jumper et al., 465]
.... electron microprobe analysis of Shroud samples shows
uncontaminated iron--with no detectable manganese, nickel, or
cobalt. Microchemical analysis of large numbers of ferric oxide
particles from the waterstain margins also shows contaminating
impurity elements not to be present.[Jumper et al., 465]
.... the X-ray(15) and spectroscopic(11) studies... have shown that
'iron-oxide' does not correlate with the visually observed image
and cannot account for it.[Heller & Adler, 99. 15: Morris et al.,
who state on 46, "There appears to be no evidence of heavy element
concentration differences between image (non-blood) and off-image
points which would suggest an obvious forgery." 11: Pellicori, who
states on 1920, "To an optical detection limit of <5
[micro]g[ram]/cm^2, Fe_2O_3 [iron oxide] is not a contributor to
the color (density) of the image areas."]
C: McCrone's claim that the Shroud's body and blood images partly
consist of red iron oxide pigment is very likely not correct. Summary:
if iron oxide pigment, then contaminants; no contaminants; thus, not
iron oxide pigment.
===================================
McCrone: "The artist evidently used... vermilion, a mercuric
sulfide."[McCroneIII, 20]
McCrone in 1981: ".... the presence of significant amounts of a second
red pigment, vermilion, in an image area has no explanation other
than an artist's effort."[McCroneIII, 36]
McCrone in 1986: the Shroud was "enhanced in blood-image areas with
vermilion."[McCrone86, 25]
Let's see. First McCrone says the vermilion appears in an _image_ area,
and then approximately six years later he says the vermilion appears in
_blood_ areas. The following argument is directed at his 1981 claim,
but could easily be rephrased to defeat his 1986 claim.
P1: if McCrone's claim that the Shroud's body image partly consists of
the red pigment "vermilion, a mercuric sulfide" is correct, then the
contaminant mercury should be present. Supporting evidence:
This cinnabar particle was detected in a blood area and more than
sufficient evidence has now been presented to establish that these
[blood] images were formed by real blood and are therefore not
composed of 'vermillion'. Our microchemical tests do not reveal Hg
[mercury] to be present in these [blood] areas generally at levels
that could be evident to the eye.[Heller & Adler, 97]
P2: the contaminant mercury is not present to a significant degree in
the Shroud body image. Supporting evidence:
On the basis of the optical appearance and the chemical behavior,
this [object] can be identified as 'cinnabar' (HgS). Fragments of
this particle were found in the same area along a definite
track.... This is clearly an 'accidental' artifact as we have seen
nothing like it on any other slides, nor have any other red
particulates even from this same tape [sample 6BF] away from this
track given a positive test for Hg.[Heller & Adler, 94]
C: McCrone's claim that the Shroud's body image partly consists of
"vermilion, a mercuric sulfide" is incorrect. Summary: if vermilion,
then mercury; no mercury; thus, no vermilion.
===================================
P1: if the Shroud was a painting, then when the molten silver burned
through the Shroud during the 1532 fire, the paint near the molten
silver would have changed color. Supporting evidence:
Pure silver melts at 960 [degrees] C, but because of suspected
alloy contaminants, the silver casket in which the Shroud was
stored in 1532 would probably have melted at 820-850 [degrees] C.
.... Few organic dyes or stains could survive the scorching
conditions, and most of the inorganic pigments available during the
14th century would have suffered some change. Hydrated iron oxide,
the orchers and siennas for instance, change color on heating to
become their 'burnt' equivalents, and even Fe_2O_3 tends to be
reduced to black Fe_3O_4. Sulfide pigments (orpiment, realgar,
etc.) would be converted to salts, many of which would be
water-soluble and all of which would be a different color.[Schwalbe
& Rogers, 23-4]
P2: no such color change is observed. Supporting evidence: The body
image "is unchanged in color or density, even where the image approaches
scorched areas."[Pellicori & Chandos, 188]
C: the Shroud is not a painting. Summary: if painting, then discolored
paint near burns; image is not discolored near burns; thus, Shroud is
not a painting.
===================================
P1: "If the image had been painted with a proteinaceous, plant-gum-, or
starch-based vehicle, [then] the medium would have scorch more rapidly
than the cellulose of the linen."[Schwalbe & Rogers, 24]
P2: "No evidence for a scorched medium can be seen."[Schwalbe & Rogers,
24]
C: McCrone's painting medium is absent. Summary: if a painting medium
was present, then, in the areas where the molten silver burns and body
image intersect, the painting medium would have noticeably scorched to a
greater degree than the linen's cellulose; no scorched medium is
observed; thus, no painting medium is present.
===================================
P1: if iron oxide was responsible for the body image, then iron oxide's
reflectance spectrum would be the same as the body image's reflectance
spectrum.
P2: the body image's reflectance spectrum does not resemble iron oxide's
reflectance spectrum. Supporting evidence for P1 and P2:
.... the reflectance spectrum of Fe_2O_3 is so different from that
of the body image that we cannot support Dr. McCrone's conclusions.
