Negro invention saves millions of lives from World War I to present
Chen Xiao
was during World War I to protect soldiers from chlorine gas fumes. In
1916, Mr. Morgan used his own mask design to rescue men trapped by a
gas explosion in a tunnel being constructed under Lake Erie. Following
disaster, which killed twenty-one people, the City of Cleveland, Ohio
honored Garrett Morgan with a gold medal for his heroic efforts.
Dennis Putnam
to smell the rest of the niggers around him!!
"Chen Xiao" <wush...@hotmail.com> wrote in message
news:bc8579b1.03042...@posting.google.com...
Tom Shelly, White God
FACT #2: Throughout 6,000 years of recorded
history, the Black African Negro has invented
nothing.
Not a written language, weaved cloth, a calendar, a
plow, a road, a bridge, a railway, a ship, a system
of
measurement, or even the wheel. (Note: This is in
reference to the pure-blooded Negro.) He is not
known to have ever cultivated a single crop or
domesticated a single animal for his own use
(although
many powerful and docile beasts abounded around
him.) His only known means of transporting goods
was on the top of his hard burry head. For shelter
he
never progressed beyond the common mud hut, the
construction of which a beaver or muskrat is
capable.
(21) (39)
21.Pendell, Elmer, Sex Versus Civilization,
Noontide Press
39.Weisman, Charles A. The Origins of Race and
Civilization, 1990, SFA
Europa: The History of the White Race
Chapter Fifty Eight
Shaping the World: The White Technological Revolution
The world today is dominated by technology as never before. It is
impossible
to travel anywhere without seeing some vestiges of or manifestations
of
technological wizardry which have shaped all life on the planet today,
particularly those innovations developed at the time of the Industrial
Revolution.
While this fact is commonly known and countless books and works have
been
written on the subject, all have ignored one crucial feature of this
astonishing technological revolution: the plain facts are that the
great
technological innovations which have set the pace for the entire world
are
exclusively the product of a tiny minority of Whites.
This fact, like so many other unpalatable truths in history, is
ignored
because of the political implications it carries: it is possibly the
most
politically incorrect view which can be made, although the facts leave
any
objective observer with no other option but to arrive at this
inescapable
conclusion.
Origins
While it is often claimed that the modern technological age began with
the
era of the Industrial Revolution, the reality is that many of the
technologies which have shaped the modern world pre-date the era of
the
Industrial Revolution by sometimes hundreds of years.
This is not to down play the importance of the Industrial Revolution,
which
in itself was a period of perhaps 200 years which saw science and
technology
leapfrog in terms of development, but merely to put things into
perspective:
that much of the knowledge sharing and ability which created that
explosion
of genius was only possible because of earlier developments.
Ancient Inventors
. Archimedes (287-212 BC) was a Classical Greek inventor who defined
the
principle of the lever and is credited with inventing the compound
pulley.
During his stay in Egypt, he invented the hydraulic screw for raising
water
from a lower to a higher level. He is best known for discovering the
law of
hydrostatics, often called Archimedes' principle, which states that a
body
immersed in fluid loses weight equal to the weight of the amount of
fluid it
displaces. He also invented the catapult and the first "laser beam" -
a
system of mirrors he developed for the kingdom of Syracuse which
focused the
suns' rays on invaders' boats and set them on fire - the basic
principle
behind a magnifying glass.
. Ctesibius (3rd century BC) was a Classical Greek inventor who won
fame for
his invention of a number of devices using the pressure created by air
and
water. He used water weights, or containers made heavy by filling them
with
water, and compressed air, to construct an air-powered catapult. His
most
famous invention was the great improvement he made to the ancient
Egyptian
clepsydra, or water clock, in which water dripping into a container at
a
steady rate raised a float that carried a pointer to mark the hours.
He
equipped the float with a rack that turned a toothed wheel and made
the
clock work a number of adornments: whistling birds, moving puppets,
ringing
bells, and other gadgets. The accuracy of Ctesibius's water clock was
only
eventually surpassed in 1657 by the pendulum clock of Dutch inventor
Christiaan Huygens, but the spirit of Ctesibius's clock still survives
in
the cuckoo clock.
. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was not only a great artist but also a
stunningly advanced inventor whose surviving documents and manuscripts
are
filled with designs for many of the machines regarded as 19th or 20th
century inventions, but were in fact modeled in his 16th century
plans.
These designs included: portable bridges; cannons; armored vehicles; a
submarine; an underwater diving suit; and models for aircraft.
Computers
The history of the development of an item regarded as on the cutting
edge of
modern technology - the computer - serves as another excellent example
of
how the development of modern technology predates the era of the
Industrial
Revolution.
. The first computer - a machine which could do mathematical equations
- was
built as early as 1623 by the German scientist Wilhelm Schikard. He
built a
machine that used 11 complete and 6 incomplete sprocketed wheels that
could
add and, with the aid of logarithm tables, multiply and divide.
. In 1642, the Frenchman Blaise Pascal, invented a machine that added
and
subtracted, automatically carrying and borrowing digits from column to
column. The 17th century German mathematician, Gottfried Leibniz,
designed a
special gearing system to enable Pascal's machine to do multiplication
as
well.
. The first programmable computer was developed in 1804 when the
Frenchman,
Joseph-Marie Jacquard, invented a spinning loom which used punched
cards to
program preselected patterns. Jacquard was rewarded by Napoleon
Bonaparte
for his work, but was forced to flee Lyon when he was attacked by
weavers
who saw themselves being replaced by his invention. His looms are
however
still used today, especially in the manufacture of fine furniture
fabrics.
. The British mathematician and inventor, Charles Babbage, started
building,
but never completed, two astonishing computers called the Difference
Engine
and the Analytical Engine. The latter became the basis upon which all
modern
computers were developed. Babbage never managed to finish building his
machines - although all the plans were completed - because of
financial
constraints. Many of the ideas surrounding Babbage's computers were
recorded
by his friend, Augusta Ada Byron, the daughter of the famous poet Lord
Byron. Ada's conceptual programs for the Engine led to the naming of a
programming language (Ada) in her honor. Although the Analytical
Engine was
never built, its key concepts, such as the capacity to store
instructions,
the use of punched cards as a primitive memory, and the ability to
print,
were taken by others and can be found in many modern computers.
. The German American, Herman Hollerith, developed a device which
could
electronically create and read the punched cards developed by
Jacquard.
Hollerith's tabulator was used for the 1890 US census, cutting the
counting
time to a quarter of the previous census time. Hollerith's Tabulating
Machine Company eventually merged with other companies in 1924 to
become the
world famous IBM company.
. The precursor to the modern digital computer came in 1936, when the
British mathematician Alan Turing developed the Turing Machine - a
device
looking like a typewriter that could process equations without human
direction. From this machine the idea of buttons and keyboard for a
computer
was developed.
. In the 1930s, the American mathematician, Howard Aiken, developed
the Mark
I calculating machine, which was built by Hollerith's IBM. This
electronic
calculating machine used relays and electromagnetic components to
replace
mechanical components. Aiken also introduced computers to universities
by
establishing the first computer science program at Harvard University.
. During the Second World War, computer technology leapfrogged, with
the
British developing a massive analogue computer in secret to be able to
read
the encrypted German field signals.
. The first successful digital computer, the Electronic Numerical
Integrator
And Computer (ENIAC), was invented by the American, John Mauchly, at
the
University of Pennsylvania in 1945. Many of ENIAC's first tasks were
for
military purposes, such as calculating ballistic firing tables and
designing
atomic weapons. Mauchly and a partner formed their own company, and
produced
the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC), which was used for a
broader
variety of commercial applications.
. In 1948, at Bell Telephone Laboratories, American physicists Walter
Houser
Brattain, John Bardeen, and William Bradford Shockley developed the
transistor, a device that can act as an electric switch. The
transistor had
a tremendous impact on computer design, replacing costly,
energy-inefficient, and unreliable vacuum tubes.
. From then on the science has leapfrogged: the development of
integrated
circuits in America in the late 1960s by a number of scientists
enabled the
miniaturization of the computer and led ultimately to the modern word
processor and personal computer so common today.
The Industrial Revolution
Britain has the distinction of being the mother of the first modern
Industrial Revolution, which started at the end of the 18th century.
Because
British scientific and technical genius provided the impetus, that
country
became known as the workshop of the world, with its technological
wonders
being exported to all corners of the earth.
European Inventors and their Inventions
. John Napier (1550-1617) was a Scottish mathematician who invented
the
first system of logarithms, described in his book Canonis Descriptio
(1614).
He also invented mechanical systems for performing arithmetical
computations, described in his book Rabdologia (1617).
. Sir Christopher Wren (1632-1723) was an English architect,
scientist, and
mathematician, who apart from many great buildings, designed and
invented a
weather clock, the forerunner of the barometer; and undertook
pioneering
work in the development of blood transfusion.
. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1726) was an English scientist who worked out
an
all-encompassing mechanical explanation of the universe resting upon
the law
of universal gravitation. His work was so far reaching that it was
still
used in the 20th century when space exploration was planned.
. Samuel Crompton (1753-1827) was an Englishman who invented the
spinning
mule, a machine that was able to spin cotton into thread finer and
faster
than was possible with hand spinning. Foolishly he sold the design for
the
machine for a mere 60 pounds. While it became the most important
machine in
the British textile industry, Crompton lived in dreadful poverty until
the
British Parliament voted him 5000 pounds in 1812, in recognition of
his
innovation.
. John Kay (1704 - 1764) was an Englishman who invented the Flying
Shuttle
in 1733. The flying shuttle greatly increased the speed of weaving and
permitted picking to be performed by one person. He also invented an
improved combing, or carding, device. Attacked by weavers who saw his
invention as taking away their jobs, Kay fled to France where he died
in
poverty.
. Sir Richard Arkwright (1732-92) was a British inventor who designed
a
spinning frame in which cotton fiber was spun into thread in 1769.
. Edmund Cartwright (1743-1823) was an Englishman who invented the
power
loom in 1785 - an automated hand loom which provoked violent reaction
from
manual laborers. Cartwright also invented a wool-combing machine
(1789) and
a steam engine fueled by alcohol (1797). He was awarded 10,000 pounds
by the
British Parliament in recognition of his innovations - the power loom
made
the British Industrial Revolution possible.
. James Hargreaves (1720- 1778) was an Englishman who, in 1764,
invented the
Spinning Jenny (named after his daughter) which made possible the
automatic
production of cotton thread.
James Hargreaves' original Spinning Jenny.
. James Watt (1736-1819) was a Scottish inventor who won renown for
his
development of the first viable steam engine, a device which had
originally
been invented by the English engineers Thomas Savery and Thomas
Newcomen.
The first steam engines were thundering devices which were used to
pump
water from mines. Watt's first patent, in 1769, greatly improved the
mechanical flaws of the first steam engines and provided for a host of
innovations such as steam-jacketing, oil lubrication, and the
insulation of
the steam generating cylinder. Watt also invented the rotary engine
for
driving various types of machinery; the double-action engine, in which
steam
is admitted alternately into both ends of the cylinder; the steam
indicator,
which records the steam pressure in the engine; the centrifugal or
flyball
governor which automatically regulated the speed of an engine; and an
attachment that adapted telescopes for use as land surveying equipment
- a
device still in use today. The electrical unit, the watt, was named in
his
honor.
. Edward Jenner (1749-1823) was an English physicist who pioneered the
use
of vaccines, most notably against smallpox.
. Louis Jacques Daguerre (1789-1851) was a Frenchman who invented the
daguerreotype method of photography which used metal plates, which
was,
until the development of roll film, the most common form of
photography.
. Joseph Niepce (1765-1833) was a Frenchman who invented the first
process
for capturing permanent photographic images. In 1826, he successfully
made
the first surviving permanent photograph, of the courtyard of his
house,
using a bitumen-coated pewter plate.
. Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811-99) was a German chemist who invented
the
spectroscope and discovered spectrum analysis which led to the
discovery of
the elements cesium and rubidium. Bunsen also discovered (1834) the
antidote
that is still used today for arsenic poisoning. Although his name was
given
to the Bunsen burner, he did not develop that device. He did however
invent
a number of other devices, including: the ice calorimeter; the filter
pump;
and the zinc-carbon electric cell.
. Ernst Werner von Siemens (1816-92) was one of a family of German
engineers
who founded the firm bearing his name. He invented a number of devices
of
his own accord, including the electric dynamo and the use of
gutta-percha,
an elastic, rubberlike substance, for insulating cables. He also built
the
world's first electric train and tram in Berlin in 1879.
. Michael Faraday (1791 - 1867) was a British physicist who developed
the
gas burner used in scientific laboratories which later became known as
the
Bunsen burner. His other great inventions include: benzene;
electromagnetic
induction; and the laws of electrolysis which bear his name.
. Sir Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) was the British inventor of a
revolutionary
process for the manufacture of steel, patented in 1856.
. Richard Trevithick (1771-1833) was a British mechanical engineer and
inventor who is regarded as the father of railway travel. In 1796, he
developed the first mobile steam engines, vastly improving James
Watt's
steam engines, and by 1801, had transported the first passengers on
one of
his steam engines. By 1804, his steam engines were running on tracks
and the
age of rail travel had arrived.
As shown in this illustration of the London and Greenwich railway line
in
1833, the first railway carriages were shaped like horse carriages:
the
train also transported real carriages on flat bed cars.
. In 1829, a new locomotive designed to carry both passengers and
cargo was
designed by the British engineer George Stephenson. This engine, known
as
the Rocket, stimulated the building of other locomotives and the
extension
of railway lines even further. The same year the first locomotive
engine was
sent to North America from England.
. Alfred Nobel (1833-96) was a Swedish inventor who devised military
weapons
such as mines, torpedoes, and dynamite.
. Gugielmo Marchese Marconi (1874-1937) was an Italian electrical
engineer
who won fame as the inventor of the first practical radio-signaling
system.
In 1897, he formed Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company, Ltd., in
London and
in 1899, established radio communication across the English Channel
between
England and France; in 1901, he first sent signals across the Atlantic
Ocean
between England and North America. During World War I, he was in
charge of
the Italian wireless service and developed short-wave transmission as
a
means of secret communication.
. Vlademar Poulsen was a Danish inventor who developed the first tape
recorder in 1898, using a magnetized steel tape in what he called the
telegraphone. The magnetic tape common today in tape recorders was
developed
in Germany during the Second World War.
. Louis Pasteur (1882 - 1895) was a French scientist who is best
remembered
for the development of the process of pasteurization, the
sterilization of
milk and other substances. He also founded the science of microbiology
and
developed vaccines for a wide number of diseases including anthrax and
rabies.
Louis Pasteur, the French microbiologist who discovered vaccines for
cholera, anthrax and rabies.
. Gregor Mendel (1822 -1884) was a German monk who discovered the laws
of
genetics through research with garden peas. Mendel described the
patterns of
inheritance in terms of seven pairs of contrasting traits that
appeared in
different pea-plant varieties. He observed that the traits were
inherited as
separate units, each of which was inherited independently of the
others. He
found that each parent has pairs of units but contributes only one
unit from
each pair to its offspring. The units that Mendel described were later
given
the name genes. He published his findings in 1866, and they became
known as
Mendel's Laws of Inheritance.
. Louis Lumiere (1864-1948) was a French pioneer of motion photography
who,
with his brother Auguste, invented an early motion picture system and
made
the first proper film in 1895, showing it to the public in that same
year:
the first cinema show in the world.
North American Inventors and their Inventions
. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790). Apart from his contributions to the
American War of Independence and the writing of the American
constitution,
Franklin also won fame for devising the first anti-pollution measures
with
devices to control smoking chimneys and in 1744, invented the Franklin
stove, which furnished greater heat with a reduced consumption of
fuel. His
most famous discovery came in 1747, when he proved that lighting was
an
electrical phenomena. He also invented the lightning rod.
. John Fitch (1743-98) developed the first American steamboat in 1787.
Fitch's craft, for which he patented in America and France in 1791,
made up
the first regularly scheduled steamboat line.
. Eli Whitney (1765-1825) is best known for his 1793 invention of the
cotton
gin, a machine that would separate the seeds from the fibers of the
short-staple cotton plant - work previously done laboriously by hand.
. David Bushnell (1742-1824) built the first submarine in 1775. Called
the
Turtle, the one-passenger craft was a tarred, oaken sphere banded with
iron
and powered by hand-operated propellers and pumps. Designed for
military
use, its armament was an outside gunpowder bomb with a time fuse.
. George Henry Corliss (1817-1888) invented the Corliss valve in 1849,
which
regulates the flow of steam into an engine cylinder. The concept was
then
used in all valve operated engine systems.
. Gail Borden (1801-1874) invented the process for condensing milk and
conserving foods.
. John Ericsson (1803-1889). Swedish born, Ericsson was the
co-designer of
the steam locomotive, the Novelty, which was the main competition to
George
Stephenson's Rocket. Although Ericsson's design failed mechanically
during a
race between the Rocket and the Novelty, it was the first locomotive
to
travel a mile in under a minute. Ericsson's other great inventions
include
the screw propeller for ships (until then all ships had used oars or
paddlewheels), with the first screw driven ship, the Francis B. Ogden,
being
launched in 1837. In 1870 Ericsson patented the first solar powered
engine
which used sunlight to boil water and create steam which could drive
machinery.
. Charles Goodyear (1800-1860) who in 1839, discovered (allegorically
by
accident) that when rubber and sulfur are heated together at a high
temperature, a rubber with desirable properties results. This process,
called vulcanization, is still the basis of the rubber-manufacturing
industry.
. Elisha Gray (1835-1901), who became one of the more tragic inventors
in
American history when he literally handed in his patent for the
telephone a
few hours after Alexander Graham Bell handed in his: the credit for
the
telephone went to Bell, although Gray's device had been developed
simultaneously. In 1888, Gray patented a facsimile telegraph system;
and he
founded the Western Electric Company.
. John Moses Browning (1855-1926) invented some of the most widely
used
weapons in the history of firearms and developed several important
improveme
nts for guns, including breech-loading, automatic-loading, and
repeating
rifles and shotguns.
. Edwin Howard Armstrong (1890-1954) developed several electronic
circuits
and systems that were crucial to the development of radio, including
the
regenerative circuit (1912) and the frequency modulation (FM) radio
broadcasting system. The regenerative circuit amplified weak radio
signals
and revolutionized the range of radio broadcasting. The FM
broadcasting
system is in common use today.
. Lee De Forest (1873-1961) designed a number of the earliest wireless
radio
and telegraph transmitters. His most important invention, however, was
a
type of vacuum tube that De Forest called the audion, and which today
is
known as the triode. The triode was the key component of all radio,
radar,
television and computer systems until its replacement by the
transistor in
the early 1950s.
. John Deere (1804-86) designed the steel ploughshare in the 1830s,
replacing the cast iron version. The company he formed in Illinois
became
famous for the manufacture of all farming implements.
. Charles Edgar Duyera (1861-1938), who with his brother, James Frank
Duyera, built the first successful petrol powered automobile in
America in
1894.
. George Eastman (1854-1932) who in 1884 patented the first film in
roll
form to prove practicable; in 1888 he perfected the Kodak camera; in
1889,
Eastman invented flexible transparent film, which allowed the
development of
the motion picture industry.
. Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931). His inventions include: the
practical
electric light bulb; an electric generating system; the phonograph, a
sound
recording device using a round cylinder - he would later adapt it to
record
on a flat disc - the record player; and the motion picture projector
or
Kinetoscope. By synchronizing his phonograph and Kinetoscope, he
produced,
in 1913, the first talking moving pictures. In 1882, he developed and
installed the world's first large central electric-power station,
located in
New York City. He also developed a commercial version of the battery;
the
mimeograph, the microtasimeter (used for the detection of minute
changes in
temperature), and a wireless telegraphic method for communicating with
moving trains. Altogether, Edison patented more than 1000 inventions.
. Sherman Mills Fairchild (1896-1971) invented several cameras and was
the
first to come up with the idea to have enclosed cockpits on aircraft.
He
also invented the radio compass and hydraulic brakes and hydraulic
landing
gears for aircraft. He founded the company, Fairchild Industries, in
New
York.
. Richard Jordan Gatling (1818-1903) won renown as the inventor of the
Gatling gun, the first repeat firing machine gun which proved
instrumental
in American and later world history.
. Elias Howe (1819-67) who won fame when, in 1837, he designed, and,
over
the next nine years, built the sewing machine, for which he took out a
patent in 1846. He then went to England, returning a few years later
to find
that the a man by the name of Isaac Singer had stolen his patent and
had
started mass manufacture of the sewing machine under the Singer trade
name.
Howe pursued Singer in court, during the course of which unfounded
charges
of anti-Semitism were made against Howe by Singer, who was Jewish.
After
several years, Howe won: Singer was ordered to pay the inventor
royalties on
all Singer sewing machines ever produced, and Howe retired a wealthy
man.
. Charles Franklin Kettering (1876-1958). Kettering invented some of
the
most recognizable items of modern life. They include: the electric
automatic
starter which he built specifically for automobiles, but later used
for many
other applications; the first electronic cash register, developed
while he
was working for the National Cash Register (NCR) company; the first
engine
powered electricity generator, today widely used where ever mains
electricity is not available; quick drying automobile paint; high
octane and
leaded petrol; a nonpoisonous coolant for refrigerators; and the first
practical engine for diesel locomotives.
. Herbert Edwin Land (1909-91), who won fame through his work in
polarized
light: he developed a new kind of polarizer, which he called Polaroid,
by
aligning and embedding crystals in a plastic sheet. Starting his own
laboratory at the age of 19, he started the Polaroid Corporation in
1937,
which developed infrared filters, dark adaptation goggles and target
finders. In the late 1940s, the corporation produced the first
self-developing Polaroid Land camera.
. Hiram Percy Maxim (1869-1936) was one of a family of inventors: his
father
invented the Maxim machine gun and cordite. Other Maxim inventions
included
an electric automobile in 1897; and silencer devices for rifles and
air
compressors.
. Cyrus Hall McCormick (1809-1884) invented the first successful
reaping
machine in 1831. The technical innovations in this machine contributed
greatly to the development of modern agriculture and have been
included in
every successful reaper manufactured since. The garden lawnmower is
based on
his original invention.
. Samuel Morse (1791-1872) won fame for his inventions of the electric
telegraph and the Morse code. In 1843 the U.S. Congress appropriated
$30,000
for Morse to construct an experimental telegraph line between
Washington,
DC, and Baltimore, Maryland. The line was successfully installed, and
on May
24, 1844, Morse sent the first message: "What hath God wrought!".
. Graves Otis (1811-1861) pioneered the construction and manufacture
of
steam-powered elevators. He founded the Otis Elevator Company.
. George Mortimer Pullman (1831-97) designed the first railway
sleeping
coach. His factory developed into its own town, Pullman in Illinois.
. Christopher Sholes (1819-1890) invented the first practical
typewriter in
1867, perfecting a design which had first been attempted in 1714, by
Henry
Mill in England. The development of the machine was incredibly
difficult: no
less than 76 attempts had been made between the time of Mill and
Sholes'
successful design. In 1873, Sholes signed a contract with the
Remington Arms
Company, a gun manufacturer, to build and market the typewriter.
Sholes
developed the "QWERTY" keyboard still in use in modern English
language
computers to overcome the problem of typewriter keys sticking at the
point
of contact with the ribbon: the keys for the letters that most often
appear
in combination in the English language are located far apart.
. Elmer Ambrose Sperry (1860-1930), patented more than 400 inventions
including: the electric-arc light; electric streetcars; improvements
to
electric motors; the gyrocompass; the gyropilot for steering ships;
the
automatic gyropilot for stabilizing aircraft; and electrically
sustained
gyros that control submarine and aerial torpedoes.
. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) was a Croatian born American electrical
engineer
who in 1888, designed the first practical system of generating and
transmitting alternating current for electric power. In 1895, Tesla's
alternating-current motors were installed at the Niagara Falls power
project.
. George Westinghouse (1846-1914) who won fame for inventing the
railway
frog, a device permitting trains to cross from one track to another.
In
1868, he invented the device for which he became most famous, the
airbrake.
. Chester F. Carlson (1906-1968) invented xerography, an electronic
dry-copying process for the reproduction of images or documents, now
called
photocopying.
. Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) was a Scottish born American
inventor
who won fame for inventing the telephone; his other great invention
which
was just as important but for which he is not widely know, is the
aileron,
used in every aircraft. He founded the Bell Telephone Company and his
descendants founded the National Geographic magazine.
The Scottish American Alexander Graham Bell demonstrates his most
famous
invention, the telephone.
Paper
Often the allegation is heard that paper was invented in China or
Egypt. In
neither of these two civilizations was paper used: in China a textile
based
parchment was used, and in Egypt bound reeds - papyrus - was made into
parchment. The very earliest documents in Europe were also captured on
material parchment - but there is no evidence that this development
was
transmitted from the East to Europe.
In Europe, the process to make a textile thin enough to be comfortably
used,
meant a laborious process of pulping thicker scraps of textiles by
hand.
This process was revolutionized in 1798 by the French scientist
Nicholas
Louis Robert, who invented the first mechanical paper pulping machine.
The
raw material was still crude textile. Robert's machine was improved by
the
British stationers and brothers Henry Fourdrinier and Sealy
Fourdrinier, who
in 1803, produced the first of the machines that bear their name.
Only in 1840, was the process of producing paper from groundwood
developed
in Europe, and the idea of adding chemicals only took place in 1850,
creating the modern paper making process which has lasted to this day.
Printing
As with paper, the allegation is often heard that printing was
invented in
China. This is also untrue: in China a simple system of pattern inking
had
been developed in which a strip of material was lain against a water
based
painted picture. This only worked for very basic patterns and was
consequently was not widespread. There is also no evidence that this
technique was ever exported anywhere as it had virtually no
applications.
In Europe, printing was developed entirely independently after long
thought
on how to speed up the process of book copying: Johann Gutenberg, of
the
German city of Mainz, invented the technical aspects of printing in
1450.
Basing the design of his machine on a wine press, Gutenburg developed
the
use of raised and movable type and from the start used oil based
paints.
The invention of the printing press revolutionized the spread of
knowledge:
a printing press was built in Venice in 1469, and the city had 417
printers
by 1500. In 1476, a printing press was developed in England by William
Caxton; in 1539, the Spaniard Juan Pablos set up an imported press in
Mexico
City, Mexico. Stephen Day built the first printing press in North
America at
Massachusetts Bay in 1628, and helped establish the Cambridge Press.
By the end of the 1400's, 1,000 new books were being published per
year by
Europe's book printers. By 1815, the number had climbed to 20,000 per
year.
The Nonwhite world's wealthiest city, Constantinople, under the
Ottoman
Turks, did not acquire its first printing press until the year 1726,
and by
1815, the grand total of all the books published in Constantinople in
the
preceding 89 years, was only 63 titles.
Gunpowder
The first written reference to gunpowder - and how to make it -
appears in
the writings of the 13th century English monk Roger Bacon, belying the
oft
held theory that it was developed in China and exported to Europe.
A 14th century German monk, Berthold Schwarz, was the first person to
use
gunpowder to fire a projectile, and can rightly be given the title of
inventor of the firearm. Gunpowder factories had been established in
England
and Germany in 1334 and 1340 respectively.
The Automobile
The first self propelled vehicle, a three wheeled steam-powered engine
designed to move artillery pieces, was developed in 1769, by the
French Army
officer Captain Nicolas Joseph Cugnot. The next steam engines were
developed
in England but soon were running on tracks, as with Richard
Trevithick's
successful engines.
Steam cars became popular in America during the very early 20th
century,
with the most famous vehicle being the Stanley Steamer, built by
American
twin brothers Freelan and Francis Stanley. A Stanley Steamer
established a
world land speed record in 1906 of 205.44 km/h (121.573 mph).
Manufacturers
produced about 125 models of steam-powered automobiles, including the
Stanley, until 1932.
Internal Combustion Engines
The German engineer Nikolaus Otto (1832-1891) invented the first four
stroke
internal combustion engine in 1876, which rapidly replaced the steam
engine
as the primary source of power in virtually all applications, and
paving the
way for the development of the automobile. Jean Joseph Lenoir
(1822-1900)
was a Belgian-born French inventor famous for producing the first one
cylinder internal combustion engine powered by kerosene in 1859, and
the
first internal-combustion-powered car.
Gottlieb Daimler (1834-1900) was a German engineer and inventor who
assisted
in the development of the Otto gasoline engine. In 1887, he patented
the
Daimler engine, a high-speed internal-combustion engine that was an
important step in the development of the automobile. Daimler and
German
inventor, Wilhelm Maybach, mounted a gasoline-powered engine onto a
bicycle,
creating a motorcycle, in 1885. In 1887, they manufactured their first
car,
which included a steering lever and a four-speed gearbox. Another
German
engineer, Karl Benz, produced his first gasoline car in 1886. In 1926,
Daimler, Maybach and Benz were to join together to form the Mercedes
Benz
brand name.
Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913) was yet another German engineer who designed
and
invented the diesel engine in 1897, which is a heavy oil engine used
most
commonly in ships, although its applications later spread to all
manner of
vehicles.
Tarred Roads
Modern tarred roads were the result of the work of two British
engineers,
Thomas Telford and John Loudon McAdam. Telford designed the system of
raising the foundation of the road in the center to act as a drain for
water: eventually this design became the norm for all roads
everywhere.
The highway, or freeway, was conceptualized by the leader of Nazi
Germany,
Adolf Hitler, and the first such Autobahns were built during the 1930s
in
Germany. The Autobahn system was copied everywhere in the world.
Oil Wells
The first commercial exploitation of natural oil, known originally as
"rock
oil", came in 1852, when the Canadian-German physician and geologist,
Abraham Gessner, obtained a patent for producing kerosene from crude
oil.
The first proper oil wells were dug in Germany in 1857, but the first
successful oil well dig was carried out by Edwin Drake at Oil Creek,
Pennsylvania, in North America in 1859. Drake's success marked the
beginning
of the rapid growth of the modern petroleum industry, with the
scientist,
George Kettering, finally distilling high octane fuel from the crude
oil
product.
Electricity
Electricity has been the harnessing power upon which almost every
other
advance has been based: there is now not a place on earth that this
invention has not reached.
. The English scientist, William Gilbert, coined the word
"electricity" in
1600, when he used the Greek word for "amber" to describe the
phenomena in a
book on the subject;
. The German scientist, Otto von Guericke, invented the first machine
for
producing an electric charge in 1672; while the contemporary French
scientist Charles Du Fay was the first to distinguish between positive
and
negative charges in electricity;
. The British scientist, Joseph Priestly, in 1766, proved the law that
the
force between electric charges varies inversely with the square of the
distance between the charges;
. The Italian physicist, Alessandro Volta, developed the precursor to
the
modern electrical battery in 1880, a breakthrough for which the unit
of
electricity, the Volt, was named after him;
. The Danish scientist, Hans Christian Oersted, discovered in 1819
that a
magnetic field exists around an electric current flow;
. The British scientist, Michael Faraday, proved in 1831 that a
current
flowing in a coil of wire can induce electromagnetically a current in
a
nearby coil;
. In 1840, the British scientist, James Prescott Joule, and the German
scientist, Hermann von Helmholtz, demonstrated that electric circuits
obey
the law of the conservation of energy and that electricity is a form
of
energy. The unit of energy, the Joule, is named after the Englishman;
. The British inventor, James Clerk Maxwell, investigated the
properties of
electromagnetic waves and light and developed the theory that the two
are
identical. Maxwell's work also provided the basis for the Italian
engineer,
Guglielmo Marconi, who in 1896, harnessed these waves to produce the
first
practical radio;
. The Dutch physicist, Hendrik Lorentz, developed the electron theory,
which
is the basis of modern electrical theory, in 1892;
. The American scientist, Robert Millikan, was the first to measure
the
charge on an electron in 1909;
. The widespread use of electricity as a source of power is largely
due to
the work of such pioneering American engineers and inventors as Thomas
Alva
Edison and Nikola Tesla;
. The transistor was developed at Bell Telephone Laboratories by the
American physicists Walter Houser Brattain, John Bardeen, and William
Bradford Shockley. For this achievement, the three shared the 1956
Nobel
Prize in physics. Shockley is noted as the initiator and director of
the
research program in semiconducting materials that led to the discovery
of
this group of devices; his associates, Brattain and Bardeen, are
credited
with the invention of an important type of transistor. (Shockley then
devoted the rest of his life to a speaking tour which took him up and
down
America, in which he advocated the belief that Blacks and Whites have
different Intelligence Quotas caused by their genes).
Television
. The concept of television was pioneered by the Scotsman, James Clerk
Maxwell, who in 1873, predicted the existence of the electromagnetic
waves
that would enable pictures and sound to be sent by air instead of
along wire
as was then currently the case.
. In 1873, the English scientist, Willoughby Smith, and his assistant,
Joseph May, discovered photoconductivity after observing that the
electrical
conductivity of the element selenium changes when light falls on it.
This
characteristic was used in the vidicon television camera tube.
. Photoemission, the effect that certain substances emit electrons
when
exposed to light, was discovered in 1888, by the German physicist,
Wilhelm
Hallwachs. This effect was applied to the image-orthicon television
camera
tube.
. In 1906, the American, Lee De Forest, patented the triode vacuum
tube. By
1920, the tube had been improved to the point where it could be used
to
amplify electric currents for television.
. The German engineer, Paul Nipkow, designed the first true television
system in 1884, which consisted of a punched hole disk scanning in an
image
piece by piece into a camera with the image so scanned being
transmitted to
a receiver which used another spinning disk to project the image once
again.
. Nipkow's mechanical scanner was used from 1923 to 1925 in
experimental
television systems developed in the United States by Charles F.
Jenkins, and
in England by the Scotsman and inventor, John Logie Baird, the latter
developing the Nipkow disk system to the point where he is generally
credited with the development of modern television.
. The first electronic method of scanning an image for use in
conjunction
with Baird's development was developed by an Englishman, A. A.
Campbell-Swinton, in 1908.
. This was followed in the 1920s, by the American engineer, Philo
Taylor
Farnsworth, who devised the television camera, which converted the
image
captured, into an electrical signal, an image dissector.
. Cathode rays, or beams of electrons in vacuumised glass tubes, were
first
noted by the British chemist and physicist, Sir William Crookes, in
1878. By
1908, Campbell-Swinton and a Russian, Boris Rosing, had independently
suggested that a cathode-ray tube (CRT) be used to reproduce the
television
picture on a phosphor-coated screen. The CRT was developed for use in
television during the 1930s by the American electrical engineer, Allen
B.
DuMont. DuMont's method of picture reproduction is essentially the
same as
the one used today.
. The first public broadcasts of television were carried out in 1928
in New
York, with the receivers being built by Alexander Graham Bell's
company,
General Electric, while the first public broadcasting of television
programs
took place in London in 1936.
. Color television was conceptualized and demonstrated by John Logie
Baird
in 1928, by using a Nipkow disk containing the three primary colors of
light, red green and blue. The system of using the primary colors was
perfected in 1953, and color television was introduced in that year.
