GoooooooDamned Gooooooogle: Sid Harth

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GoooooooDamned Gooooooogle: Sid Harth
http://cogitoergosum.co.cc/2010/08/14/gooooooodamned-gooooooogle-sid-harth/

Protest-Against-Google-Net-Neutrality-Policy-4

Protest-Against-Google-Net-Neutrality-Policy-3

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GoooooooDamned Gooooooogle: Sid Harth

14 August 2010 Last updated at 00:57 ET

Protesters denounce Google plan for ‘two-tier internet

‘By Maggie Shiels

Technology reporter, BBC News, Silicon Valley

Protestor chanted slogans outside Google’s corporate headquarters
Around 100 people have rallied outside Google’s California offices to
protest against controversial proposals to alter how data is treated
over the web.

Google and Verizon suggest treating fixed line services differently to
wireless and some specialised content.

This would allow net providers to give priority to certain online
traffic.

Protesters outside the famed Googleplex said this would create a “pay-
to-play” service and urged Google to live up to its famous motto
“don’t be evil”.

“Companies like Google have benefited from a free and open internet
and their plan will destroy that,” said James Rucker of
ColourofChange.org, one of many consumer and public advocacy groups
taking part in the event.

“They are talking about producing a fast lane, essentially a higher
tier, for premium content that means if you want to play in the 21st
Century internet you will have to pay.”

The proposals unveiled this week by the search giant and telecom titan
Verizon champion an open net for wireline services but suggest
loopholes for wireless and what they called “differentiated” content.

Critics have said this would undermine the principle of net neutrality
where all web data is treated equally and no-one is given preferential
treatment or discriminated against.

“Whether you are a blogger, an entrepreneur, a journalist or someone
trying to organise a community, the internet is precious,” said Mr
Rucker.

“We all want to stand together to ensure it is protected for the
future. We would expect Google to take leadership in making that
happen, not be on the front line of undoing that.”

‘In mourning’

Google and Verizon made their announcement after the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) ended closed-door talks with service
providers and internet companies to find a consensus on the principle
of net neutrality.

Young and old took part in the protest The FCC is trying to navigate
what it has called a “third way” to resolve the issue after its
authority was called into question when a court ruled it had no power
to sanction Comcast for slowing some net traffic.

Net neutrality is seen as central to the government’s broadband plan
to provide high speed access to every citizen by 2020.

Protestor Christine Springer criticised the lack of leadership coming
from the agency.

“The FCC is sitting on their hands. They are hoping nobody will notice
but unless we make a lot of noise the corporate giants will prevail.
The job of the FCC is to regulate not negotiate with giant
corporations.”

Those taking part in the rally agree and chanted slogans like “net
neutrality is under attack, stand up and fight back” and “we demand
our internet rights, together we stand together we fight”.

Martha Champion chose a sartorial way to get her message across There
was also some singing to the tune of “Clementine” organised by a group
of senior citizens calling themselves the Raging Grannies.

“We want to raise awareness about this issue and shine a light on how
important it is to keep the internet free and open to one and all,”
said Raging Granny Gail Sredanovic.

Martha Champion donned a heavy black Victorian costume to drive home
her concerns.

“I am in mourning for the death of the internet and believe this plan
will lock out those that can’t afford to pay a premium for their
content to load faster or for their site to go quickly.”

The rally also attracted the very young. Seven year old Alexis Buggs
said she took part “to help save the internet”.

Her mum Erin Hodgson told BBC News “I’m a stay at home mom and so it
was either go to the park or come out here and take a stand and teach
my kids about putting our voice out there and being proud to be
American.”

‘Fierce supporter’

The rally organisers presented Google with boxes of petitions they
claimed held the signatures of 300,000 people opposed to anything that
would harm the principle of net neutrality.

The petition signatures were collected over the last couple of weeks
Google asked those that took part in the protest to fill out a form
and submit their own comments about the proposals.

Afterwards the company’s head of public policy, Nicklas Lundblad spoke
to reporters.

“This is an important issue, a complex issue and it deserves to be
discussed. Google is a fierce supporter of an open internet and we see
that we have a couple of key enforceable protections in our proposal
with Verizon and that is much better than no protections at all.

“This issue has been at a standstill for quite some time and we think
this proposal is a way to advance that discussion.”

In a move that comes as no surprise, telecom company AT&T has given
its backing to the plan while firms like Facebook and Skype have
denounced it

12 August 2010 Last updated at 05:26 ET

US broadband plan ‘not a priority’ finds survey

By Maggie Shiels

Technology reporter, BBC News, Silicon Valley

The government says 100 million Americans do not have broadband A
majority of Americans believe the government’s plan to deliver a high
speed internet connection to every citizen by 2020 is either not
important or should not be embarked upon.

The Pew Internet Project said 52% of survey respondents felt that way
while 40% felt the issue was a top priority.

The surprise outcome comes amid a fierce debate about broadband.

“We are in economic hard times and any government spending is a hard
sell,” said report author Aaron Smith.

“The recession could be behind this sentiment that other issues are
more important. It could also be that many non-users are nervous about
a government promoting technology that they don’t use, are unsure of
and see as not really offering much of a clear benefit to them,” Mr
Smith told BBC News.

The public interest group, Public Knowledge, which has been very vocal
in support of the government’s broadband aims said the figures are
nothing to worry about.

“I agree a large part of this is down to people saying money should be
spent on recovery efforts, basic services or national defence and not
something that might be couched or thought of as a luxury,” said the
group’s deputy legal director Sherwin Siy.

“But building out broadband contributes to all of these things. During
the last century people didn’t recognise the benefits of
electrification simply because they had gotten on fine before. It’s
the same here.”

“Facebook continues to support principles of net neutrality for both
landline and wireless networks”

Facebook

US regulators said the report does not undermine the administration’s
efforts and instead points to a need for further education about the
importance of broadband for everything from jobs to health to
education.

“There are still too many barriers to broadband adoption in America,”
said Jen Howard, spokeswoman for the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC).

“That’s why the broadband plan lays out a strategy for improving
digital literacy and ensuring that all Americans can take full
advantages of the benefits of broadband.”

The Obama administration, which has dedicated $7.2 billion in stimulus
money for broadband grants, has said that fast access to the internet
is essential to encourage innovation and help the economy grow.

