in 1911, Italians attacked Tripoli, claiming to liberating Libya from Ottoman rule , a must read for all western taxpayers bleeding to death in Afghanistan for nothing Iraq , muslim NEVER fall for the same trick twice , NEVER EVER
kangarooistan
taxpayer , so they know why their children are dying for nothing and
wasting every thing they own on unwinnable wars
Iraq and Afghanistan will be a repeat of Vietnam and Libya colonial
madness doomed to fail as soon as western taxpayers are finally bled
to death
Italy to compensate Libya $5B for occupation - USATODAY.com
Italy agreed to pay Libya US$5 billion as compensation for its 30-year
occupation of the country during the 20th century, the Libyan foreign
minister told ...
www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-30-italy-libya_N.htm - 42k -
The attempted Italian colonization of the Ottoman provinces of
Tripolitania and Cyrenaica was initially not successful and only in
the 1930s did the Kingdom of Italy took full control of the area.
On October 3, 1911, the Italians attacked Tripoli, claiming to be
liberating Libya from Ottoman rule. Despite a major revolt by the
Libyans, the Ottoman sultan ceded Libya to the Italians by signing the
1912 Treaty of Lausanne. Tripoli was largely under Italian control by
1914, but both Cyrenaica and the Fezzan were home to rebellions led by
the Senussi.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The final defeat of Italy in World War II was followed by the
expulsion of all the Italians from Libya.[1]
Only a few hundred of them have been allowed to return to Libya
In July 1999, the Italian government offered a formal apology to Libya
and it is reported that Italy agreed to pay USD $260 million as
compensation for the occupation[citation needed].
Italy to compensate Libya $5B for occupation - USATODAY.com
Italy agreed to pay Libya US$5 billion as compensation for its 30-year
occupation of the country during the 20th century, the Libyan foreign
minister told ...
www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-30-italy-libya_N.htm - 42k -
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Several reorganizations of the colonial authority were made necessary,
in the face of the armed Libyan opposition. From 1919 (17 May) to 1929
(24 January), the Italian government maintained the two traditional
provinces, with separate colonial administrations. A system of
controlled local assemblies with limited local authority was set up,
but it was revoked 9 March 1927.
In 1929, Tripoli and Cyrenaica were united as one colonial province,
then in 1934, as Italy wanted to reach imperial power, the classical
name "Libya" was revived as the official name of the colony, which was
then split into four provinces, Tripoli, Misurata, Bengasi, and Derna.
The Italian governor Italo Balbo promoted the birth of the modern
state of "Libya", and until 1940 favored the integration of Italian
emigrants to Libya with the arab population. He is considered by some
Italian historians (like G. Gentile) as the "father" of modern Libya.
On 25 October 1920, the Italian government recognized Sheikh Sidi
Idris as the hereditary head of the nomadic Senussi, with wide
authority in Kufra and other oases, as Emir of Cyrenaica, a new title
extended by the British at the close of World War I. The emir would
eventually become King of the free Libyan state.
Italo Balbo, the 1934-1940 Governor of Italian Libya, promoted the
colonization of Libya by Lybian Italians
Italo Balbo, the 1934-1940 Governor of Italian Libya, promoted the
colonization of Libya by Lybian Italians
Contents
Fighting intensified after the accession to power in Italy of the
dictator Benito Mussolini. King Idris fled to Egypt in 1922. From 1922
to 1928, Italian forces under General Badoglio waged a punitive
pacification campaign. Badoglio's successor in the field, Marshal
Rodolfo Graziani, accepted the commission from Mussolini on the
condition that he was allowed to crush Libyan resistance unencumbered
by the restraints of either Italian or international law. Mussolini
reportedly agreed immediately and Graziani intensified the oppression.
The Libyans continued to defend themselves, with the strongest voices
of dissent coming from the Cyrenaica. Omar Mukhtar, a Senussi sheikh,
became the leader of the uprising.
After a much-disputed truce on 3 January 1928, the Italian policy in
Libya reached the level of full scale war. A barbed wire fence was
built from the Mediterranean to the oasis of Al-Jaghbub to sever lines
critical to the resistance. Soon afterwards, the colonial
administration began the wholesale deportation of the people of the
Jebel Akhdar to deny the rebels the support of the local population.
The forced migration of more than 100,000 people ended in
concentration camps in Suluq and Al-'Aghela where tens of thousands
died in squalid conditions. It is estimated (by arab historians) that
the number of Libyans who died - killed either through combat or
mainly through starvation and disease - is at a minimum of 80,000 or
even up to one third of the Cyrenaican population. thousands died,
mainly of disease and starvation.
After Al-Mukhtar's capture September 15, 1931 and his execution in
Benghazi,for trying to save the children for being murdered by the
invaders , resistance to the Italian occupation crystallized round the
person of Sheik Idris, the Emir of Cyrenaica.
By 1934, Libya was fully 'pacified' and the new Italian governor
Italo Balbo started a policy of integration between the arabs and the
Italians, that proved fully successful to outsiders.
