In Honor Of Black History Month: #44
Nurse KAT
~~~~~
http://blackhistory.eb.com/micro/107/66.html
~~~~~
Carver, George Washington (b. 1861?, near Diamond Grove, Mo., U.S.--d.
Jan. 5, 1943, Tuskegee, Ala.), American agricultural chemist,
agronomist, and experimenter whose development of new products derived
from peanuts (groundnuts), sweet potatoes, and soybeans helped
revolutionize the agricultural economy of the South. For most of his
career he taught and conducted research at the Tuskegee Normal and
Industrial Institute (now Tuskegee University) in Tuskegee, Ala.
Carver was the son of a slave woman owned by Moses Carver. During the
Civil War, slave owners found it difficult to hold slaves in the border
state of Missouri, and Moses Carver therefore sent his slaves, including
the young child and his mother, to Arkansas. After the war, Moses Carver
learned that all his former slaves had disappeared except for a child
named George. Frail and sick, the motherless child was returned to his
former master's home and nursed back to health. The boy had a delicate
sense of colour and form and learned to draw; later in life he devoted
considerable time to painting flowers, plants, and landscapes. Though
the Carvers told him he was no longer a slave, he remained on their
plantation until he was about 10 or 12 years old, when he left to
acquire an education. He spent some time wandering about, working with
his hands and developing his keen interest in plants and animals.
By both books and experience, George acquired a fragmentary education
while doing whatever work came to hand in order to subsist. He supported
himself by varied occupations that included general household worker,
hotel cook, laundryman, farm labourer, and homesteader. In his late 20s
he managed to obtain a high school education in Minneapolis, Kansas,
while working as a farmhand. After a university in Kansas refused to
admit him because he was black, Carver matriculated at Simpson College,
Indianola, Iowa, where he studied piano and art, subsequently
transferring to Iowa State Agricultural College (Ames, Iowa), where he
received a bachelor's degree in agricultural science in 1894 and a
master of science degree in 1896.
Carver left Iowa for Alabama in the fall of 1896 to direct the newly
organized department of agriculture at the Tuskegee Normal and
Industrial Institute, a school headed by the noted black American
educator Booker T. Washington. At Tuskegee, Washington was trying to
improve the lot of black Americans through education and the acquisition
of useful skills rather than through political agitation; he stressed
conciliation, compromise, and economic development as the paths for
black advancement in American society. Despite many offers elsewhere,
Carver would remain at Tuskegee for the rest of his life.
After becoming the institute's director of agricultural research in
1896, Carver devoted his time to research projects aimed at helping
Southern agriculture, demonstrating ways in which farmers could improve
their economic situation. He conducted experiments in soil management
and crop production and directed an experimental farm. At this time
agriculture in the Deep South was in serious trouble because the
unremitting single-crop cultivation of cotton had left the soil of many
fields exhausted and worthless, and erosion had then taken its toll on
areas that could no longer sustain any plant cover. As a remedy, Carver
urged Southern farmers to plant peanuts and soybeans, which, since they
belong to the legume family, could restore nitrogen to the soil while
also providing the protein so badly needed in the diet of many
Southerners. Carver found that Alabama's soils were particularly
well-suited to growing peanuts and sweet potatoes, but when the state's
farmers began cultivating these crops instead of cotton, they found
little demand for them on the market. In response to this problem,
Carver set about enlarging the commercial possibilities of the peanut
and sweet potato through a long and ingenious program of laboratory
research. He ultimately developed 300 derivative products from
peanuts--among them cheese, milk, coffee, flour, ink, dyes, plastics,
wood stains, soap, linoleum, medicinal oils, and cosmetics--and 118 from
sweet potatoes, including flour, vinegar, molasses, rubber, ink, a
synthetic rubber, and postage stamp glue.
In 1914, at a time when the boll weevil had almost ruined cotton
growers, Carver revealed his experiments to the public, and increasing
numbers of the South's farmers began to turn to peanuts, sweet potatoes,
and their derivatives for income. Much exhausted land was renewed, and
the South became a major new supplier of agricultural products. When
Carver arrived at Tuskegee in 1896, the peanut had not even been
recognized as a crop, but within the next half century it became one of
the six leading crops throughout the United States and, in the South,
the second cash crop (after cotton) by 1940.
In 1942 the U.S. government allotted 5,000,000 acres of peanuts to
farmers. Carver's efforts had finally helped liberate the South from its
excessive dependence on cotton.
Among Carver's many honours were his election to Britain's Society for
the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce (London) in 1916
and his receipt of the Spingarn Medal in 1923. Late in his career he
declined an invitation to work for Thomas A. Edison at a salary of more
than $100,000 a year. Presidents Calvin Coolidge and Franklin D.
Roosevelt visited him, and his friends included Henry Ford and Mohandas
K. Gandhi. Foreign governments requested his counsel on agricultural
matters: Joseph Stalin, for example, in 1931 invited him to superintend
cotton plantations in southern Russia and to make a tour of the Soviet
Union, but Carver refused.
In 1940 Carver donated his life savings to the establishment of the
Carver Research Foundation at Tuskegee for continuing research in
agriculture. During World War II he worked to replace the textile dyes
formerly imported from Europe, and in all he produced dyes of 500
different shades.
Many scientists thought of Carver more as a concoctionist than as a
contributor to scientific knowledge. Many of his fellow blacks were
critical of what they regarded as his subservience. Certainly, this
small, mild, soft-spoken, innately modest man, eccentric in dress and
mannerism, seemed unbelievably heedless of the conventional pleasures
and rewards of this life. But these qualities endeared Carver to many
whites, who were almost invariably charmed by his humble demeanour and
his quiet work in self-imposed segregation at Tuskegee. As a result of
his accommodation to the mores of the South, whites came to regard him
with a sort of patronizing adulation.
Carver thus increasingly came to stand for much of white America as a
kind of saintly and comfortable symbol of the intellectual achievements
of black Americans. Carver was evidently uninterested in the role his
image played in the racial politics of the time. His great desire in
later life was simply to serve humanity; and his work, which began for
the sake of the poorest of the black sharecroppers, paved the way for a
better life for the entire South. His efforts brought about a
significant advance in agricultural training in an era when agriculture
was the largest single occupation of Americans, and he extended
Tuskegee's influence throughout the South by encouraging improved farm
methods, crop diversification, and soil conservation.
<<>> <<>> <<>> <<>>
Nurse KAT says: PEACE! ;-)