Promising signs

The study, which questioned 2,252 American adults, also found that
broadband adoption has slowed “dramatically” over the last year. With
penetration presently at 66%, researchers noted little has changed
from the 63% mark recorded last year.

There was some measure of comfort in the result that 56% of the
African-American community now have broadband connections in the home
compared to 46% in 2009.

“This is an important story when talking about digital divide issues,”
said the report’s Mr Smith.

“It is something that is new and that we have not seen before. Last
year African-American growth was well below normal.”

Mr Smith noted the change could be down to the fact this sector of the
population was starting out from a smaller base of users and also that
they are now more likely to own mobile phones, use the mobile web and
social media apps.

‘Vibrant and competitive’

In recent weeks the government’s broadband plan has been the subject
of heated debate, especially the principle known as net neutrality
which is seen as a lynch pin of the initiative.

Net neutrality describes a principle where all web data is treated
equally and no traffic is given priority on the network.

Last week the FCC halted closed-door meetings with service providers
and internet companies to find a consensus on the issue. This week,
search giant Google and telecoms titan Verizon unveiled its
suggestions to help resolve the log jam.

It was greeted with a torrent of criticism for suggesting that fixed
line broadband and mobile broadband should be treated differently.

While public interest and consumer groups have slated the proposals,
social networking site Facebook is the biggest company to go public in
its denunciation.

“Facebook continues to support principles of net neutrality for both
landline and wireless networks,” the company said in a statement.

“Preserving an open internet that is accessible to innovators –
regardless of their size or wealth – will promote a vibrant and
competitive marketplace where consumers have ultimate control over the
content and services delivered through their internet connections.”

10 August 2010 Last updated at 11:36 ET

<a href="Google and Verizon outline vision for 'open internet'
By Maggie Shiels

Technology reporter, BBC News, Silicon Valley

Supporters of net neutrality are not happy with the proposals Google
and Verizon have joined forces to present their vision of an “open
internet”, intended as a framework for future regulation of US net
services.

Both champion the idea of an open net for fixed line services but
suggest loopholes for mobile traffic and for some specialised content.

This could allow net providers to give priority to certain online
traffic.

Supporters of net neutrality, where all web data is treated equally,
fear the plan will spawn a two-tier service.

“It would give companies like Verizon, Comcast and AT&T the right to
decide which content will move fast and which should be slowed down,”
said Joel Kelsey of public policy group Free Press.

The set of seven proposals guarantee equal access to the internet and
call for the prohibition of wired broadband providers from
discriminating between different kinds of internet traffic to ensure
that no-one can pay to have their traffic treated more favourably.

The two firms also propose enforceable transparency rules and the
power for the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to impose “a
penalty of $2m [£1.25m] on bad actors” on those who commit net
neutrality transgressions.

When it comes to wireless services, search giant Google and telecom
titan Verizon said the same rules would not be applied.

“Google, a company that I’ve long admired and currently hold thousands
of dollars of stock in, just ‘went evil”

Adam Green

Progressive Change Campaign Committee

The web reacts to ‘open net’plan

“We both recognise that wireless broadband is different from the
traditional wireline world, in part because the mobile marketplace is
more competitive and changing rapidly,” the companies said.

“This is a real step forward,” Google chief executive Eric Schmidt
told reporters during a conference call.

“Google cares a lot about the open internet. It has made it possible
for its two founders to turn a powerful idea into this phenomenal
business.”

Last week the Federal Communications Commission called time on closed-
door meetings it had been holding with firms such as Verizon, Google,
AT&T and Skype.

Edward Lazarus, FCC chief of staff, said at the time the talks had not
“generated a robust framework for preserve the openness and freedom of
the internet”.

The issue of net neutrality has become a hotly debated topic in
Washington and Silicon Valley.

A recent court case limited the agency’s powers to police what happens
to data when it ruled the FCC did not have the power to sanction the
internet service provider Comcast for slowing down some traffic.

As a result, the Commission said it would reclassify broadband under a
more heavily regulated part of the telecommunications law known as
Title II. Cable and phone companies claimed the move would stifle
investment in next-generation broadband.

In a bid to avoid all-out legal action, the FCC held negotiations to
come to a consensus on how to treat internet traffic.

Google and Verizon have said their suggestions are aimed at moving the
industry forward.

‘Internet killer’

Reaction among supporters of net neutrality has not been positive.

“The agreement is nothing more than a private agreement between two
corporate behemoths, and should not be a template or basis for either
Congressional or FCC action,” said Gigi Sohn, president and co-founder
of the advocacy group Public Knowledge.

A similar view is echoed by Mr Kelsey.

“If codified, this arrangement will lead to toll booths on the
information superhighway,” he said Joel Kelsey.

“It will lead to outright blocking of applications and content on
increasingly popular wireless platforms.”

Adam Green, co-founder of the Progressive Change Campaign Committee,
has urged the FCC to ignore these proposals because they “would kill
the internet as we know it”.

“Google, a company that I’ve long admired and currently hold thousands
of dollars of stock in, just ‘went evil.’”

Mr Green wants the public to sign up to an open letter to the search
giant to “protect net neutrality and the internet’s level playing
field”.

The site said that so far 300,000 Americans have signed.

Readers of the BBC News website and followers of @BBC_HaveYourSay on
Twitter have been sending us their thoughts on this story. Here is a
selection of their comments.

While I’m not in the least bit surprised that this has come to pass, I
can’t believe it was Google who brokered the deal. My opinion of them
has gone down – I’m heartbroken! Dave, Maidstone, UK

Net neutrality is ultimately the only way that anyone but the major
companies can stand a chance of existing on the internet. @WokStation
on Twitter

“The internet should prioritise delivery based on the type of content”

Russ Nekorchuk, USA

It doesn’t matter if uploading vacation photos takes extra minutes,
but it does matter if the video stream of a live football game is
delayed by seconds. All content is ‘not equal’ and the internet should
prioritise delivery based on the type of content. Russ Nekorchuk,
Gainesville, Florida, USA

I won’t get fooled again. The new Google is the same as the old
Microsoft. Start good, get rich, then divide and conquer. Just leave
the infrastructure as it is or you’ll create a system that evil
countries can exploit as well as ‘nice’ companies. John, Brighton, UK

I am sending this from a phone running Google Android. Had I known
this was coming, I would never have purchased this phone. @Shinydh on
Twitter

This proposition will affect the internet superhighway in an obviously
negative way. I wonder what Google’s intentions are but they should
follow what they once stood for, which was to promote the greater good
of the internet. Omotor Augustine, Delta State, Nigeria

6 August 2010 Last updated at 04:11 ET

Net neutrality talks stall in US

By Maggie Shiels

Technology reporter, BBC News, Silicon Valley

Some fear that rules on how data is treated are going to be ripped up
US regulators have halted closed-door meetings intended to find a way
to make sure all web data is treated equally.