Flight
The first lighter than air flights were undertaken in 1783, by two
French
brothers, Jacques and Joseph Montgolfier, using heated air in
balloons. That
same year the French physicist, Jean Francois de Rozier, made the
first
manned balloon flights near Paris. In 1785, the French aeronaut Jean
Pierre
Blanchard, accompanied by John Jeffries, an American, made the first
balloon
crossing of the English Channel.
Sir George Cayley
Sir George Cayley (1773-1857) was an English inventor who developed
the
concept of the modern airplane, and is considered to be the founder of
the
science of aerodynamics. The essential form of the modern airplane, a
rigid-wing structure driven by a then yet to be invented engine, was
designed by Cayley in 1799.
In 1808, Cayley had persuaded his coachman to man a glider he had
built
which was then launched: it carried the protesting employee some 275
meters
(900 feet) before crashing: the first recorded flight by any person in
an
aircraft. Cayley then published his findings in a paper, On Aerial
Navigation (1810) which earned him the title of the Father of
Aviation. In
this paper he laid out the basic ground rules for aviation which are
still
in use to this day: inclined rigid wings; rudder steering control and
streamlining.
Samuel Langley
The first heavier than air self propelled aircraft was built in 1896,
by the
American inventor, Samuel Pierpont Langley. His aircraft, which he
called
the Aerodrome, was launched by catapult on the Potomac river in
Virginia,
was unmanned, but still won renown for being able to fly under its own
power.
Wright Brothers
The first powered manned aircraft flight was undertaken by the two
American
brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright. Starting with self built gliders,
the
Wright brothers built their first propeller in 1903 and on 17 December
1903,
at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA, they made the first powered
airplane
flights in history. Orville Wright, who was manned the first powered
flight,
also invented the first wind tunnel in 1901 as part of the brothers'
experimentation to find the correct wing shape. From then on, the
design of
aircraft improved by leaps and bounds, spurred on by two world wars,
both of
which saw the aircraft being turned to military applications with
massive
design improvements.
Lying flat in his aircraft, Orville Wright becomes the first man to
fly at
Kittyhawk, North Carolina, 1903.
Long Distance Flight
In 1909, a French aviator, Louis Bleriot, crossed the English channel
in an
aircraft, laying the basis for the development of intercontinental
flight.
In 1910, the American pilot Eugene Ely took off from and landed on
warships.
In 1911 the US Army used a Wright brothers' biplane to make the first
live
bombing test from an airplane. In 1911, the American inventor and
aviator
Glenn Curtiss introduced the first practical seaplane.
1913 saw the first truly long distance flight from France to Egypt and
the
first non-stop flight across the Mediterranean Sea from France to
Tunisia.
Commercial aviation began in January of 1914, just 10 years after the
Wrights' first flight, with the first regularly scheduled passenger
line in
the world operating between Saint Petersburg and Tampa, Florida.
The Jet Aircraft
The first jet engine was designed and built by the British engineer
Sir
Frank Whittle in 1937. His invention was not well received in Britain,
and
in less than two years the German aeronautical engineer, Willie
Messerschmidt, head of the Messerschmidt aircraft company, had
produced a
German jet engine. In 1939 Messerschmidt produced the first aircraft
to
accompany the jet engine - with the first jet flight in the world
taking
place in Nazi Germany that year.
The Nazis thereafter maintained their lead in jet engine propulsion
right
through the Second World War, putting the Messerschmidt Me 262, the
world's
first jet fighter, into operational use in November 1944.
Messerschmidt's factory also produced the unstable Me 163 Komet, which
was
the world's first rocket powered interceptor aircraft, which launched
vertically and would then swoop down on enemy bombers at a fantastic
speed.
After the war, Messerschmidt's jet engine was studied with renewed
interest,
and turned to peaceful applications, with the first jet passenger
aircraft
entering service in the early 1950s. However it was only with the
introduction of the Boeing 707 jet liner in 1958, that jet passenger
aircraft finally assumed the direction by which it is known today. The
707
changed passenger flight overnight: the flying time from New York City
to
London, England, dropped to less than eight hours, halving the time
taken by
propeller driven aircraft.
The Helicopter
The first recorded design of a helicopter - which was never built -
was by
Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1500. Although Da Vinci never saw
his idea
take practical form, the basic idea he conceptualized formed the basis
of
the development of the helicopter. Many inventors tried their hand at
perfecting the original Da Vinci design, but the first successful
helicopter
was a twin-rotor machine designed by the German engineer Heinrich
Focke,
which was flown in 1936 in Nazi Germany.
This was followed in 1939, by the Russian-American Igor Sikorsky's
single
rotor helicopter which made its first flight in Ohio. After the Second
World
War the helicopter was refined and became highly used in both military
and
civilian applications.
Atomic Power
The British chemist John Dalton (1766-1844) is regarded as the father
of
atomic theory. He believed that the particles or atoms of different
elements
were distinguished from one another by their weights, and in 1803,
published
the first table of comparative atomic weights, inaugurating the
quantitative
atomic theory.
The next great step in atomic research came in 1895, when the German
scientist, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, invented the technology known as X
rays,
with its indispensable medical uses.
The French scientist, Pierre Curie, and his Polish wife, Marie, then
made a
number of breakthroughs in the study and research of nuclear energy,
discovering the elements polonium and radium. Marie became the first
scientist to isolate the pure metal radium.
The British physicist, Ernest Rutherford, discovered the alpha, beta
and
gamma rays of radiation given off by uranium, allowing scientists to
further
penetrate the secrets of the atom. Rutherford established that the
mass of
the atom is concentrated in its nucleus and that electrons circle the
nucleus, each with different electrical charges.
Particle Accelerator
In 1930, the American physicist, Ernest Lawrence, developed the first
particle accelerator, called a cyclotron. This machine generates
electrical
attractive and repulsive forces that accelerate atomic particles while
they
are spun round in a vacuum by the electromagnetic force of a very big
magnet.
Nuclear Reactions
In 1932, two British scientists, Sir John D. Cockcroft and Ernest
Thomas
Sinton Walton, were the first to use artificially accelerated
particles to
successfully disintegrate the nucleus of an atom. They produced a beam
of
protons (positive particles) which were boosted to high speed by means
of a
high-voltage device called a voltage multiplier. These particles were
then
used to bombard a lithium target to produce the desired result.
Applications
It became inevitable that the advent of the Second World War would see
nuclear research turned to military purposes: in both Germany and
America,
scientists worked feverishly to build an atom bomb. The Germans were
the
first to start with nuclear fission experiments - fission being the
igniter
for a nuclear reaction - but their efforts were seriously hampered by
the
large scale bombing of their country.
In America, the Italian-American scientist, Enrico Fermi, perfected
nuclear
fission and a team was set up to develop the atom bomb in great
secrecy
under the code name the Manhattan Project. The practicalities of
fitting
Fermi's fission device into a bomb which could be delivered by air
were
completed by mid 1945, and the atom bomb was used against Japan,
ending the
Second World War in a mushroom cloud.
Electrical Power
After the war, nuclear research remained primarily devoted to military
weapons, but also started to have civilian applications: by the late
1950s
and early 1960s, nuclear power plants had started to appear in Western
Europe, America and the Soviet Union, all manufacturing electrical
power for
consumer consumption but also producing dangerous used fuel effluent
which
will remain active and dangerous for thousands of years.
Space Exploration
Almost all theory of space flight was worked out by three brilliant
men over
a period of nearly three centuries - from 1600 to 1900.
Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician who, in 1609, figured out
the
equations for orbiting planets and satellites. In particular, he
determined
that the planets move in ellipses (flattened circles) rather than true
circles.
Isaac Newton was the English scientist who, in 1687, wrote what is
probably
the single greatest intellectual achievement of all time. In a single
book
he established the basic laws of force, motion, and gravitation and
invented
a new branch of mathematics in the process (calculus). He did all this
to
show how the force of gravity is the reason that planet's orbits
follow
Kepler's equations.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was a Russian school teacher who, without ever
launching a single rocket himself, was the first to figure out all the
basic
equations for rocketry - in 1903. He anticipated and solved many of
the
problems that were going to obstruct rocket powered flight and drew up
several rocket designs. He determined that liquid fuel rockets would
be
needed to get to space, and that the rockets would need to be built in
stages (he called them "rocket trains"). He concluded that oxygen and
hydrogen would be the most powerful fuels to use.
Robert Goddard
The American scientist, Dr. Robert H. Goddard, is considered to be the
father of practical modern rocketry. His experiments with solid and
liquid
fueled rockets formed much of the basis of the development of
ballistic
missiles, earth-orbiting satellites, and interplanetary exploration.
His
first rocket launch was in 1926, in Massachusetts, and although it
only flew
for 2.5 seconds, it proved that rockets could work. In 1930, he
launched a
new rocket that reached 2,000 feet and a speed of 500 miles per hour:
the
first truly successful rocket.
Nazi Rockets Led the Space Race
The German rocket scientist, Hermann Oberth, is known as the Father of
Space
Travel for his ground breaking book in the 1920s called 'The Rocket
into
Planetary Space'. Oberth's ideas were well received by Adolf Hitler,
and
funding was made available to Oberth to assemble a rocket research and
development team. One of the scientists that Oberth recruited was
Wernher
von Braun (1912-1977), later to become famous in his own right.
The first product of the German research program was the V-1 rocket,
or
doodlebug, as it was known, a flying bomb powered by a jet engine.
Then Von
Braun, still working under Oberth, developed the first
intercontinental
ballistic missile in the world: the German V2 rocket which was used to
bombard Britain in the closing months of the Second World War.
At the end of the Second World War, the Soviets and Americans each
grabbed
as many of the Nazi rocket scientists as they could find. Von Braun
had
however arranged for the removal of 500 of his top staff and their
work -
100 remaining V2 rockets - to the west, to await capture by the
Americans.
His gamble paid off, and he and most of his colleagues were whisked
off to
America to work for that country's military and later space rocket
programs.
The Soviets did however manage to capture some stragglers: they in
turn were
taken back to Russia and put to work for the Communists, producing the
first
long range Soviet missiles, known as Scuds, and the first Soviet space
rockets (which even kept the distinctive V2 shape).
The first Soviet Satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched in 1957, followed
in
1961 by the first manned spaceflight, that of Yuri Gagarin. In both
cases it
was a derivation of the V2 rocket which put the Soviets into space.
Von Braun in America
Meanwhile, in America, about two thirds of the original V2 team had
been
re-assembled at the White Sands Proving Grounds, New Mexico. Led by
Von
Braun and Oberth, the team continued their work and in 1950, Von Braun
was
transferred to Huntsville, Alabama, where for ten years he headed the
Redstone missile program, becoming a naturalized US citizen in 1955.
In 1958, the first American satellite was launched, using a V2
derivative
rocket as its launch vehicle. After Oberth retired, Von Braun was in
1960
appointed director of development operations at the George C. Marshall
Space
Flight Center (NASA) in Huntsville. There the original V2 rocket was
redeveloped and finally became the main American space vehicle, the
Gemini
rocket, used to put Alan Shepard, the first American into space in
1962.
So it came to be that rockets originally developed under the Nazis
were
responsible for the first manned flight in space and the basis of both
America and the Soviet Union's space programs.
Von Braun's last great contribution to space exploration was his
design and
building of the first and second stages of the mighty Saturn V rocket,
which
took the manned Apollo missions to the moon. The Saturn V rocket
gained
distinction in one more way; it became the only series of rockets ever
developed to have worked perfectly on every launch, a record which has
never
been equaled before or since.
Moon Walk
During the next three decades, thousands of spacecraft of all
varieties were
launched, mostly in earth orbit. Soon space flight then became almost
routine until the first manned mission to the moon took place in 1969.
Two Americans, Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin were the first of
earth's
inhabitants to walk on another planet - they were followed by other
missions, each one more remarkable than the last. All told, twelve men
walked on the moon's surface and returned to earth.
The emphasis was then moved to building orbiting space stations, and
in
1973, the famous space station, Skylab, was launched. The Soviet Union
also
put up the Soyuz space stations, some of which have been used to
establish
long distance endurance records in space.
