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Molecular Genetics: CRISPR-CAS9 & Gene Editing
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HenryDavidT
Oct 25, 2015, 6:23:57 AM10/25/15
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http://www.nature.com/nprot/journal/v8/n11/full/nprot.2013.143.html
http://www.nature.com/news/crispr-the-disruptor-1.17673
http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/10/12/us-genome-editing-pigs-idUSKCN0S61W120151012
http://finance.yahoo.com/news/chinese-scientists-just-made-worlds-145900470.html
https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/09/25/crispr-genome-editing-discovery-may-upend-high-stakes-patent-dispute/9WQTAQe2xuphAuMtindB4K/story.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuAxDVBt7kQ
If you haven't paid close enough attention, Jennifer Doudna from UC Berkeley and her colleague Emmanuelle Charpentier (now at Max Planck Institute) were given the newly established BREAKTHROUGH PRIZE, even though MIT has a Chinese American researcher who patented an aspect of this very powerful technique, CRISPR-CAS9... and the reason for this prize being given to Jennifer Doudna and her colleague Emmanuelle Charpentier is that the latter two HAD STARTED WORKING ON CRISPR-CAS9 first, even though they were not as fast going into the US Patent Office...
But since there's clear academic papers by Doudna and Charpentier on records, before MIT's activity, MIT's challenge --- as to who's first responsible for CRISPR-CAS9 --- did not prevent the BREAKTHROUGH PRIZE from being awarded... and I believe award correctly and deservedly... Women and minorities, as we know, have been neglected and discounted, even when it's clear they either discovered something or did something fundamental enough to deserve recognition...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_AC1z80SO0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-t5VrCtY1Q
http://www.nature.com/news/crispr-the-disruptor-1.17673
http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/10/12/us-genome-editing-pigs-idUSKCN0S61W120151012
http://finance.yahoo.com/news/chinese-scientists-just-made-worlds-145900470.html
https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/09/25/crispr-genome-editing-discovery-may-upend-high-stakes-patent-dispute/9WQTAQe2xuphAuMtindB4K/story.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuAxDVBt7kQ
If you haven't paid close enough attention, Jennifer Doudna from UC Berkeley and her colleague Emmanuelle Charpentier (now at Max Planck Institute) were given the newly established BREAKTHROUGH PRIZE, even though MIT has a Chinese American researcher who patented an aspect of this very powerful technique, CRISPR-CAS9... and the reason for this prize being given to Jennifer Doudna and her colleague Emmanuelle Charpentier is that the latter two HAD STARTED WORKING ON CRISPR-CAS9 first, even though they were not as fast going into the US Patent Office...
But since there's clear academic papers by Doudna and Charpentier on records, before MIT's activity, MIT's challenge --- as to who's first responsible for CRISPR-CAS9 --- did not prevent the BREAKTHROUGH PRIZE from being awarded... and I believe award correctly and deservedly... Women and minorities, as we know, have been neglected and discounted, even when it's clear they either discovered something or did something fundamental enough to deserve recognition...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_AC1z80SO0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-t5VrCtY1Q
HenryDavidT
Oct 27, 2015, 5:49:23 PM10/27/15
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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/evolution/crispr-gene-drives/
"Today, researchers aren't just dropping in new genes, they're deftly adding, subtracting, and rewriting them using a series of tools that have become ever more versatile and easier to use. In the last few years, our ability to edit genomes has improved at a shockingly rapid clip. So rapid, in fact, that one of the easiest and most popular tools, known as CRISPR-Cas9, is just two years old. Researchers once spent months, even years, attempting to rewrite an organism's DNA. Now they spend days."
HenryDavidT
Nov 3, 2015, 7:16:48 AM11/3/15
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http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-11/uoia-pgo102915.php
http://www.techtimes.com/articles/102390/20151103/scientists-unlock-the-pineapple-genome-and-heres-why-you-should-care.htm
http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ng.3435.html
+++++++++++++++++++
The following is a grade school summary for those of us who are not working scientists. The full detailed article is published in the NATURE GENETICS, on the third link above here.... with close to 100 references and citations... including very well done graphics and other illustrations on GENOMIC EVOLUTION of pineapples and the more closely related plants/grasses, etc.
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Prof. Ray Ming, a plant biologist at Illinois and lead author of the study, said their findings suggest that the genome of the pineapple contains one less genome duplication compared to grass species that share its ancestry.
He said this trait makes the pineapple an ideal point of comparison for research on the genomes of cereal crops.
Ming and his colleagues were able to identify two instances of whole-genome duplications in the evolutionary history of the pineapple. This also validated the findings of earlier studies in which three duplications were found in grasses.
While most other plants use a type of the photosynthesis called C3 to build up its tissues, pineapples have been found to employ a variation of the process known as crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM).
Ming explained that plants that use the CAM process typically use as much as 20 percent of water supplies used by C3 plants. CAM plants are also capable of thriving in arid, marginal areas where most other plants would not be able to survive in.