The Federal Communications Commission began the meetings after a court
limited its net regulation powers.

The FCC faced criticism over the meetings by groups that supported the
principle known as net neutrality.

The FCC decision follows reports that Google and Verizon hatched a
separate deal to allow faster speeds for web sites that pay for the
privilege.

“Any outcome, any deal that doesn’t preserve the freedom and openness
of the internet for consumers and entrepreneurs will be unacceptable,”
said FCC chair Julius Genachowski.

Both firms denied they were close to an agreement that many fear would
lead to a “two-tier internet”.

Google said: “We remain as committed as we always have been to an open
internet”.

In a blog post net service provider Verizon also clarified its
position.

“As we said in our earlier FCC filing, our goal is an internet policy
framework that ensures openness and accountability, and incorporates
specific FCC authority, while maintaining investment and innovation,”
wrote David Fish, executive director of media relations for Verizon.

“To suggest this is a business arrangement between our companies is
entirely incorrect,” he added.

Despite the public statements, reports that an agreement will soon be
announced persist.

During the Techonomy conference in Lake Tahoe, California, Google boss
Eric Schmidt would not be drawn on the issue.

“We have been talking to Verizon for a long time about trying to get
an agreement on what the definition of what net neutrality is,” he
told reporters.

“We are trying to find solutions that bridge between the hard core
‘net neutrality or else’ view and the historical telecom view of no
such agreement.”

Log Jam

The issue of net neutrality, which means no data traffic is
prioritised over any other, has become a thorny one for the FCC. A
recent court case limited the agency’s powers to police what happens
to data when it ruled that the FCC did not have the power to sanction
Comcast for throttling some traffic.

As a result the FCC said it would reclassify broadband under a more
heavily regulated part of the telecommunications law known as Title
II. Cable and phone companies claimed the move would stifle investment
in next generation broadband.

With the fear that these companies would resort to legal action, the
agency began holding what critics termed “secret negotiations” aimed
at forging a consensus on how to treat internet traffic.

“Since its beginnings, the Net was a level playing field that allowed
all content to move at the same speed, whether it’s ABC News or your
uncle’s video blog”

Josh Silver

President, Free Press

The FCC’s move to end these talks with firms such as Verizon, Google,
Skype and AT&T suggest they broke down without reaching a decision.

Edward Lazarus, FCC chief of staff, said the talks had not “generated
a robust framework to preserve the openness and freedom of the
internet”.

Pay to play

Public interest groups believe the Google Verizon tie-up, if it came
to pass, would change the very nature of the internet and how it
operates

“The deal marks the beginning of the end of the internet as you know
it,” said Josh Silver, president of the Free Press consumer group.

“Since its beginnings, the net was a level playing field that allowed
all content to move at the same speed, whether it’s ABC News or your
uncle’s video blog. That’s all about to change.”

At the Techonomy Conference Mark Carges, chief technology officer of
auction site eBay, underlined the company’s support for net
neutrality.

“eBay supports net neutrality legislation that will prohibit phone and
cable companies from replacing the robust open internet with ‘Pay to
Play’ private networks that will force out and discriminate against
content and service providers that refuse to pay new tolls,” Mark
Carges told BBC News.

“Consumers, non-profits and businesses already pay for access to the
internet,” he said. “Broadband providers should not be permitted to
‘double dip’ by charging consumers twice for high-speed internet
access.”

Techonomy attendee Neelie Kroes, European Commissioner for the Digital
Agenda, said she was watching the situation in the US closely.

“We are facing the same types of issues and with our discussions we
are consulting everyone,” said Ms Kroes adding that she was a
supporter of net neutrality.

“I know Chairman Genachowski and that he is doing his utmost to find
solutions to this issue,” she said.

…and I am Sid Harth

Google

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the corporation. For the search engine, see
Google Search. For other uses, see Google (disambiguation).

Google Inc.

Type Public (NASDAQ: GOOG, FWB: GGQ1)

Industry Internet, Computer software

Founded Menlo Park, California (September 4, 1998 (1998-09-04))[1]

Founder(s) Sergey M. Brin
Lawrence E. Page

Headquarters 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, California,
United States

Area served Worldwide

Key people Eric E. Schmidt
(Chairman & CEO)

Sergey M. Brin
(Technology President)

Lawrence E. Page
(Products President)

Products

See list of Google products.

Revenue ▲US$23.651 billion (2009)[2][3]
Operating income ▲US$8.312 billion (2009)[2][3]
Profit ▲US$6.520 billion (2009)[2][3]
Total assets ▲US$40.497 billion (2009)[2][3]
Total equity ▲US$36.004 billion (2009)[3]
Employees 21,805 (2010)[4]

Subsidiaries YouTube, DoubleClick, On2 Technologies, GrandCentral,
Picnik, Aardvark, AdMob
Website Google.com

Google Inc. (NASDAQ: GOOG, FWB: GGQ1) is a multinational public cloud
computing, Internet search, and advertising technologies corporation.
Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and
products,[5] and generates profit primarily from advertising through
its AdWords program.[2][6] The company was founded by Larry Page and
Sergey Brin, often dubbed the “Google Guys”,[7][8][9] while the two
were attending Stanford University as Ph.D. candidates. It was first
incorporated as a privately held company on September 4, 1998, with
its initial public offering to follow on August 19, 2004. The
company’s stated mission from the outset was “to organize the world’s
information and make it universally accessible and useful”,[10] and
the company’s unofficial slogan – coined by Google engineer Paul
Buchheit – is Don’t be evil.[11][12] In 2006, the company moved to
their current headquarters in Mountain View, California.