Unmanned craft were sent out to the far corners of the universe, with
some
penetrating out into the open vastness of space carrying messages of
greetings from earth.
The next technological breakthrough was the development of a reusable
space
craft, and the American Space Shuttle, was born: powered by two
disposable
fuel tanks, the shuttle entered earth's orbit to deploy or catch
orbiting
satellites, and then returned to earth using its aerodynamic design to
glide
onto a landing strip.
Political Correctness
It was during the era of the development of the Space Shuttle that it
dawned
upon the purveyors of political correctness that the entire space
program -
from scientists to astronauts - had been an exclusively White affair.
Objections were raised, first at the presence of some of Von Braun's
original team who were still alive (one was stripped of his American
citizenship and deported back to Germany, nearly 40 years after he had
been
invited to America by the US government), and then against the fact
that
there were no Nonwhite astronauts. Giving in to political pressure,
NASA
then hunted down suitable Nonwhite astronauts to fill a politically
demanded
affirmative action program.
Who?
In addition to the famous inventors, there are a host of others who
are
virtually unknown but whose contributions to modern society are no
less
important.
. James King was an American, who in 1851, patented the first washing
machine to use a drum. The first electric-powered washing machines was
introduced in 1908, by the Hurley Machine Company of Chicago,
Illinois.
. Rowland Hill, a schoolmaster in England, invented the postage stamp
in
1837, an act for which he was knighted. Through his efforts the first
stamp
in the world was issued in England in 1840.
. Jesse W. Reno was an American who patented the first inclined
conveyor
belt - or escalator - in 1891. This was followed in short order by the
American inventor, Charles D. Seeberger, who added steps to the
conveyor
belt, creating the modern escalator.
. Charles Hanson Greville, an English scientist, first identified the
chemical properties in natural rubber (1860), opening the way for
others to
start working on the development of synthetic rubbers. Finally, after
research by teams of scientists in Germany and the United States, the
first
viable synthetic rubbers were produced in America after the Second
World
War.
. Robert W. Thompson was a Scottish inventor who, in 1845, developed
the
first pneumatic tyre.
. John Wesley Hyatt was an American who developed modern plastics in
1870,
after entering a competition held by a billiard ball manufacturer
looking
for an alternative to ivory. Hyatt developed a method of
pressure-working
pyroxylin, a cellulose nitrate of low nitration that had been
plasticised
with camphor and an alcohol solvent. The substance, patented under the
trademark Celluloid, was the first plastic, using the same principles
numerous other types of plastics were then created.
. Leo Hendrik Baekland, a Belgian American chemist, invented Bakelite
in
1906, using Hyatt's basic principle of plastics manufacture. In 1920,
a
breakthrough in the understanding of the nature of the molecular
nature of
plastics by the German chemist, Hermann Staudinger, saw the
development of
all modern plastics in laboratories in Germany and America shortly
thereafter.
. Johan Vaaler was a Norwegian who invented the paper clip in 1899.
. Percy Spencer was an American who invented the microwave oven in the
late
1950s after experiments with a magnetron, a device designed to produce
short
radio waves for a radar system.
. Claude Chappe was a Frenchman who invented the mechanical semaphore
system
for ships in 1792.
. William Murdock was an Englishman who invented practical industrial
scale
gas lighting - later extended to streets in 1802.
. Jean Jacques Dony was a Belgian who was the first person to produce
an
extract of zinc in 1805.
. Friedriech Woehler was a German who in 1827 was the first to produce
an
extract of aluminum from clay.
. Nicolas Appert was a Frenchman who developed the technique for the
sterilization of tinned food in 1809.
. Benjamin Delessert was a Frenchman to extract sugar from beet sugar
in
1812.
. Arsitide Berges was a Frenchman who installed the first
hydro-electric
station in the world in France in 1870.
. Henri Sainte-Claire was a Frenchman who started the first industrial
aluminum production in 1854.
. Ernest Solvay was a Belgian who started the first industrial soda
production in 1861.
. Hilaire de Charbonnet was a Frenchman who invented artificial silk
in
1884.
. Charles Tellier was a Frenchman who invented the modern fridge in
1867.
. Percy Gilchrist and Sidney Thomas were two Englishmen who jointly
extracted the first phosphorus from iron in 1875.
. PLT Heroult in France and CM Hall in America, independently produced
aluminum by electrolysis in 1866.
. Eugene Turpin was a Frenchman who invented Melinite in 1892.
. Herman Dresser was a German chemist who invented Aspirin in 1893.
. Frederick Hopkins was an Englishman who discovered the existence of
vitamins in 1912.
Racial Implications
As the reader can see, it is no exaggeration to say that there is
almost
nothing in any modern society which has not been invented by a member
of the
White race at some stage in history. It is truly no exaggeration to
say that
White technological know how has physically shaped the very earth
itself -
this despite the Whites being an absolute minority of the globe's
population.
Visit the official Tom Shelly, White God website at:
http://members.odinsrage.com/tomshelly/
Tom Shelly, White God
Purveyor of Truth, Destoyer of whiggers
Proud Recipient
AFN's Most-Hated Racist, 2002 & 2003
jb
there? How about the Olmec heads..the oldest pyramids in South Africa (
white people are native to there are they) ? Come on!!
Tom Shelly, White God
I'm very serious.
Post proof to your claims along with fully verifiable sources.
I have been through these arguments before and have won.
As a matter of fact, I was party to a county lawsuit wherein we forced
the schools from teaching such nonsense.
EGYPT
FACT #62: Ancient Egypt was founded
and built by Mediterranean Caucasians as
far back as 4500 B.C. Egypt's period of
greatness was from 3400 B.C. to 1800
B.C. and was characterized by its amazing
architecture, pyramids, temples, and
mastery of mathematics and engineering,
the remnants of which are still evident
today. The White Egyptians pioneered
medicine, chemistry, astronomy, and law;
In many cases, their achievements remain
unequalled. (37) (39) (21)
FACT #63: But, about 3400 B.C. Egypt
civilization began to spread up the Nile
River, bringing it in close contact with the
black Nubians to the south. Soon they
were using Blacks for slave labor and
Egypt became history's first melting pot.
(39) (10) (14)
FACT # 64: In time the infusion of
Negro blood worked itself up from the
bottom of Egyptian society. The slaves
were eventually freed, received political
equality, and took posts of authority in
government. (10) (37)
FACT #65: By the time of King Tut
(1370-1352 B.C.) even the ruling classes
had been mongrelized and Egypt began a
tailspin downward. Today, the
once-mighty Egypt is very much a Third
World country, having lost its art, its
medicine, its architectural ability, and its
position in world affairs. (10) (37)
The absurd notion that Ancient Egypt was
a product of Negro ingenuity is now
being widely disseminated in the schools.
Though scholars know this is a blatant lie,
they justify the deception by assuming it
will boost the "self-esteem" of Black
children.
10.Fagan, Myron C. How the Greatest White
Nations Were Mongrelized - Then Negroized,
Sons of Liberty Books.
14.Jacob, A. White Man, Think Again! 1965, publ.
by author.
21.Pendell, Elmer, Sex Versus Civilization,
Noontide Press.
37.Waddell, L. A. The Makers of Civilization,
1929, Angriff Press, Hollywood, CA
39.Weisman, Charles A. The Origins of Race and
Civilization, 1990, SFA
WHITE EGYPT
This page has been built to refute the lies currently being spread by
Black
supremacists which claim that the civilization of "Ancient Egypt was
Black."
In fact, the driving force of Ancient Egypt
was unquestionably White.
The most common lies and distortions currently being made by the
Afro-centric Black supremacists are dealt with graphically on this
page:
readers interested in the true full story of Ancient Egypt are invited
to
read Chapter 8, of the book "March of the Titans: A History of the
White
Race"
==============
Before we start, a few general points about Egypt:
The first thing that must always be borne in mind about ancient Egypt
is
that there were Semites and Blacks present in that country from the
very
beginning. No-one claims the contrary - in fact, this was the very
reason
why that civilization fell, as it was eventually overrun by Blacks and
Semites - if there had been none of those racial groupings present,
the
Egyptian civilization would still be going!
What this means is that of course there are going to be images of
Nonwhites
in Egyptian art. Art after all, usually reflected the society of the
time,
so it is not unusual to find Black or Semitic types in Egyptian art.
What has to be borne in mind though, is the date WHEN these portraits
or art
pieces were made. The Black supremacists have a few Egyptian busts
which
they use to try and prove that Egyptians were all Black: but these
busts
were virtually all made during the 25th dynasty (730 BC- 633 BC), that
of
the colored king Taharka. That dynasty was a colored one - and also,
of
course, the LAST Egyptian dynasty. This colored dynasty was the result
of
racial integration which diluted the original White population of
Egypt
which then led to the disappearance of the Egyptian culture. For
details,
please read chapter 8 of The History of the White Race (see link above
or
below).
So, busts made during the 25th dynasty, or the last dynasty, would of
course
reflect the society of that time - colored - even if they were making
statues of kings of older times.
So before anyone accepts any "Negroid" featured Egyptian bust as being
an
accurate representation of Egyptian society, find out exactly WHEN
that bust
was made.
This means that a bust of say, an Egyptian king not made in his time,
cannot
be counted upon as being an accurate reflection of that particular
king's
features.
So a bust of say, Menes (also known as Narmer), the very first
Egyptian
pharaoh (3100 BC), which was made during the 25th dynasty, (730 BC)
will
most certainly not be an accurate representation of what the king
actually
looked like. It is most likely that a sculptor working in the 25th
dynasty
would, if he was making a bust of an ancient pharaoh, make it look
like the
pharaoh of his own time. And he would probably not even know what the
original king looked like in any event.
This dating technique is actually quite logical, and as long as it is
remembered and applied, it is very easy to disprove the Black
supremacists'
lies: most of the busts and artwork to which they refer dates from the
25th
dynasty, (730 BC to 633 BC) which was colored, and which also
collapsed
precisely because it was not an original White dynasty. It was the
very last
Egyptian dynasty, representing the final fall of what remained of the
original White civilization.
It is thus very ironic that the Black supremacists use the 25th
dynasty -
which represents the final fall of the White Egyptian civilization -
to try
and prove that the Egyptians were Black! If it were not so tragic, it
would
be funny. The very thing which destroyed the White Egyptians, being
used to
try and prove they were not White!
THE LIES EXAMINED:
LIE 1: "Narmer, or Menes, the first King of Egypt, was Black"
This nasty little lie is based on a Negroid bust which the Black
supremacists claim is that of Menes (also known as Narmer), the almost
legendary first king of Egypt who united the land and started the
First
Dynasty around the year 3100 BC.
This Negroid bust which is used to "prove" that Menes/Narmer was
Black,
looks like this:
The Black supremacists use this Negroid featured bust, which clearly
dates
from the 25th colored dynasty (circa 700 BC), to try and show that
Menes,
who started the first dynasty (some 2300 years earlier), was a Black.
What is the truth?
In fact, there are NO images of Menes/Narmer dating from his time at
all!
The closest we have to any indication of what Menes he looked like is
contained in something called the "Palette of Narmer."
The Palette of Narmer, which has been dated at about 3000 BC, was a
palette
used for preparing cosmetics, and has engraved on its surface, events
from
reign of Menes. The palette was found in the temple at Hierakonpolis,
an
important center of Upper Egypt.
One side of the palette shows Narmer/Menes with the white crown of
Upper
Egypt and the other shows him with the red crown of Lower Egypt.
Menes is shown striking down one of his enemies, and on the other
side, he
is the largest in a row of people carrying standards, probably
representing
divisions of his territory or army and reviews decapitated victims,
and as a
bull breaking into a walled town and trampling a victim.
From this Palette, which is the only (almost) contemporary to his
time,
image of Narmer/Menes, it can be seen that it is impossible to claim
that he
was Black.