The body image spectrum, being a monotonically decreasing function
with decreasing wavelength, has no resemblance to inorganic
pigments or to organic pigments capable of surviving the fire of
1532 without change.[Pellicori & Chandos, 188]
C: iron oxide is not responsible for the body image. Summary: if iron
oxide was responsible for the image, then its reflectance spectrum would
match the image's reflectance spectrum; there is no such match; thus,
iron oxide is not responsible for the image.
===================================
Works Cited
Heller, J.H. and A.D. Adler. "A Chemical Investigation of the Shroud of
Turin" _Canadian Society of Forensic Sciences Journal_ 14: 81-103
(1981).
Jumper, Eric, Alan Adler, John Jackson, Samuel Pellicori, John Heller,
and James Druzik. "A Comprehensive Examination of the Various
Stains and Images on the Shroud of Turin" _Archaeological Chemistry
III_, Joseph B. Lambert, ed. (Washington DC: American Chemical
Society, 1984), 447-476. Based on a symposium sponsored by the
Division of the History of Chemistry at the 184th meeting of the
American Chemical Society, 12-17 Sept 1982. Accepted for
publication 11 April 1983.
McCrone, Walter C. "Chemical microscopy" _American Laboratory_ (Dec
1986), 19-25.
McCrone, Walter C. "Microscopical Study of the Turin 'Shroud'; III"
_The Microscope_ (yr 1981, vol 29), 19-38.
Miller, V. D. and S. F. Pellicori. "Ultraviolet fluorescence
photography of the Shroud of Turin" _Journal of Biological
Photography_ 49: 71-85 (1981).
Morris, R. A., L. A. Schwalbe, and J. R. London. "X-ray Fluorescence
Investigation of the Shroud of Turin" _X-ray Spectrometry_ 9(2):
40-7 (1980).
Pellicori, S. "Spectral properties of the Shroud of Turin" _Applied
Optics_ 19: 1913-20 (1980).
Pellicori, S.F. and R.A. Chandos. "Portable unit permits UV/vis study
of 'Shroud'" _Industrial Research and Development_ pp. 186-9 (Feb
1981).
Schwalbe, L. A. and R. N. Rogers. "Physics and Chemistry of the Shroud
Omri Schwarz
content in the Shroud of Turn, please
keep it off SCJ.
Thank you.
--
Omri Schwarz
"As an adolescent I aspired to lasting fame, I craved factual
certainty, and I thirsted for a meaningful vision of human life
- so I became a scientist. This is like becoming an archbishop so
you can meet girls." -- M. Cartmill
Esther Pfeffer
<ocsc...@antispam.mapsitna.MIT.EDU> wrote:
> Unless there's a dispute over shaatnez
> content in the Shroud of Turn, please
> keep it off SCJ.
>
> Thank you.
Kol ha-kavod, for the elegance...
(All other groups removed from the header)
Jeff/addesign
<snip>
> Pure silver melts at 960 [degrees] C, but because of suspected
> alloy contaminants, the silver casket in which the Shroud was
> stored in 1532 would probably have melted at 820-850 [degrees] C.
> .... Few organic dyes or stains could survive the scorching
I haaven't paid much attention to the shroud debate, and you provide a
seemingly impressive list of cites, but I'm just wondering (as a
complete novice to such detection), why the emphasis on earth
pigments, and what the proerties of soem of organic red pigments are,
that made them excudable. For example, Carmne is extracted from
insects, and I beleive is soluble in alcool, can be precipitated on
white clay for use as an opaque pigment, or can be a transparent
lake. Madder red or Madder lake is an very old fabric dye, extracted
from the root ofthe Madder plant, or from coal tar. Or dragon's blood,
which is an extract of a palm fruit. These are among the more common
reds that are non-mercuric, non-earth colors known for centuries, and
could paitn a fabric without a protein-based binder. Shall I assume
ancient red fabric dyes such as these were reasonably excluded?
Jeff/addesign a.a #1063
****************************************************************
Tantum religio potuit suadere malorum--Lucretius, 1st c. BC
"So vast is the sum of the iniquities that religion has induced."
****************************************************************
Shane D. Killian
>
> Summary:
> McCrone's painting allegation is refuted by
> * for claim of finding a painting medium, failure of body image to
> fluoresce under ultraviolet light
>
behaves *exactly* as other paintings from the time do.
McCrone knows all about this. He has worked with the dating &
authenticity of many paintings, from the middle ages through the
renaissance. He knows a painting when he sees one. In every test run on
paintings, the shroud behaves exactly like a painting.
How many paintings have you examined?
Oh, and by the way:
1) Why did the "blood" stay red, unlike what read blood does, and
2) Why did the "blood" clump up, unlike what real blood does?
Both of these, above any others, are indicative of paint, and firmly
rule out the presence of blood on the shroud.
--
Shane D. Killian -- sha...@vnet.net -- http://users.vnet.net/shanek
"uuunnn k mmmmmmk hhhhhhhh khbbbbbbbbbbbh
gnhjjjjjjjjjjj rrrrrrrrrddddfc gvb uyyyyyyyhubbbbbbb"
--Sinclair Mitchell Killian, born 1/29/98
BUSHBADEE
Unless there's a dispute over shaatnez
content in the Shroud of Turn, please
keep it off SCJ.
Thank you.
--
It wasn't that either which should have been the first clue.
I do not follow many of these channels.
To answere me address mail to
Bush...@aol.com