Google runs over one million servers in data centers around the world,
[13] and processes over one billion search requests[14] and twenty
petabytes of user-generated data every day.[15][16][17] Google’s rapid
growth since its incorporation has triggered a chain of products,
acquisitions and partnerships beyond the company’s core search engine.
The company offers online productivity software, such as its Gmail e-
mail software, and social networking tools, including Orkut and, more
recently, Google Buzz. Google’s products extend to the desktop as
well, with applications such as the web browser Google Chrome, the
Picasa photo organization and editing software, and the Google Talk
instant messaging application. More notably, Google leads the
development of the Android mobile phone operating system, used on a
number of phones such as the Nexus One and Motorola Droid. Because of
its popularity and numerous products, Alexa lists Google as the
Internet’s most visited website.[18] Google is also Fortune Magazine‘s
fourth best place to work,[19] and BrandZ‘s most powerful brand in the
world.[20] The dominant market position of Google’s services has led
to criticism of the company over issues including privacy, copyright,
and censorship.[21][22]

History

Main article: History of Google

Google’s original homepage had a simple design since its founders were
not experienced in HTML, the language for designing web pages.[23]
Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and
Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in
California.[24] While conventional search engines ranked results by
counting how many times the search terms appeared on the page, the two
theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships
between websites.[25] They called this new technology PageRank, where
a website’s relevance was determined by the number of pages, and the
importance of those pages, that linked back to the original site.[26]
A small search engine called Rankdex was already exploring a similar
strategy.[27] Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search
engine “BackRub”, because the system checked backlinks to estimate the
importance of a site.[28][29] Eventually, they changed the name to
Google, originating from a misspelling of the word “googol“,[30][31]
the number one followed by one hundred zeros, which was meant to
signify the amount of information the search engine was to handle.
Originally, Google ran under the Stanford University website, with the
domain google.stanford.edu. The domain google.com was registered on
September 15, 1997,[32] and the company was incorporated on September
4, 1998, at a friend’s garage in Menlo Park, California.

Financing and initial public offering

The first iteration of Google production servers was built with
inexpensive hardware.[33]
The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of US
$100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given
before Google was even incorporated.[34] Early in 1999, while still
graduate students, Brin and Page decided that the search engine they
had developed was taking up too much of their time from academic
pursuits. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it
to him for $1 million. He rejected the offer, and later threw Vinod
Khosla, one of Excite’s venture capitalists, out of his office after
he had negotiated Brin and Page down to $750,000. On June 7, 1999, a
$25 million round of funding was announced,[35] with major investors
including the venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers
and Sequoia Capital.[34]

Google’s initial public offering (IPO) took place five years later on
August 19, 2004. The company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of
$85 per share.[36][37] Shares were sold in a unique online auction
format using a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse,
underwriters for the deal.[38][39] The sale of $1.67 billion gave
Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion.[40] The vast
majority of the 271 million shares remained under the control of
Google, and many Google employees became instant paper millionaires.
Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited because it owned 8.4
million shares of Google before the IPO took place.[41]

Some people speculated that Google’s IPO would inevitably lead to
changes in company culture. Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure
for employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company
executives would become instant paper millionaires.[42] As a reply to
this concern, co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page promised in a
report to potential investors that the IPO would not change the
company’s culture.[43] In 2005, however, articles in The New York
Times and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-
corporate, no evil philosophy.[44][45][46] In an effort to maintain
the company’s unique culture, Google designated a Chief Culture
Officer, who also serves as the Director of Human Resources. The
purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the
culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the
company was founded on: a flat organization with a collaborative
environment.[47] Google has also faced allegations of sexism and
ageism from former employees.[48][49]

The stock’s performance after the IPO went well, with shares hitting
$700 for the first time on October 31, 2007,[50] primarily because of
strong sales and earnings in the online advertising market.[51] The
surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors, as
opposed to large institutional investors and mutual funds.[51] The
company is now listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker
symbol GOOG and under the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the ticker
symbol GGQ1.

Growth

In March 1999, the company moved its offices to Palo Alto, California,
home to several other noted Silicon Valley technology startups.[52]
The next year, against Page and Brin’s initial opposition toward an
advertising-funded search engine,[53] Google began selling
advertisements associated with search keywords.[24] In order to
maintain an uncluttered page design and increase speed, advertisements
were solely text-based. Keywords were sold based on a combination of
price bids and clickthroughs, with bidding starting at five cents per
click.[24] This model of selling keyword advertising was first
pioneered by Goto.com, an Idealab spin off created by Bill Gross.[54]
[55] When the company changed names to Overture Services, it sued
Google over alleged infringements of the company’s pay-per-click and
bidding patents. Overture Services would later be bought by Yahoo! and
renamed Yahoo! Search Marketing. The case was then settled out of
court, with Google agreeing to issue shares of common stock to Yahoo!
in exchange for a perpetual license.[56]

During this time, Google was granted a patent describing their
PageRank mechanism.[57] The patent was officially assigned to Stanford
University and lists Lawrence Page as the inventor. In 2003, after
outgrowing two other locations, the company leased their current
office complex from Silicon Graphics at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in
Mountain View, California.[58] The complex has since come to be known
as the Googleplex, a play on the word googolplex, the number one
followed by a googol zeroes. Three years later, Google would buy the
property from SGI for $319 million.[59] By that time, the name
“Google” had found its way into everyday language, causing the verb
“google” to be added to the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary and
the Oxford English Dictionary, denoted as “to use the Google search
engine to obtain information on the Internet.”[60][61]

Acquisitions and partnerships

See also: List of acquisitions by Google

Since 2001, Google has acquired many companies, mainly focusing on
small venture capital companies. In 2004, Google acquired Keyhole,
Inc..[62] The start-up company developed a product called Earth Viewer
that gave a 3-D view of the Earth. Google renamed the service to
Google Earth in 2005. Two years later, Google bought the online video
site YouTube for $1.65 billion in stock.[63] On April 13, 2007, Google
reached an agreement to acquire DoubleClick for $3.1 billion, giving
Google valuable relationships that DoubleClick had with Web publishers
and advertising agencies.[64] Later that same year, Google purchased
GrandCentral for $50 million.[65] The site would later be changed over
to Google Voice. On August 5, 2009, Google bought out its first public
company, purchasing video software maker On2 Technologies for $106.5
million.[66] Google also acquired Aardvark, a social network search
engine, for $50 million. Google commented in their internal blog,
“we’re looking forward to collaborating to see where we can take it”.
[67] And, in April 2010, Google announced it had acquired a hardware
startup, Agnilux.[68]