While the image on the Palette was not drawn with intent to emphasize
racial
features, it is nonetheless very clear that it looks ABSOLUTELY
NOTHING like
the fake Negroid "face of Narmer" which the Black supremacists claim
to be
his image. This is even more apparent on the smaller of the two images
of
Menes/Narmer on the palette - the one on the "back" side.
Here is the Palette of Narmer/Menes, first the original Palette and
then a
drawing taken from the Palette, which makes the images clearer.
Left: First ("front") side and right: second ("back") side and below:
a
sketch of the detail.
Note the profile of Narmer/Menes: he is the character shown striking
an
enemy on the "front" side; and on the "back" side, the largest of the
figures in the upper panel : most certainly NOT Negroid!
While the Palette of Narmer/Menes was obviously not drawn to highlight
racial types, we can show the race of Narmer in yet another way: he
was
first mentioned in Egyptian history by Manetho, the 3rd century BC
Egyptian
historian, who wrote that Menes had seven successors in his line:
Manetho
grouped all seven successors together as being from the same place,
obviously of the same race: and no-one disputes the race of the 2nd to
8th
pharaohs of Egypt - they were all White.
There is one more object which is supposed to depict Narmer - the
so-called
Macehead of the Scorpion King, but its date is unknown, and no-one
knows for
sure if it indeed represents Narmer or not. In any event, the figure
on it
is certainly not Black.
The Macehead of the Scorpion King shows in one of its upper panels a
procession of military standards surmounted by the emblems of various
names
of provinces. Facing in the opposite direction, is another procession
of
standards having bows similarly attached, but only one complete
standard is
preserved. The meaning is clear, the Scorpion king claimed victories
over
the Nine Bows, i.e. the various people in and on the borders of Egypt,
which
included the Semites and Blacks, or Nubians.
Based on all available evidence, it is therefore impossible to claim
that
Narmer/Menes was Black: the only contemporary image of this first
Egyptian
king indicates that he was a White: and all his successors were White.
Lie 2: "The Sphinx has the face of a Black man and the flat nose of
that
monument was deliberately shot off by Napoleon's troops in 1802"
Most certainly not: the features on the Sphinx are clearly of the
White king
Khafre, upon whose order the Sphinx was built.
The Sphinx was built by the great Pharaoh Khafre, fourth king (circa
2603-2578 BC) of the 4th Dynasty of Egypt . He built one of the
pyramids of
Giza; the Great Sphinx nearby is a likeness of the king. (Source:
"Khafre,"
Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia. 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation.
All
rights reserved.)
That this is so, can be seen very clearly from another surviving bust
of
Khafre:
A portrait of Khafre, to be found in the Encarta Encyclopedia: this is
what
the Sphinx looked like originally: certainly not Negroid.
The Sphinx has suffered damage as a result of thousands of years of
sand
abrasion: and was used for target practice by occupying Nonwhite
Islamic
Arabs in the 14th century. Nonwhite Arabs shot off its nose some 400
years
before Napoleon got there: the French troops did not touch the Sphinx.
Lie 3: "According to the Egyptians themselves in their Book of the
Dead,
they came from the south of Egypt. The ancient Egyptians had always
held the
south in high reverence. The Sudan was commonly called the Land of the
Gods.
"
The Book of the Dead deals exclusively with religious rituals about
the dead
and the afterlife, and does not refer to the origins of the Egyptians.
The Black supremacists try and pull this one off in the hope that it
will be
highly unlikely that most people will actually get hold of a full
translation of the Book of the Dead and read it - so they make claims
which
they hope most people will not bother to check out.
But even a reference to "south" Egypt in ancient Egyptian terms is not
a
reference to the Black areas of the Sudan or Ethiopia. The city of
Thebes,
for example, was regarded as being in "south" of Egypt by the
Egyptians
themselves: and it is a long way from Ethiopia or the Sudan.
Further south than Thebes was officially called Nubia, and never the
"south". To repeat: the "south" of ancient Egypt was never in Sudan,
or
Ethiopia: see this map of the geographic areas of the ancient kingdoms
to
see exactly where the boundaries were situated (taken from the Encarta
Encyclopedia 1998):
Only by the time of END of the Third Kingdom (1070 BC) did the
Egyptian
boundaries extend into only the very north of the Sudan: and this
inclusion
of partly Black population is reflected in the changing racial makeup
of the
Egyptian population: by 800 BC, all the Egyptian Whites had vanished,
absorbed into the Nonwhite mass.
The Sudan is only referred to, in some sources, as the land of the
Gods
because the powerful red headed White Pharaoh, Ramses II, built a
massive
temple there after he occupied those lands and defeated the Blacks in
that
land.
Lie 4: "Pharaoh Akhenaton had a flat nose, thick lips, and lower
protruding
jaw. His mummy shows that he was black".
Akhenaton, or Ikhnaton, also called Amenhotep IV, was pharaoh of Egypt
from
about 1350 to 1334 BC.
Akhenaton was the son of Amenhotep III and Tiy, and was the husband of
the
great White queen Nefertiti, whose beauty is now famous through the
portrait
bust (which can be viewed on the front page of the the March of the
Titans
web page.
Akhenaton's son was Tutankhamen, who is most famous for the very
anti-Black
pictures on objects found in his tomb (See Chapter 8 of "March of the
Titans" for these, which include bound Black prisoners in
Tutankhamen's
shoes and Tutankhamen riding over Blacks in his chariot).
The Black supremacists rely for the lie that Akhenaton was Black, on a
slight distortion of his mummy's nose, which has obviously been caused
by
the bandaging.
A picture of the mummy is below: where the distortion can be clearly
seen as
artificial. Note also the hair and skull shape - neither of which are
Negroid. Alongside the mummy, is a bust of Akhenaton, made during his
lifetime.
Above left: the mummy of Akhenaton, showing the distortion of the
nose,
obviously caused by the bandaging used in the mummification process;
note
the hair and skull shape - neither of which are Negroid. Right: a bust
of
Akhenaton, made during his lifetime - note the close resemblance
between the
bust and the mummy in skull shape, eye pit formation and chin.
Lie 5: Pharaoh Zoser, who built the first pyramid at Saqara, was Black
with
a flat nose, thick lips, and a lower protruding jaw.
The claim that Zoser was a Black, is based on a limestone statue which
was
found in the otherwise empty tomb complex at Saqara.
The statue (below) is in fact very badly damaged - virtually the
entire side
of the face, the nose and a part of the mouth has been broken off.
The damage to the statue has given the Black supremacists the chance
to
claim that he was Black - based purely on the damaged lips of the
statue.
Sadly, there are no other crystal clear images of Zoser - once again,
this
is very "convenient" for the Black supremacists - all the other kings
for
whom there are other portraits to cross reference, they make no such
claims
of Blackness!
There is however one more image of Zoser which can also be found on a
wall
at Saqara: this is reproduced below and although slightly unclear, it
can
still be easily seen that he had none of the Negroid features that the
Black
supremacists want to attribute to him.
Left: The conveniently damaged statue of King Zoser which the Black
supremacists use to try and claim that the king was Black: and right,
another image of Zoser on the wall of the Saqara complex: although
weathered
through time, the king is not portrayed with any Negroid features.
Zoser ordered the building of the great step pyramid of Saqara by the
engineer Imhotep : look here into the face of the White man who was
the
architect and builder of the Saqara pyramids: a feat for which he was
later
worshiped and made into a god of wisdom.
Imhotep: the builder of the Saqara pyramid.
Lie 6: What proof is there that King Ramses II had red hair?
The mummy of Ramses II is on public display at the the Egyptian
Museum,
Cairo. Here is a fine picture of the mummy of this red haired Egyptian
king
who reigned from 1292 - 1225 BC:
His hair had faded slightly by the time he died, and the embalmers did
touch
up his hair with henna. Microscopic examination of the hair which has
been
carried out has shown conclusively that he had red hair. See K.A.
Kitchen,
"Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramses II, King of Egypt"
(1982,
reprinted 1985).
Lie 7: "On the tomb of Ramses III, there are depictions of four racial
types: a Black; a pale skinned and fair haired White; a Semite and a
dark
Egyptian, almost indistinguishable from the Nubian. The pale skinned
White
is clearly a foreigner: how is this explained?"
Ramses III reigned from 1182-1151 BC, and was the last great Egyptian
military leader who repeatedly saved that country from foreign
invasion.
In the fifth year of his reign, Ramses III defeated an attack by the
partly
mixed race Semitic/White Libyans from the west, and two years later he
routed the Indo-European (Nordic) invaders known as the Sea Peoples.
In his
11th year he again repelled an attempted Libyan invasion.
He also launched major campaigns against the Black Nubians in the
South,
eventually extending the borders of his kingdom into the very north of
Sudan.
It is these victories which are depicted on the walls of his mortuary
temple
at Medinet Habu, near Luxor.
So the figures shown on the mortuary walls of Ramses III are in fact
pictures of those people captured as PRISONERS of the Egyptians!
This is why some are Black, some are Semitic and some are
Indo-European:
Ramses III beat all these groups at different times during his reign.
It is thus utterly FALSE to claim that these pictures of prisoners of
Ramses
III's military campaigns are representative of the Egyptians! They are
in
fact pictures of the ENEMIES of Egypt, captured during Ramses III's
great
military campaigns.
The "dark Egyptian" is easily explained by the by then increasing use
of
Nubian and other mercenaries by the Egyptians, and the fact that
Egyptian
society was already by then becoming increasingly racially mixed (it
is no
co-incidence that Egypt started going into terminal decline after
Ramses
III).
Even during the reign of Tutankhamen, which preceded that of Ramses
III,
imagery in Egyptian art showed Blacks and mixed racial types serving
as
slaves or as soldiers.
Lie 8: "The old Egyptian language does not resemble any Caucasian
tongue,
but is linked to Somali. This is proof that the Egyptian civilization
was
not White in origin."
The Caucasian languages are the Indo-European languages, those spoken
by the
Indo-European peoples (Germans, Balts, Slavs and Celts) who started
invading
Europe and other parts of the world, starting out from the Caucasus
mountain
region of southern Russia. They were Nordic racial types.
Although the Egyptian civilization took root after the first
Indo-European
invasion of the region around 3000 BC, the majority of the population
was
comprised of a mix of original White Mediterranean types and a number
of
Proto Nordics: the numbers of Indo-European peoples amongst them was
quite
small. In fact the Egyptians fought wars with the Indo-Europeans
twice: once
against the 'Sea Peoples" and then against the Hittites.
So it is quite logical that the Egyptian language will not be related
to the
Indo-European languages, as the Indo-European element would have
quickly
been swallowed up.
As to being related to "Somali" - of course what happened is that the
Blacks
in Nubia who were conquered by the White Egyptians, took on parts of
the
White Egyptian language, and this is why small parts of the languages
spoken
in Somalia, Sudan and Ethiopia may today resemble Ancient Egyptian.
But the
Arabic influence has been far too widespread across the entire region
to
make any definite claims about this.
Lie 9: "The White Historian Herodotus described the Egyptian people as
being
'Black with woolly hair' and he is called the 'father of history' -
why
would he lie?"
The truth is that Herodotus did indeed describe the Egyptian people
that he
saw, as being "Black with woolly hair" (Histories, Book Two, chapter
104).
In fact, this would make perfect sense, for Herodotus lived circa 484
- 425
BC. Seeing as the last Whites in Egypt were absorbed into the Nonwhite
masses some 400 years earlier (circa 800 BC), it would have been
impossible
for Herodotus to have seen anything but dark individuals when he
visited
Egypt.
In reality, Herodotus confirms what archeology and history already
show:
namely that the Ancient Whites of Egypt had vanished before the year
400 BC.
===========================================================
How did the Egyptians view their Black neighbors?
The White Egyptians left many written references to the Black
population in
Nubia and in their own midst: and at one point, even forbade Blacks
from
entering their country at all.