Some genes related to this form of photosynthesis have been found to be controlled by the pineapple's genetic circadian clock, which allows it to differentiate daytime from nighttime and make necessary adjustments to its metabolism.
"This is the first time scientists have found a link between regulatory elements of CAM photosynthesis genes and circadian clock regulation," Ming pointed out.
"This makes sense, because CAM photosynthesis allows plants to close the pores in their leaves during the day and open them at night."
Ming added that the trait contributes to the resilience of the pineapple in harsh climates, allowing the plant to lose only small amounts of moisture through its leaves during daytime.
http://www.techtimes.com/articles/102390/20151103/scientists-unlock-the-pineapple-genome-and-heres-why-you-should-care.htm
http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ng.3435.html
+++++++++++++++++++
The following is a grade school summary for those of us who are not working scientists. The full detailed article is published in the NATURE GENETICS, on the third link above here.... with close to 100 references and citations... including very well done graphics and other illustrations on GENOMIC EVOLUTION of pineapples and the more closely related plants/grasses, etc.
++++++++++++++++++++
Prof. Ray Ming, a plant biologist at Illinois and lead author of the study, said their findings suggest that the genome of the pineapple contains one less genome duplication compared to grass species that share its ancestry.
He said this trait makes the pineapple an ideal point of comparison for research on the genomes of cereal crops.
Ming and his colleagues were able to identify two instances of whole-genome duplications in the evolutionary history of the pineapple. This also validated the findings of earlier studies in which three duplications were found in grasses.
While most other plants use a type of the photosynthesis called C3 to build up its tissues, pineapples have been found to employ a variation of the process known as crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM).
Ming explained that plants that use the CAM process typically use as much as 20 percent of water supplies used by C3 plants. CAM plants are also capable of thriving in arid, marginal areas where most other plants would not be able to survive in.
Some genes related to this form of photosynthesis have been found to be controlled by the pineapple's genetic circadian clock, which allows it to differentiate daytime from nighttime and make necessary adjustments to its metabolism.
"This is the first time scientists have found a link between regulatory elements of CAM photosynthesis genes and circadian clock regulation," Ming pointed out.
"This makes sense, because CAM photosynthesis allows plants to close the pores in their leaves during the day and open them at night."
Ming added that the trait contributes to the resilience of the pineapple in harsh climates, allowing the plant to lose only small amounts of moisture through its leaves during daytime.
HenryDavidT
Nov 23, 2015, 10:09:58 PM11/23/15
to
GERMLINE EDITING, via CRISPR, allowed malaria-spreading mosquito to spread a new and mutated set of genes that impede mosquito's malaria-carrying ability... so that quickly this new set of genes could come to dominate most mosquito populations in the wild, rendering them unable to transmit this sickness that has killed hundreds of humans over the millenniums...
http://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/gene-engineered-mosquitoes-cant-spread-malaria-researchers-n468481
++++++++++++++++
"This opens up the real promise that this technique can be adapted for eliminating malaria," said Anthony James of the University of California Irvine, who helped lead the study.
= = =
Valentino Gantz of the University of California San Diego and his colleague Ethan Bier developed a way to get a mutation into both copies of a gene in an insect. That makes it more likely to be passed along.
They combined this with the CRISPR method to get the anti-malaria gene right where they wanted it -- a part of the DNA that would be passed along to future generations. This is called germline editing.
So they could tell if their experiment worked, they added a gene that would give the insects glowing red eyes.
It worked. The genetically modified mosquitoes passed the new gene to 99.5 percent of their offspring, they reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Now they'll have to test and see if the mosquitoes that have inherited the new gene actually are incapable of transmitting malaria.
"This breakthrough strategy should also hold promise for many other arthropod transmitted diseases that affect humans and crops and for which the use of insecticides continues to be the main tool," said Anthony Shelton, an entomologist at Cornell University who was not involved in the study.
http://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/gene-engineered-mosquitoes-cant-spread-malaria-researchers-n468481
++++++++++++++++
"This opens up the real promise that this technique can be adapted for eliminating malaria," said Anthony James of the University of California Irvine, who helped lead the study.
= = =
Valentino Gantz of the University of California San Diego and his colleague Ethan Bier developed a way to get a mutation into both copies of a gene in an insect. That makes it more likely to be passed along.
They combined this with the CRISPR method to get the anti-malaria gene right where they wanted it -- a part of the DNA that would be passed along to future generations. This is called germline editing.
So they could tell if their experiment worked, they added a gene that would give the insects glowing red eyes.
It worked. The genetically modified mosquitoes passed the new gene to 99.5 percent of their offspring, they reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Now they'll have to test and see if the mosquitoes that have inherited the new gene actually are incapable of transmitting malaria.