In addition to the numerous companies Google has purchased, the
company has partnered with other organizations for everything from
research to advertising. In 2005, Google partnered with NASA Ames
Research Center to build 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) of offices.
[69] The offices would be used for research projects involving large-
scale data management, nanotechnology, distributed computing, and the
entrepreneurial space industry. Later that year, Google entered into a
partnership with Sun Microsystems in October 2005 to help share and
distribute each other’s technologies.[70] The company also partnered
with AOL of Time Warner,[71] to enhance each other’s video search
services. Google’s 2005 partnerships also included financing the
new .mobi top-level domain for mobile devices, along with other
companies including Microsoft, Nokia, and Ericsson.[72] Google would
later launch “Adsense for Mobile”, taking advantage of the emerging
mobile advertising market.[73] Increasing their advertising reach even
further, Google and Fox Interactive Media of News Corp. entered into a
$900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on popular
social networking site MySpace.[74]

In October 2006, Google announced that it had acquired the video-
sharing site YouTube for US$1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal
was finalized on November 13, 2006.[75] Google does not provide
detailed figures for YouTube’s running costs, and YouTube’s revenues
in 2007 were noted as “not material” in a regulatory filing.[76] In
June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 YouTube
revenue at US$200 million, noting progress in advertising sales.[77]
In 2007, Google began sponsoring NORAD Tracks Santa, a service that
pretends to follow Santa Claus’ progress on Christmas Eve,[78] using
Google Earth to “track Santa” in 3-D for the first time,[79] and
displacing former sponsor AOL. Google-owned YouTube gave NORAD Tracks
Santa its own channel.[80]

In 2008, Google developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a
satellite providing Google with high-resolution (0.41 m monochrome,
1.65 m color) imagery for Google Earth. The satellite was launched
from Vandenberg Air Force Base on September 6, 2008.[81] Google also
announced in 2008 that it was hosting an archive of Life Magazine‘s
photographs as part of its latest partnership. Some of the images in
the archive were never published in the magazine.[82] The photos were
watermarked and originally had copyright notices posted on all photos,
regardless of public domain status.[83]

In 2010, Google Energy made its first investment in a renewable-energy
project, putting up $38.8 million into two wind farms in North Dakota.
The company announced the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts
of power, or enough to supply 55,000 homes. The farms, which were
developed by NextEra Energy Resources, will reduce fossil fuel use in
the region and return profits. NextEra Energy Resources sold Google a
twenty percent stake in the project in order to get funding for
project development.[84] Also in 2010, Google purchased Global IP
Solutions, a Norway based company that provides web-based
teleconferencing and other related services. This acquisition will
enable Google to add telephone-style services to its list of products.
[85] On May 27, 2010, Google announced it had also closed the
acquisition of the mobile ad network, AdMob. This purchase occurred
days after the Federal Trade Commission closed its investigation into
the purchase.[86] Google acquired the company for an undisclosed
amount.[87]

Products and services

See also: List of Google products

Advertising

Ninety-nine percent of Google’s revenue is derived from its
advertising programs.[88] For the 2006 fiscal year, the company
reported $10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only $112
million in licensing and other revenues.[89] Google has implemented
various innovations in the online advertising market that helped
propel them to one of the biggest advertisers in the market. Using
technology from the company DoubleClick, Google can determine user
interests and target advertisements appropriately so they are relevant
to the context they are in and the user that is viewing them.[90][91]
Google Analytics allows website owners to track where and how people
use their website, allowing for in-depth research into getting users
to go where you want them to go.[92] Google advertisements can be
placed on third-party websites in a two-part program. Google’s AdWords
allows advertisers to display their advertisements in the Google
content network, through either a cost-per-click or cost-per-view
scheme. The sister service, Google AdSense, allows website owners to
display these advertisements on their website, and earn money every
time ads are clicked.[93]

One of the disadvantages and criticisms of this program is Google’s
inability to combat click fraud, when a person or automated script
“clicks” on advertisements without being interested in the product,
just to earn money for the website owner. Industry reports in 2006
claim that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were in fact
fraudulent or invalid.[94] Furthermore, there has been controversy
over Google’s “search within a search”, where a secondary search box
enables the user to find what they are looking for within a particular
website. It was soon reported that when performing a search within a
search for a specific company, advertisements from competing and rival
companies often showed up along with those results, drawing users away
from the site they were originally searching.[95] Another complaint
against Google’s advertising is their censorship of advertisers,
though many cases of are because of compliance with the Digital
Millennium Copyright Act. For example, in February 2003, Google
stopped showing the advertisements of Oceana, a non-profit
organization protesting a major cruise ship operation’s sewage
treatment practices. Google cited its editorial policy at the time,
stating “Google does not accept advertising if the ad or site
advocates against other individuals, groups, or organizations.”[96]
The policy was later changed.[97] In June 2008, Google reached an
advertising agreement with Yahoo!, which would have allowed Yahoo! to
feature Google advertisements on their web pages. The alliance between
the two companies was never completely realized due to antitrust
concerns by the U.S. Department of Justice. As a result, Google pulled
out of the deal in November 2008.[98][99]

Search engine

In 2010, Google updated its homepage with a new shadow-less logo.[100]
The Google web search engine is the company’s most popular service.
According to market research published by comScore in November 2009,
Google is the dominant search engine in the United States market, with
a market share of 65.6%.[101] Google indexes trillions of web pages,
so that users can search for the information they desire, through the
use of keywords and operators. In 2003, The New York Times complained
about Google’s indexing, claiming that Google’s caching of content on
their site infringed on their copyright for the content.[102] In this
case, the United States District Court of Nevada ruled in favor of
Google in Field v. Google and Parker v. Google.[103][104] Google Watch
has also criticized Google’s PageRank algorithms, saying that they
discriminate against new websites and favor established sites,[105]
and has made allegations about connections between Google and the NSA
and the CIA.[106] Despite criticism, the basic search engine has
spread to specific services as well, including an image search engine,
the Google News search site, Google Maps, and more. In early 2006, the
company launched Google Video, which allowed users to upload, search,
and watch videos from the Internet.[107] In 2009, however, uploads to
Google Video were discontinued so that Google could focus more on the
search aspect of the service.[108] The company even developed Google
Desktop, a desktop search application used to search for files local
to one’s computer.