An overview of these written inscriptions is highly worthwhile and
devastates claims by pro-Black historians that the ancient Egyptian
civilization was Black in racial origin. A full review of these
writings is
made in chapter 8 of March of the Titans.
The most complete record and translation of these scripts was
undertaken by
professor James Henry Breasted, Professor of Egyptology and Oriental
History
in the University of Chicago in his work "History of Egypt, from the
Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest", Second Edition, 1909 - for
anyone
interested in a detailed overview, based on original Egyptian sources,
this
book is well worth reading.
During the Twelfth dynasty, the inscription on the stela of Sihathor,
an
"Assistant Treasurer" is now to be found in the British Museum., reads
as
follows:
"I reached Nubia of the Blacks, ... I forced the Nubian chiefs to wash
gold."
This is a reference to the fact that the White Egyptians exacted a
yearly
tribute from their Black neighbors - and there is an illustration of
this
"washing of gold" at work, dating from this era:
Blacks - depicted in graphic racial detail - presenting gold tributes
to the
Egyptians. This was how the White Egyptians depicted their Black
neighbors.
EGYPTIANS
The Egyptians were-and still are for the most part-North African
Hamites, meaning Mediterranean white. Linguistic, genetic,
anthropological, artistic and testimonial evidence supports this
thesis (see link below photos for details). Yet Afrocentrists dismiss
the overwhleming evidence against them as borne out of racism because
it was determined by white people at a time when black
inferiority was presupposed. Nevermind that it's corroborated by
modern scientists and academics, most of whom share the leftist
leanings of our times.
Another Afrocentrist claim is that Cleopatra was a "beautiful black
woman", which is doubly foolish because Cleopatra wasn’t even
ethnically Egyptian. She belonged to the Greek Ptolomy dynasty that
ruled Egypt from Alexandria following the conquests of
Alexander the Great.
Finally, in order to account for the light, Caucasian appearance of
modern Egyptians, black academics claim that those people are
descendants of later Arab invaders, and that the few Negroid Egyptians
are remnants of the native inhabitants. However, genetic
studies show that "Arabs who invaded North Africa...in the 7th century
A.D. did not substantially contribute to the gene pool"
(Gomez-Casado et al., 2000), making it much more likely that those few
black people in Egypt are descendants of later migrants
from farther south, and that the remaining majority are descended from
native Hamitic stock with minor Semitic admixture. This view
is also supported by the light pigmentation and Caucasoid features of
the Egyptians in these ancient, pre-Arabic, artifacts :
Nefertiti
Rahotep and Nofret
Ranofer
Yuya
mummy
Scribe
[For more photos of, and information on, Ancient
Egyptians, visit The Ancient Egypt Race Issue.]
Another more recent argument for the black origins of Egyptian culture
is rooted in the fact established in 1909 that predynastic
Upper Egyptians (from the south) had some black admixture. More
moderate Afrocentrists have claimed, based on this, that the
culture that became Egyptian proper had its roots among these mixed
peoples and then spread to "whiter" Lower Egyptians (from
the north). However, the premise of this theory was long ago
discredited by A. Batrawi and G. M. Morant in Biometrika, Vol. 34, No.
1/2. (Jan., 1947), pp. 18-27 :
The observation that there were two races in Egypt in the early
dynastic period was first made in the year 1909, when
the results of measurements obtained from a series of male and
female skulls of the 4th and 5th dynasties from the
great necropolis surrounding the pyramids of Giza came to be
examined and compared with crania from early
predynastic graves. Until then the theory of an unbroken
evolution of the Egyptian race from prehistoric times through
the dynastic period had been taught. It now became obvious that
the culture which we know as peculiarly Egyptian
was associated with a race which could not have been derived from
the predynastic people. The introduction of
stone-working resulting in the erection of great tombs and
statuary, as well as beautifully executed reliefs, paintings
and above all writing, all pointed to a race far in advance of
the predynastic people, who although skilled in the
making of bowls and vases in stone as well as in pottery, and who
had already attained to the discovery of the uses of
copper, were, nevertheless, little removed from the Neolithic
period.
http://www.geocities.com/racial_myths/blackmyth.html
http://www.mugu.com/cgi-bin/Upstream/Issues/afroc/cheney.html
Not out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as
History
Review by Lynne Cheney
Insight on the News, April 15, 1996 v12 n14 p29(2)
Lynne Cheney is a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute
and the author of Telling the Truth: Why Our Culture and Our Country
Have Stopped Making Sense and What We Can Do About It.
Mary Lefkowitz Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became An Excuse to
Teach Myth as History
Lefkowitz knows better. In Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became
An Excuse to Teach Myth as History, she applies her knowledge of the
ancient world and its languages to showing, as she puts it, that
"virtually all the claims made by Afrocentrists can be shown to be
without substance."
Take the claim that Cleopatra of Egypt was black. To reach this
conclusion, Lefkowitz points out, one must assume that the unlikely
actually is probable: for example, that Cleopatra's grandmother, the
only member of her family not identified precisely as a Macedonian
Greek, was a black African. It is possible that this was the case,
Letfkowitz points out; but surely if it had been, the Roman writers of
the time, who hated Cleopatra, would have used her foreign ancestry
against her.
Because ancient sources that mention the matter identify Cleopatra as
Macedonian Greek, Afrocentrists turn to more modern sources to
buttress
their case. One writer, Joel Rogers, has pointed out that in Antony
and
Cleopatra, Shakespeare describes Cleopatra as "tawny," which means, he
says, that Shakespeare thought of her as a mulatto. Lefkowitz finds
this unconvincing - just as she does the use of the bard's work on
this
occasion - "as if Shakespeare were an authority on Ptolemaic Egypt."
But other Afrocentrist citations are even more bizarre. Rogers
actually
offers as evidence a passage from Ripley's Believe It or Not that
claims that Cleopatra was "fat and black." John Henrik Clarke,
professor emeritus of black and Puerto Rican studies at Hunter College
in New York, writes that "in the Book of Acts, Cleopatra describes
herself as `black.'" Clarke does not give the precise chapter and
verse
in Acts and for very good reason, says Lefkowitz. Cleopatra is not
mentioned in Acts and, in fact, died some 60 years before this book of
the New Testament was written.
To illustrate the harm done by Afrocentric myths, Lefkowitz tells of
the Wellesley student who objected to the showing of the film
Cleopatra
on the grounds that having Elizabeth Taylor in the starring role
perpetuated the lie of "white supremacy." When a member of the
classics
department tried to discuss Cleopatra's genealogy with the student, it
quickly became apparent that she wanted no part of such explanations.
To her way of thinking, they were further examples of white racism.
Afrocentrism is more than an exercise in esteem building; it is a way
of nurturing racial resentment. When academics such as Lefkowitz are
skeptical, it is seen as evidence that whites, simply because they are
white, want to deny blacks, simply because they are black, the grand
heritage of ancient Egypt. Before the 19th century, Afrocentrists say,
scholars acknowledged the primacy of Egypt, but with the burgeoning of
the slave trade, European scholars began to minimize the importance of
all things African and to credit the Greeks with what were actually
Egyptian achievements.
Lefkowitz acknowledges that there was a shift, but it was not racism
that caused it; rather, it was an increase in knowledge. Scholars
learned how to read hieroglyphics "and once they were able to read
real
Egyptian texts," they "could disregard the fanciful interpretations of
hieroglyphics that had been circulating since late antiquity."
Afrocentrists return to these fanciful interpretations and report as
truth such myths as Aristotle's having plagiarized his philosophy from
the library at Alexandria - a clear impossibility, Lefkowitz observes,
since the library was assembled only after Aristotle's death.
Those concerned about fraudulent history being taught on campuses owe
a
debt of gratitude to Lefkowitz for this book, and so do those who are
appalled by untruths being propagated in our schools. Concerned
parents
will find herein powerful ammunition in their battle to rid of
Afrocentrist ideas the worldhistory curriculum their children are
studying.
But the battle likely is to be protracted. Afrocentrists themselves
will not be impressed by the evidence that Lefkowitz has piled up
because truth - which is the aim of gathering evidence - is not their
concern. Their goal is a pride-building myth.
Perhaps in the next stage of the debate over Afrocentrism it should be
asked why myth is necessary, since the truth should be such an obvious
source of pride. As presidential hopeful Alan Keyes has observed, "The
survival of black people in America, through slavery, racist assaults
and economic deprivation, is one of the greatest sagas of the human
spirit the world has ever seen."
Ancient coins depicting north African rulers:
http://www.angelfire.com/md/8/coinage.html
AS OF 04/02
Information on the 'Moors'
http://www.angelfire.com/md/8/moors.html
AS OF 04/02
According to _The Peopling of Africa_ (James L. Newman, Yale Univ.
Press, 1995), the Neolithic inhabitants of North Africa in
15,000-10,000
B.C., including the lower Nile valley, were "Caucasoid," based on
skeletal remains.
Berry, Berry and Ucko (1968) in the
journal *Man*. They concluded there was no detectable change in
Egyptian phenotype from Predynastic up until at least the Arab
invasion. Although the phenotype at any given time was never
homogeneous.
Brace et al., 1993, Yearbook of Physical
Anthropology 36:1-31. According to the authors, "the genetic
continuity
in situ maintained a predominantly Egyptian configuration in those
trivial biological features that have no differential survival value.
Like China, which has managed to absorb its various Manchu and Mongol
conquerors and yet remain recognizably Chinese since the Neolithic,
Egypt, also from the Neolithic on, absorbed its various Assyrian,
Persian, and Greek ruling elites with barely detectable effects."
From the same article:
"Whatever else one can or cannot say about the Egyptians, it is clear
that their craniofacial morphology has nothing whatsoever in common
with
Sub-Saharan Africans'. Our data, then, provide no support for the
claim
that there was a 'strong negroid element' in Predynastic Egypt."
I have seen a study or two that claimed the Predynastic site at Naqada
was inhabited by a population barely distinguishable from Nubians.
But
even Nubians sometimes defy easy categorization. According to the
comprehensive DNA study *History and Geography of Human Genes*
(Cavalli-Sforza, 1996) the modern Nubians show closer genetic ties to
modern North Africans than they do to sub-Saharans. And the same
study
suggests that even Ethiopians are intermediate between sub-Saharan
Africans and Caucasoid populations, with gene frequencies that are
consistent with a mixture of about 60% sub-Saharan African and 40%
Caucasoid. To quote, "the information on individual groups in
Ethiopia
and North Africa is fairly limited but sufficient to show that they
are
all separate from sub-Saharan Africans and that North Africans and
East
Africans (Ethiopian and neighbors) are also clearly separate."
This all tends to echo the sentiments of the anthropologist B. G.
Trigger, who said that trying to categorize the Nile valley
populations
as Caucasoid or Negroid is "an act that is arbitrary and wholly devoid
of historical or biological significance."
Another genetic study is a Y-chromosome comparison, in the March 1997
journal *Genetics* (Geographic Distribution of Human Y Chromosome
Variation). In this one, Egyptians show no connection to sub-Saharan
Africans. There is a certain genetic marker (YAP haplotype 4) which
is
rarely found in either sub-Saharan Africa *or* among Arabs from West
Asia, yet is found in 46% of the Egyptian population. There is
another
marker (YAP haplotype 5) that is found in a majority of sub-Saharan
The popular pastime among many Blacks in America is to propagate the
myth
that Egypt was a predominately Black culture. However, several points
dispute this flawed theory. First, let me state that Egypt did indeed
have
many Blacks of Sub-Saharan descent and I am sure they contributed
greatly
to the advancement of Egyptian culture. However, upon studying the
various
artifacts from Egypt, one is struck with an interesting discovery.
The Egyptians portrayed various races in their art; Blacks, Whites and
EGYPTIANS. Yes, if you look at the pictures, the Egyptians portrayed
themselves as a brownish color and most have them being served by
white
and black slaves (let us not forget that Africa was the originator of
slavery but took slaves mainly as bounty from war). How can this be?
