kneaded his head examined.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III_murders
What the allies forgot was that if those ordered with shooting 50 of
the escapees refused, it would have been 'them' what got shot. Oh.
But the 'we were only following orders' defense is no defense. The
allied airmen what murdered hundreds of thousands of civilians were
only following orders.
{
he Stalag Luft III murders were war crimes perpetrated by members of
the Gestapo following the "Great Escape" of Allied prisoners of war
from the German Air Force prison camp known as Stalag Luft III on
March 25, 1944. Of a total of 76 successful escapees, 73 were
recaptured, mostly within days of the breakout, of whom 50 were
executed on the personal orders of Adolf Hitler. These summary
executions were conducted within a short period of recapture.
Outrage at the killings was felt immediately, both in the prison camp,
among comrades of the escaped prisoners, and in the United Kingdom,
where the Foreign Minister Anthony Eden rose in the House of Commons
to announce in June 1944 that those guilty of what the British
government suspected was a war crime would be "brought to exemplary
justice." [1]
After Nazi Germany's capitulation in May 1945, the Police branch of
the Royal Air Force, with whom the 50 airmen had been serving,
launched a special investigation into the killings, having branded the
shootings a war crime despite official German reports that the airmen
had been shot while attempting to escape from captivity following
recapture. An extensive investigation into the events following the
recapture of the 73 airmen was launched, which was unique for being
the only major war crime to be investigated by a single branch of any
nation's military.[2]Contents [hide]
1 The murders
2 Victims
3 Investigation
4 Accused
4.1 High Command
4.2 Gestapo High Command
4.3 Gestapo Field Offices
5 Trials
6 References
[edit]
The murders
The day after the mass escape from Stalag Luft III, Hitler gave
personal orders that every recaptured officer was to be shot.
Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, head of the Luftwaffe, Reichsführer
Heinrich Himmler, chief of state security, and Field Marshal Wilhelm
Keitel head of the German High Command, who had ultimate control over
prisoners of war, argued about the responsibility for the escape.
Göring pointed out to Hitler that a massacre might bring about
reprisals to German pilots in Allied hands. Hitler agreed, but
insisted "more than half" were to be shot. Himmler fixed the total at
50. Keitel gave orders that the murdered officers were to be cremated
and returned to the POW camp as a deterrent to further escapes.[3]
Himmler set up the logistics for actually killing the men, and passed
it down through his subordinates in the Gestapo.[4] The general orders
were that recaptured officers would be turned over to the Criminal
Police, and fifty would be handed to the Gestapo to be killed.[5]
As the prisoners were captured, they were interrogated for any useful
information, and taken out by motor car, usually in small parties of
two at a time, on the pretext of returning them to their prison camp.
Their Gestapo escorts would stop them in the country and invite the
officers to relieve themselves. The prisoners were then shot at close
range from behind by pistol or machine pistol fire. The bodies were
then left for retrieval, after which they were cremated and returned
to Stalag Luft III.
British Military Intelligence was made aware of the extraordinary
events even during conditions of wartime, via letters home and as a
result of communications via the Protecting Power, i.e. Switzerland,
who as a neutral party regularly reported on conditions in prisoner
camps to both sides. Notices posted in Allied POW camps on 23 July
1944 that "THE ESCAPE FROM PRISON CAMPS IS NO LONGER A SPORT" in the
wake of the Stalag Luft III escape, as well as the suspicious deaths
of fifty officers during their recapture, led the British government
to suspect a war crime had occurred. The Judge Advocate General
originally placed the blame on Field Marshal Keitel, feeling
publication of the notices linked him to the notice to shoot the
prisoners.
The British government learned of the deaths from a routine visit to
the camp by the Swiss authorities as the Protecting power in May; the
Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden announced the news to the House of
Commons on 19 May 1944.[6] Shortly after the announcement the Senior
British Officer of the camp, Group Captain Herbert Massey, was
repatriated to England due to ill health. Upon his return, he informed
the Government about the circumstances of the escape and the reality
of the murder of the recaptured escapees. Eden updated Parliament on
23 June, promising that, at the end of the war, those responsible
would be brought to exemplary justice.[7]
A detachment of the Special Investigation Branch of the Royal Air
Force was given the assignment of tracking down the killers of the 50
officers. The investigation started seventeen months after the alleged
crimes had been committed, making it a cold case. Worse, according to
an account of the investigation, the perpetrators "belonged to a body,
the Secret State Police or Gestapo, which held and exercised every
facility to provide its members with false identities and forged
identification papers immediately they were ordered to go on the run
at the moment of national surrender."[8]
The small detachment of investigators, numbering five officers and
fourteen NCOs, remained active for three years, and identified seventy-
two men, guilty of either murder or conspiracy to murder, 69 of whom
were accounted for. Of these, 21 were eventually tried and executed
(some of these were for other than the Stalag Luft III murders); 17
were tried and imprisoned; 11 had committed suicide; 7 were untraced,
though of these 4 were presumed dead; 6 had been killed during the
war; 5 were arrested but charges had not been laid; 1 was arrested but
not charged so he could be used as a material witness; three were
charged but either acquitted or had the sentence quashed on review,
and one remained in refuge in East Germany.[9]
Despite attempts to cover up the murders during the war, the
investigators were aided by such things as meticulous book-keeping,
such as at various crematoria, as well as willing eye-witness accounts
and many confessions among the Gestapo members themselves, who cited
that they were only following orders.
Wing Commander Wilfred Bowes, OBE headed the 15-man investigation team
from the RAF which relentlessly tracked down, arrested, and
interrogated the alleged war criminals responsible for the murders.
SS-Gruppenführer Arthur Nebe, who is believed to have selected the
airmen to be shot, was later executed for his involvement in the July
20 plot to kill Hitler.
American Colonel Telford Taylor was the U.S. prosecutor in the High
Command case at the Nuremberg Trials. The indictment in this case
called for the General Staff of the Army and the High Command of the
German Armed Forces to be considered criminal organizations; the
witnesses were several of the surviving German Field Marshals and
their staff officers.[11] One of the crimes charged was of the murder
of the 50.[12] Luftwaffe Colonel Bernd von Brauchitsch, who served on
the staff of Reich Marshal Hermann Göring, was interrogated by Captain
Horace Hahn about the murders.[13]
The first trial specifically dealing with the Stalag Luft III murders
began on 1 July 1947, against 18 defendants. The trial was held before
No. 1 War Crimes Court at the Curio Haus in Hamburg. The accused all
pled Not Guilty to the counts indicated on the table below; names in
the final column are the victims that they were accused of murdering.
The verdicts and sentences were handed down after a full fifty days on
September 3 of that year. Max Wielen was found guilty of conspiracy
and sentenced to life imprisonment. The others were found not guilty
of the first two charges, but guilty of the individual charges of
murder. Breithaupt received life imprisonment, Denkmann and Struve ten
years imprisonment each, and Boschert eventually received life
imprisonment. The other 13 condemned prisoners were hanged at Hamelin
Jail in February 1948 by British executioner Albert Pierrepoint.[14]
}