One of the more controversial search services Google hosts is Google
Books. The company began scanning books and uploading limited
previews, and full books where allowed, into their new book search
engine. The Authors Guild, a group that represents 8,000 U.S. authors,
filed a class action suit in a Manhattan federal court against Google
in 2005 over this new service. Google replied that it is in compliance
with all existing and historical applications of copyright laws
regarding books.[109] Google eventually reached a revised settlement
in 2009 to limit its scans to books from the U.S., the U.K., Australia
and Canada.[110] Furthermore, the Paris Civil Court ruled against
Google in late 2009, asking them to remove the works of La Martinière
(Éditions du Seuil) from their database.[111] In competition with
Amazon.com, Google plans to sell digital versions of new books.[112]
Similarly, in response to newcomer Bing, on July 21, 2010, Google
updated their image search to display a streaming sequence of
thumbnails that enlarge when pointed at. Though web searches still
appear in a batch per page format, on July 23, 2010, dictionary
definitions for certain English words began appearing above the linked
results for web searches.[113]

Productivity tools

In addition to its standard web search services, Google has released
over the years a number of online productivity tools. Gmail, a free
webmail service provided by Google, was launched as an invitation-only
beta program on April 1, 2004,[114] and became available to the
general public on February 7, 2007.[115] The service was upgraded from
beta status on July 7, 2009,[116] at which time it had 146 million
users monthly.[117] The service would be the first online email
service with one gigabyte of storage, and the first to keep emails
from the same conversation together in one thread, similar to an
Internet forum.[114] The service currently offers over 7400 MB of free
storage with additional storage ranging from 20 GB to 16 TB available
for US$0.25 per 1 GB per year.[118] Furthermore, software developers
know Gmail for its pioneering use of AJAX, a programming technique
that allows web pages to be interactive without refreshing the browser.
[119] One criticism of Gmail has been the potential for data
disclosure, a risk associated with many online web applications. Steve
Ballmer (Microsoft’s CEO),[120] Liz Figueroa,[121] Mark Rasch,[122]
and the editors of Google Watch[123] believe the processing of email
message content goes beyond proper use, but Google claims that mail
sent to or from Gmail is never read by a human being beyond the
account holder, and is only used to improve relevance of
advertisements.[124]

Google Docs, another part of Google’s productivity suite, allows users
to create, edit, and collaborate on documents in an online
environment, not dissimilar to Microsoft Word. The service was
originally called Writely, but was obtained by Google on March 9,
2006, where it was released as an invitation-only preview.[125] On
June 6 after the acquisition, Google created an experimental
spreadsheet editing program,[126] which would be combined with Google
Docs on October 10.[127] A program to edit presentations would
complete the set on September 17, 2007,[128] before all three services
were taken out of beta along with Gmail on July 7, 2009.[116] Google
Calendar, a calendar program closely integrated with Gmail,[129] was
also taken out of beta that day after its beta release on April 12,
2006.[130]

Enterprise products

Google’s search appliance at the 2008 RSA Conference

Google entered the enterprise market in February 2002 with the launch
of its Google Search Appliance, targeted toward providing search
technology for larger organizations.[24] Google launched the Mini
three years later, which was targeted at smaller organizations. Late
in 2006, Google began to sell Custom Search Business Edition,
providing customers with an advertising-free window into Google.com‘s
index. The service was renamed Google Site Search in 2008.[131]

Another one of Google’s enterprise products is Google Apps Premier
Edition. The service, and its accompanying Google Apps Education
Edition and Standard Edition, allow companies, schools, and other
organizations to bring Google’s online applications, such as Gmail and
Google Documents, into their own domain. The Premier Edition
specifically includes extras over the Standard Edition such as more
disk space, API access, and premium support, and it costs $50 per user
per year. A large implementation of Google Apps with 38,000 users is
at Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. In the same
year Google Apps was launched, Google acquired Postini[132] and
proceeded to integrate the company’s security technologies into Google
Apps[133] under the name Google Postini Services.[134]

Other products

Google Translate is a server-side machine translation service, which
can translate between 35 different languages. Browser extensions allow
for easy access to Google Translate from the browser. The software
uses corpus linguistics techniques, where the program “learns” from
professionally translated documents, specifically United Nations and
European Parliament proceedings.[135] Furthermore, a “suggest a better
translation” feature accompanies the translated text, allowing users
to indicate where the current translation is incorrect or otherwise
inferior to another translation.

Google launched its Google News service in 2002. The site proclaimed
that the company had created a “highly unusual” site that “offers a
news service compiled solely by computer algorithms without human
intervention. Google employs no editors, managing editors, or
executive editors.”[136] The site hosted less licensed news content
than Yahoo! News, and instead presented topically selected links to
news and opinion pieces along with reproductions of their headlines,
story leads, and photographs.[137] The photographs are typically
reduced to thumbnail size and placed next to headlines from other news
sources on the same topic in order to minimize copyright infringement
claims. Nevertheless, Agence France Presse sued Google for copyright
infringement in federal court in the District of Columbia, a case
which Google settled for an undisclosed amount in a pact that included
a license of the full text of AFP articles for use on Google News.
[138]

In 2006, Google made a bid to offer free wireless broadband access
throughout the city of San Francisco in conjunction with Internet
service provider Earthlink. Large telecommunications companies such as
Comcast and Verizon opposed such efforts, claiming it was “unfair
competition” and that cities would be violating their commitments to
offer local monopolies to these companies. In his testimony before
Congress on Net Neutrality in 2006, Google’s Chief Internet Evangelist
Vint Cerf blamed such tactics on the fact that nearly half of all
consumers lack meaningful choice in broadband providers.[139] Google
currently offers free wi-fi access in its hometown of Mountain View,
California.[140]