How can the Egyptians be a black culture when they have art portraying
black people... but not as Egyptians. Also, Please tell me one single
significant
contribution made by a Sub-Saharan culture? I'm sure that 95% of
African-American ancestors never set one foot in Egypt ( The Sahara is
indeed large).
What I think you are trying to do is give the Blacks in this country a
sense of historical importance. You look at the amazing intellectual
feats
produced by Europeans and Chinese culture ( which in most cases, up
until
the 19th and 20 centuries, was more impressive than Europeans) and
think
to yourselves "How can we be taken seriously by these people". So, you
cling to a culture that is on the fringes of MOTHER AFRICA and claim
it
as your own. Isn't it funny that all these great black cultures
(Egypt, and the Islamic cultures of the Middle East and North Africa)
are
nowhere near what would be considered the heart of Africa? What is The
problem? All you need is a map and a good set of eyes to see this but
desperation blinds as well as the desert sands which separate your
people
from greatness.
--
Africans, but only 2% of Egyptians have it.
http://www.overthrow.com/lsn/news.asp?fileName=lsn20010606121111.html
Direct Evidence of Fair Hair and Blue Eyes in Ancient Egypt
102 of 115 Racially-Identifiable Mummies Were White
6/6/01 12:11:11 PM
Discuss this story in the forum
http://community-1.webtv.net/Xoxana
Commentary -- Direct Evidence of Fair Hair and Blue Eyes in Ancient
Egypt
The mummy of the wife of King Tutankhamen has auburn hair. (61) A
mummy with
red hair, red mustache and red beard was found by the pyramids at
Saqqara. (62)
Red-haired mummies were found in the crocodile-caverns of Aboufaida.
(63) The
book HISTORY OF EGYPTIAN MUMMIES mentions a mummy with reddish-brown
hair. (64)
the mummies of Rameses II (65) and Prince Yuaa (66) have fine silky
yellow
hair. The mummy of another pharaoh, Thothmes II, has light
chestnut-colored
hair. (67)
An article in a leading British anthropological journal states that
many
mummies have dark reddish-brown hair. (68) Professor Vacher De Lapouge
described a blond mummy found at Al Amrah, which he says has the face
and skull
measurements of a typical Gaul or Saxon. (69) A blond mummy was found
at
Kawamil along with many chestnut-colored ones. (70) Chestnut-haired
mummies
have been found at Silsileh. (71) The mummy of Queen Tiy has "wavy
brown hair."
(72) Unfortunately, only the mummies of a very few pharaohs have
survived to
the 20th century, but a large proportion of these are blond.
The Egyptians have left us many paintings and statues of blondes and
redheads.
Amenhotep III's tomb painting shows him as having light red hair. (73)
Also,
his features are quite European. A farm scene from around 2000 B.C. in
the tomb
of the nobleman Meketre shows redheads. (74) An Egyptian scribe named
Kay at
Sakkarah around 2500 B.C. has blue eyes. (75) Here is a picture of
him:
http://www.delphi.com/redramesses/messages/?msg=21.1
The tomb of Menna (18th Dynasty) at West Thebes shows blond girls.
(76) The god
Horus is usually depicted as white. He is very white in the Papyrus
Book of the
Dead of Lady Cheritwebeshet (21st Dynasty), found in the Egyptian
Museum in
Cairo. (77)
A very striking painting of a yellow-haired man hunting from a chariot
can be
found in the tomb of Userhet, Royal Scribe of Amenophis II. (78) The
yellow-
haired man is Userhet. The same tomb has paintings of blond soldiers.
The tomb
of Menna also has a wall painting showing a blond man supervising two
dark-
haired workers scooping grain. (79)
The Funerary stele (inscribed stone slab) of Priest Remi clearly shows
him as
having red hair, (80) although he couldn't have been a priest of Set
at such a
late date. A common good luck charm was the eye of Horus, the
so-called Wedjat
Eye. (81) The eye is always blue, and the word "wedjat" means "green"
(or
blue?) in Egyptian. A very attractive painting is found on the wall of
a
private tomb in West Thebes from the 18th Dynasty. The two deceased
parents are
white people with black hair. Mourning them are two pretty
fair-skinned girls
with light blond hair and their red-haired older brother. (82)
Queen Thi is painted as having a rosy complexion, blue eyes and blond
hair.
(83) She was co-ruler with her husband Amenhotep III and it has been
said of
their rule. "The reign of Amenhotep III was the culminating point in
Egyptian
history, for never again, in spite of the exalted effort of the
Ramessides, did
Egypt occupy so exalted a place among the nations of the world as she
had in
his time." (84) Amenhotep III looks northern European in his statues.
Paintings of people with red hair and blue eyes were found at the tomb
of Bagt
in Beni Hassan. (85) Many other tombs at Beni Hassan have paintings of
individuals with blond and red hair as well as blue eyes. (86)
Paintings of
blonds and redheads have been found among the tombs at Thebes. (87)
Blond hair
and blue eyes were painted at the tomb of Pharaoh Menphtah in the
valley of the
Kings. (88) Paintings from the Third Dynasty show native Egyptians
with red
hair and blue eyes. (89) They are shepherds, workers and bricklayers.
A blond woman was painted at the tomb of Djeser-ka-ra-seneb in Thebes.
(90) A
model of a ship from about 2500 B.C. is manned by five blond sailors.
(91) The
god Nuit was painted as white and blond. (92) A painting at the tomb
of
Meresankh III at Giza, from about 2485 B.C., shows white skin and red
hair.
(93) Two statues from about 2570 B.C., found in the tombs at Medum,
show Prince
Rahotep and his wife Nofret. He has light green stones for eyes. She
has violet-
blue stones. (94) A painting from Iteti's tomb at Saqqara shows a very
Nordic-
looking man with blond hair. (95) Grafton Smith mentions the
distinctly red
hair of the 18th Dynasty mummy Henutmehet. (96)
Harvard Professor Carleton Coon, in his book THE RACES OF EUROPE,
tells us
that "many of the officials, courtiers, and priests, representing the
upper
class of Egyptian society but not the royalty, looked strikingly like
modern
Europeans, especially long-headed ones." (Note: Nordics are
long-headed.) (97)
Long-headed Europeans are most common in Britain, Scandinavia, the
Netherlands,
and northern Germany.
I repeat MANY OF THE OFFICIALS, COURTIERS, AND PRIESTS, REPRESENTING
THE UPPER
CLASS OF EGYPTIAN SOCIETY ... LOOKED STRIKINGLY LIKE MODERN EUROPEANS
Time-Life books put out a volume called RAMESES II THE GREAT. It has a
good
picture of the blond mummy of Rameses II. Another picture can be found
in the
book X-RAYING THE PHARAOHS, especially the picture on the jacket
cover. It
shows his yellow hair.
A book called CHRONICLE OF THE PHARAOHS was recently published showing
paintings, sculptures and mummies of 189 pharaohs and leading
personalities of
Ancient Egypt. Of these, 102 appear European, 13 look Black, and the
rest are
hard to classify. All nine mummies look European.
A recent discovery of Egyptian mummies from the Roman period
astonished
researchers. One-third ot the mummies were fair-haired! Why do most
news
reports from Zawi Hawass fail to mention this important fact? Here is
the
information:
http://www.delphi.com/nordichistory/messages/?msg=512.4
The very first pharaoh, Narmer, also known as Menes, looks very
European. The
same can be said for Khufu's cousin Hemon, who designed the Great
Pyramid of
Giza, with help from Imhotep. A computer-generated reconstruction of
the face
of the Sphinx shows a European-looking face. (98) It was once painted
sunburned
red. (99) The Egyptians often painted upper class men as red and upper
class
women as white; this is because the men became sun-burned or tanned
while
outside under the burning Egyptian sun. The women, however, usually
stayed
inside.
Footnotes and links to the rest of this epic article can be found at
http://community.webtv.net/Xoxana/FOOTNOTES or
http://community-2.webtv.net/Xoxana/FOOTNOTES
Sardinian Pyramid and Abu Dhabi Mastaba
I read a strange statement in THE OXFORD ILLUSTRATED PREHISTORY OF
EUROPE that
there is a pyramid in Sardinia. If stone-building technology spread
from
Brittany to Egypt, one would expect to find something like this on
Sardinia,
which is halfway between the two. In fact, going by boat, it is closer
to Egypt
than to Britanny. Here is the statement on page 199: "Somewhat similar
manifestations occur in the rock-cut tombs of Sardinia, which may copy
above
ground structures in wood, and other surface monuments such as the
collective
burials of the Tombe di Giganti with their horned forecourts, and the
notable
PYRAMID MOUND of Monte d'Accodi near Sassari. (emphasis added)
Here are some pictures of pyramids in the Canary Islands, Sardinia,
and Sicily!
Schilfbootprojekt Abora
Address:
http://home.htwm.de/abora/csslv/triangle/triangle.htm Changed:5:41
AM on
Thursday, May 11, 2000
Here is a fascinating map showing the location of ancient reed boats.
Thor
Heyerdahl built such a raft called the Ra after the Egyptian Sun God
and sailed
across the Atlantic Ocean in it. His theory is that an ancient race of
redheads
in reedboats spread civilization all over the word, including the
world's first
civilization in Sumer. He believed that redheads sailed up the Persian
Gulf to
Sumer.
Schilfbootprojekt Abora
Address:
http://home.htwm.de/abora/csslv/worldrb/worldrb.htm
Here is a picture of the "pyramid" at Monte d'Accodi. It was built
between 3300-
2800 BC and is said in this article to resemble the ziggurats of
Mesopotamia.
ALTARE PREISTORICO MONTE D'ACCODDI - PORTO TORRES
Address:
http://www.ilportalesardo.it/archeo/ssptorres2.htm
Here is a brief article explaining that Monte d'Accodi is a truncated
pyramid
resembling a ramped ziggurat in Mesopotamia:
LUOGHI DI CULTO
Address:
http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:www.isacnet.com/intertour/inglese/luocult.htm+%2B%22Accodi%22+%2B%22pyramid%22&hl=en
Here is a picture:
Monte d'Accodi
Address:
http://www.comuneportotorres.com/storia/big/accodi.html
Here is a great picture! If you get the page with all the pyramid
pictures
click on the lower right-hand corner to see the big beautiful picture
of Monte
d'Accodi.
Schilfbootprojekt Abora
Address:
http://www.htwm.de/abora/csslv/triangle/triangle.htm
If you scroll down a page or two you will find a fascinating little
article
about an expedition in reed boats proving that the Egyptian pyramids
were
influenced by megalith builders from Europe:
Reed Boat Expedition Sardinia-Canary Islands
Address:
http://www.htwm.de/abora/foreign/eng.htm
Here is a picture of a ziggurat. Note the ramp.
reconstruction_ur.gif
Address:
http://www-lib.haifa.ac.il/www/art/reconstruction_ur.gif
Mastaba in Abu Dhabi (Persian Gulf). This resembles the early
pre-pyramidal
forms in Egypt.
Bilder Christo - Mastaba of Abu Dhabi
Address:
http://www.3w-art.de/christo/cho1705.htm
Here is an Egyptian mastaba:
Mastaba
Address:
http://i-cias.com/e.o/mastaba.htm
Here are three large mastabas side by side:
Mastaba
Address:
http://it-student.hivolda.no/prosjekt/v00/Det_gamle_Egypt/mastaba.htm
Changed:5:46 PM on Friday, June 9, 2000
Footnotes are at http://community.webtv.net/Xoxana/FOOTNOTES
http://www.delphi.com/prehistory
The epilogue to this article can be found at
http://community-1.webtv.net/Xoxana/AMAZINGNEW/
Libertarian Socialist News
Post Office Box 12244
Silver Spring, MD 20908
l...@libertariansocialist.com
http://www.libertariansocialist.com
(LSN is currently integrating with our new joint home:
http://www.overthrow.com )
David
a chemical called "melanin" they have in their skin that affects the
shade of their skin. Same colour blood. Get over it.