"This breakthrough strategy should also hold promise for many other arthropod transmitted diseases that affect humans and crops and for which the use of insecticides continues to be the main tool," said Anthony Shelton, an entomologist at Cornell University who was not involved in the study.
HenryDavidT
Dec 1, 2015, 8:45:29 PM12/1/15
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HenryDavidT
Dec 20, 2015, 2:27:37 AM12/20/15
to
On Tuesday, December 1, 2015 at 7:45:29 PM UTC-6, HenryDavidT wrote:
> http://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2015/12/who-edits-the-gene-editors/418209/
http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-crispr-cas-9-20151218-story.html
> http://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2015/12/who-edits-the-gene-editors/418209/
http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-crispr-cas-9-20151218-story.html
HenryDavidT
Feb 1, 2016, 10:54:52 AM2/1/16
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HenryDavidT
Mar 18, 2016, 10:09:31 AM3/18/16
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http://www.nanowerk.com/news2/biotech/newsid=42896.php
Posted: Mar 18, 2016
For first time, scientists use CRISPR-Cas9 to target RNA in live cells
(Nanowerk News) The genetic code stored in DNA determines everything from the color of our eyes to our susceptibility to disease.
This has motivated scientists to sequence the human genome and develop ways to alter the genetic code, but many diseases are linked to a different fundamental molecule: RNA. As the intermediary genetic material that carries the genetic code from the cell's nucleus, scientists have long sought an efficient method for targeting RNA in living cells.
Researchers at University of California, San Diego School of Medicine have now achieved this by applying the popular DNA-editing technique CRISPR-Cas9 to RNA.
http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674%2816%2930204-5?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867416302045%3Fshowall%3Dtrue
Posted: Mar 18, 2016
For first time, scientists use CRISPR-Cas9 to target RNA in live cells
(Nanowerk News) The genetic code stored in DNA determines everything from the color of our eyes to our susceptibility to disease.
This has motivated scientists to sequence the human genome and develop ways to alter the genetic code, but many diseases are linked to a different fundamental molecule: RNA. As the intermediary genetic material that carries the genetic code from the cell's nucleus, scientists have long sought an efficient method for targeting RNA in living cells.
Researchers at University of California, San Diego School of Medicine have now achieved this by applying the popular DNA-editing technique CRISPR-Cas9 to RNA.
http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674%2816%2930204-5?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867416302045%3Fshowall%3Dtrue
HenryDavidT
Apr 17, 2016, 8:15:14 PM4/17/16
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HenryDavidT
May 5, 2016, 3:16:36 AM5/5/16
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This article deals with human embryo (grown in labs) studies, not CRSPR-CAS9 gene editing.... although one of the hopes in studying early embryology, I hope, is to see if we could somehow deal with "silencing" or inducing well known genes, or set of genes, along the chromosomal structures... we could have have some features or we could get rid of some debilitating genetic conditions... at some of the earliest stages of human development, when we could still safely, hopefully, deal with phenotypes that would would be expressed later through genotypes... and deal with them AT THE GENOTYPIC LEVEL in the said early embryo... when there's still only a couple dozen to a couple hundreds to a couple thousand cells... before irrevocable cell differentiation has started according to DNA blue print...
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http://www.nature.com/news/human-embryos-grown-in-lab-for-longer-than-ever-before-1.19847?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20160505&spMailingID=51301208&spUserID=MzQ0NTIyNjU1MgS2&spJobID=920498312&spReportId=OTIwNDk4MzEyS0
Developmental biologists have grown human embryos in the lab for up to 13 days after fertilization, shattering the previous record of 9 days. The achievement has already enabled scientists to discover new aspects of early human development, including features never before seen in a human embryo. And the technique could help to determine why some pregnancies fail.
The work, reported this week in Nature1 and Nature Cell Biology2, also raises the possibility that scientists could soon culture embryos to an even more advanced stage. Doing so would raise ethical, as well as technical, challenges. Many countries and scientific societies ban research on human embryos that are more than 14 days old; in light of this, the authors of the studies ended their experiments before this point.
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http://www.nature.com/news/human-embryos-grown-in-lab-for-longer-than-ever-before-1.19847?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20160505&spMailingID=51301208&spUserID=MzQ0NTIyNjU1MgS2&spJobID=920498312&spReportId=OTIwNDk4MzEyS0
Developmental biologists have grown human embryos in the lab for up to 13 days after fertilization, shattering the previous record of 9 days. The achievement has already enabled scientists to discover new aspects of early human development, including features never before seen in a human embryo. And the technique could help to determine why some pregnancies fail.
The work, reported this week in Nature1 and Nature Cell Biology2, also raises the possibility that scientists could soon culture embryos to an even more advanced stage. Doing so would raise ethical, as well as technical, challenges. Many countries and scientific societies ban research on human embryos that are more than 14 days old; in light of this, the authors of the studies ended their experiments before this point.
HenryDavidT
Jul 23, 2016, 1:12:28 AM7/23/16
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