One year later, reports surfaced that Google was planning the release
of its own mobile phone, possibly a competitor to Apple‘s iPhone.[141]
[142][143] The project, called Android, turned out not to be a phone
but an operating system for mobile devices, which Google acquired and
then released as an open-source project under the Apache 2.0 license.
[144] Google provides a software development kit for developers so
applications can be created to be run on Android-based phone. In
September 2008, T-Mobile released the G1, the first Android-based
phone.[145] More than a year later on January 5, 2010, Google released
an Android phone under its own company name called the Nexus One.[146]

Other projects Google has worked on include a new collaborative
communication service, a web browser, and even a mobile operating
system. The first of these was first announced on May 27, 2009. Google
Wave was described as a product that helps users communicate and
collaborate on the web. The service is Google’s “email redesigned”,
with realtime editing, the ability to embed audio, video, and other
media, and extensions that further enhance the communication
experience. Google Wave was previously in a developer’s preview, where
interested users had to be invited to test the service, but was
released to the general public on May 19, 2010, at Google’s I/O
keynote. On September 1, 2008, Google pre-announced the upcoming
availability of Google Chrome, an open-source web browser,[147] which
was then released on September 2, 2008. The next year, on 7 July 2009,
Google announced Google Chrome OS, an open-source Linux-based
operating system that includes only a web browser and is designed to
log users into their Google account.[148][149]

Google has partnered with the United States Patent and Trademark
Office to enable free access to information about patents and
trademarks. The beta website is Google Patents.

Corporate affairs and culture

Google CEO Eric E. Schmidt with Sergey Brin and Larry Page (left to
right)
Google is known for having an informal corporate culture. On Fortune
Magazine‘s list of best companies to work for, Google ranked first in
2007 and 2008[19][150] and fourth in 2009 and 2010.[151][152] Google’s
corporate philosophy embodies such casual principles as “you can make
money without doing evil,” “you can be serious without a suit,” and
“work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun.”[153]

Employees

Google’s stock performance following its IPO has enabled many early
employees to be competitively compensated.[154] After the company’s
IPO, founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and CEO Eric Schmidt
requested that their base salary be cut to $1. Subsequent offers by
the company to increase their salaries have been turned down,
primarily because their primary compensation continues to come from
returns stock in Google. Prior to 2004, Schmidt was making $250,000
per year, and Page and Brin each earned a salary of $150,000.[155]

In 2007 and through early 2008, Google has seen the departure of
several top executives. In October 2007, former chief financial
officer of YouTube Gideon Yu joined Facebook[156] along with Benjamin
Ling, a high-ranking engineer.[157] In March 2008, Sheryl Sandburg,
then vice-president of global online sales and operations, began her
position as chief operating officer of Facebook[158] while Ash
ElDifrawi, formerly head of brand advertising, left to become chief
marketing officer of Netshops, an online retail company that was
renamed Hayneedle in 2009.[159]

As a motivation technique, Google uses a policy often called
Innovation Time Off, where Google engineers are encouraged to spend
twenty percent of their work time on projects that interest them. Some
of Google’s newer services, such as Gmail, Google News, Orkut, and
AdSense originated from these independent endeavors.[160] In a talk at
Stanford University, Marissa Mayer, Google’s Vice President of Search
Products and User Experience, showed that half of all new product
launches at the time had originated from the Innovation Time Off.[161]

Googleplex

The Googleplex, Google’s original and largest corporate campus
Main article: Googleplex

Google’s headquarters in Mountain View, California is referred to as
“the Googleplex“, a play of words on the number googolplex and the
headquarters itself being a complex of buildings. The lobby is
decorated with a piano, lava lamps, old server clusters, and a
projection of search queries on the wall. The hallways are full of
exercise balls and bicycles. Each employee has access to the corporate
recreation center. Recreational amenities are scattered throughout the
campus and include a workout room with weights and rowing machines,
locker rooms, washers and dryers, a massage room, assorted video
games, foosball, a baby grand piano, a pool table, and ping pong. In
addition to the rec room, there are snack rooms stocked with various
foods and drinks.[162] In 2006, Google moved into 311,000 square feet
(28,900 m2) of office space in New York City, at 111 Eighth Ave. in
Manhattan.[163] The office was specially designed and built for
Google, and it now houses its largest advertising sales team, which
has been instrumental in securing large partnerships.[163] In 2003,
they added an engineering staff in New York City, which has been
responsible for more than 100 engineering projects, including Google
Maps, Google Spreadsheets, and others. It is estimated that the
building costs Google $10 million per year to rent and is similar in
design and functionality to its Mountain View headquarters, including
foosball, air hockey, and ping-pong tables, as well as a video game
area. In November 2006, Google opened offices on Carnegie Mellon‘s
campus in Pittsburgh.[164] By late 2006, Google also established a new
headquarters for its AdWords division in Ann Arbor, Michigan.[165]
Furthermore, Google has offices all around the world, and in the
United States, including Atlanta, Austin, Boulder, San Francisco,
Seattle, and Washington DC.

Google’s NYC office building houses their largest advertising sales
team.[163]
Google is taking steps to ensure that their operations are
environmentally sound. In October 2006, the company announced plans to
install thousands of solar panels to provide up to 1.6 megawatts of
electricity, enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the campus’ energy
needs.[166] The system will be the largest solar power system
constructed on a U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest on any
corporate site in the world.[166] In addition, Google announced in
2009 that it was deploying herds of goats to keep grassland around the
Googleplex short, helping to prevent the threat from seasonal bush
fires while also reducing the carbon footprint of mowing the extensive
grounds.[167][168] The idea of trimming lawns using goats originated
from R. J. Widlar, an engineer who worked for National Semiconductor.
[169] Despite this, Google has faced accusations in Harper’s Magazine
of being extremely excessive with their energy usage, and were accused
of employing their “Don’t be evil” motto as well as their very public
energy saving campaigns as means of trying to cover up or make up for
the massive amounts of energy their servers actually require.[170]

Easter eggs and April Fool’s Day jokes

Main article: Google’s hoaxes

Google has a tradition of creating April Fool’s Day jokes. For
example, Google MentalPlex allegedly featured the use of mental power
to search the web.[171] In 2007, Google announced a free Internet
service called TiSP, or Toilet Internet Service Provider, where one
obtained a connection by flushing one end of a fiber-optic cable down
their toilet.[172] Also in 2007, Google’s Gmail page displayed an
announcement for Gmail Paper, allowing users to have email messages
printed and shipped to them.[173] In 2010, Google jokingly changed its
company name to Topeka in honor of Topeka, Kansas, whose mayor
actually changed the city’s name to Google for a short amount of time
in an attempt to sway Google’s decision in its new Google Fiber
Project.[174][175]

In addition to April Fool’s Day jokes, Google’s services contain a
number of Easter eggs. For instance, Google included the Swedish
Chef‘s “Bork bork bork,” Pig Latin, “Hacker” or leetspeak, Elmer Fudd,
and Klingon as language selections for its search engine.[176] In
addition, the search engine calculator provides the Answer to the
Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything from Douglas
Adams‘ The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy.[177] Furthermore, when
searching the word “recursion”, the spell-checker’s result for the
properly spelled word is exactly the same word, creating a recursive
link.[178] In Google Maps, searching for directions between places
separated by large bodies of water, such as Los Angeles and Tokyo,
results in instructions to “kayak across the Pacific Ocean.” During
FIFA World Cup 2010, search queries like ‘world cup’, ‘fifa’, etc.
will cause the Goooo…gle page indicator at the bottom of every result
page to read Goooo…al! instead.

Philanthropy

Main article: Google.org

In 2004, Google formed the not-for-profit philanthropic Google.org,
with a start-up fund of $1 billion.[179] The mission of the
organization is to create awareness about climate change, global
public health, and global poverty. One of its first projects was to
develop a viable plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that can attain 100
miles per gallon. Google hired Dr. Larry Brilliant as the program’s
executive director in 2004[180] and the current director is Megan
Smith.[181]

In 2008 Google announced its “project 10100” which accepted ideas for
how to help the community and then allowed Google users to vote on
their favorites.[182]

Network neutrality

Google is a noted supporter of network neutrality. According to
Google’s Guide to Net Neutrality:

Network neutrality is the principle that Internet users should be in
control of what content they view and what applications they use on
the Internet. The Internet has operated according to this neutrality
principle since its earliest days… Fundamentally, net neutrality is
about equal access to the Internet. In our view, the broadband
carriers should not be permitted to use their market power to
discriminate against competing applications or content. Just as
telephone companies are not permitted to tell consumers who they can
call or what they can say, broadband carriers should not be allowed to
use their market power to control activity online.[183]

On February 7, 2006, Vinton Cerf, a co-inventor of the Internet
Protocol (IP), and current Vice President and “Chief Internet
Evangelist” at Google, in testimony before Congress, said, “allowing
broadband carriers to control what people see and do online would
fundamentally undermine the principles that have made the Internet
such a success.”[184]

Privacy

On December 2009, Google’s CEO, Eric Schmidt, declared after privacy
concerns: “If you have something that you don’t want anyone to know,
maybe you shouldn’t be doing it in the first place. If you really need
that kind of privacy, the reality is that search engines — including
Google — do retain this information for some time and it’s important,
for example, that we are all subject in the United States to the
Patriot Act and it is possible that all that information could be made
available to the authorities.”[185] Privacy International ranked
Google as “Hostile to Privacy”, its lowest rating on their report,
making Google the only company in the list to receive that ranking.
[186][187]

At the Techonomy conference in 2010 Eric Schmidt predicted that “true
transparency and no anonymity” is the way forward for the internet:
“In a world of asynchronous threats it is too dangerous for there not
to be some way to identify you. We need a [verified] name service for
people. Governments will demand it.” He also said that “If I look at
enough of your messaging and your location, and use artificial
intelligence, we can predict where you are going to go. Show us 14
photos of yourself and we can identify who you are. You think you
don’t have 14 photos of yourself on the internet? You’ve got Facebook
photos!”[188]

The non-profit group Public Information Research launched Google
Watch, a website advertised as “a look at Google’s monopoly,
algorithms, and privacy issues.”[189][190] The site raised questions
relating to Google’s storage of cookies, which in 2007 had a life span
of more than 32 years and incorporated a unique ID that enabled
creation of a user data log.[191] Google’s has also faced criticism
with its release of Google Buzz, Google’s version of social
networking, where Gmail users had their contact lists automatically
made public unless they opted out.[192] Google has been criticized for
its censorship of certain sites in specific countries and regions.
Until March 2010, Google adhered to the Internet censorship policies
of China, enforced by means of filters known colloquially as “The
Great Firewall of China“.[193]

Despite being highly influential in local and national public policy,
Google does not disclose its political spending online. In August of
2010, New York City Public Advocate Bill de Blasio launched a national
campaign urging the corporation to disclose all of its political
spending.[194]

See also

San Francisco Bay Area portal
Companies portal

•Google logo
•Google China
•Google Ventures – venture capital fund
•Googlebot – web crawler
•Google Platform
•Criticism of Google

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Further reading

•John Battelle (September 8, 2005). The Search: How Google and Its
Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture.
Portfolio Hardcover. ISBN 1-59184-088-0.
•David Vise and Mark Malseed (November 15, 2005). The Google Story.
Delacorte Press. ISBN 0-553-80457-X.
•Randall Stross (September 18, 2008). Planet Google: One Company’s
Audacious Plan To Organize Everything We Know. Free Press (publisher).
ISBN 1-41654-691-X. http://books.google.com/?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC&printsec=frontcover.
•Richard L. Brandt (September 17, 2009). Inside Larry and Sergey’s
Brain. Portfolio Hardcover. ISBN 1-5918-4276-X.
•Ken Auletta (November 3, 2009). Googled: The End of the World As We
Know It. Penguin Press. ISBN 1-59420-235-4.

External links

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Learning resources from Wikiversity

•Google.com
•Corporate Homepage
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•Google at CrunchBase
•Google Research
•“Earliest known google website from 1998″. Archived from the original
on November 11, 1998. http://web.archive.org/web/19981111183552/google.stanford.edu/.
– archive.org

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