In March 1937 Mussolini made a state visit to Libya, where he opened a
new military highway running the entire length of the colony (the "Via
Balbia").
For propaganda reasons he had himself declared protector of Islam
and was presented with a symbolic sword. Mussolini's publicized
encouragement of the Arabic nationalist movement suited his wider
policies of confronting Britain and France. He also sought to fully
colonise Libya, introducing 30,000 Italian settlers which brought
their numbers to more than 100,000.
.
These settlers were shipped primarily to Sahel al-Jefara in
Tripolitania and the Jebel Akhdar in Cyrenaica, and given land from
which the indigenous inhabitants had been forcibly removed during the
colonial war in the 1920s.
.
In 13 September 1940, Mussolini's highway was used for the invasion of
Egypt by Italian forces stationed in Libya. Counterattacks of British
Allied forces from Egypt, commanded by Wavell and their successful
two-
month campaign in (Tobruk, Bengasi, El Agheila), and the
counteroffensives under Rommel in 1940-43, all took place during World
War II. In November 1942, the Allied forces retook Cyrenaica; by
February 1943, the last German and Italian soldiers were driven from
Libya. In the early post-war period, Tripolitania and Cyrenaica
remained under British administration, while the French controlled
Fezzan.
In 1944, Idris returned from exile in Cairo but declined to resume
permanent residence in Cyrenaica until the removal in 1947 of some
aspects of foreign control. Under the terms of the 1947 peace treaty
with the Allies, Italy, which hoped to maintain the colony of
Tripolitania, and France, which wanted the Fezzan), relinquished all
claims to Libya. Libya so remained united.
In July 1999, the Italian government offered a formal apology to Libya
and it is reported that Italy agreed to pay USD $260 million as
compensation for the occupation[citation needed].
[edit] the Libyan Italians
In Libya, the Italians in less than thirty years (1911-1940) built
huge public works (roads, buildings, ports, etc..) and the Libian
economy flourished again at a level similar to the one enjoyed during
the Roman empire. Italian farmers cultivated lands that were lost to
the desert for centuries. Even archeology flourished (Leptis Magna was
rediscovered as a symbol of the Italian rights to colonize the
region). Libya was considered the new "America" for the Italian
emigrants in the thirties.
.
An idealized image of the takeover of Ottoman Libya by Italy in 1911
An idealized image of the takeover of Ottoman Libya by Italy in 1911
The Italians in Libya numbered 108,419 (12.37% of the total
population) at the time of the 1939 census. They were concentrated in
the coast around the city of Tripoli (they constituted 37% of the
city's population) and Bengasi (31%). In 1938, the governor Italo
Balbo brought 20,000 Italian farmers to colonize Libya, and 26 new
villages were founded for them, mainly in Cyrenaica.
,
The 22,000 Libyan Jews were allowed to integrate without problems in
the society of the Fourth Shore (but after summer 1941, with the
arrival of the German Afrika Korps, they started to be moved to
temporary internment camps in Libya
Mussolini wanted to assimilate even the Arabs of Libya (whom he called
"Muslim Italians") and so in 1939 were created 10 villages for Arabs
and Berbers: "El Fager" (Alba), "Nahima" (Deliziosa),
"Azizia" (Profumata), "Nahiba" (Risorta), "Mansura" (Vittoriosa),
"Chadra" (Verde), "Zahara" (Fiorita), "Gedina" (Nuova),
"Mamhura" (Fiorente), "El Beida" (La Bianca). All those new villages
had their mosque, school, social center (with sport installations and
cinema) and little hospital.
On January 9, 1939, the colony of Libya was incorporated into
metropolitan Italy and thereafter considered an integral part of the
Italian state.
.
By 1939, the Italians had built 400 km of new railroads and 4,000 km
of new roads (the most important and large was the one from Tripoli to
Tobruk, on the coast) in Libya. Most of these achievements were
completed between 1934 and 1940 when Italo Balbo was governor of
Libya.
The next year started the war between Italy and Great Britain, until
the North African campaigns of World War II left Libya in British and
French hands. All the Italian projects disappeared after the Italian
defeat:
.
Libya in the late forties experienced the beginning of the worldwide
process of decolonization, that characterized the colonies of Europe
in the fifties and sixties.
Helen Chapin Metz wrote in her book titled Libya: A Country Study the
following:
Once pacification had been accomplished, fascist Italy endeavored
to convert Libya into an Italian province to be referred to popularly
as Italy's Fourth Shore. In 1934 Tripolitania and Cyrenaica were
divided into four provinces--Tripoli, Misratah, Benghazi, and Darnah--
which were formally linked as a single colony known as Libya, thus
officially resurrecting the name that Diocletian had applied nearly
1,500 years earlier. Fezzan, designated as South Tripolitania,
remained a military territory. A governor general, called the first
consul after 1937, was in overall direction of the colony, assisted by
the General Consultative Council, on which Arabs were represented.
Traditional tribal councils, formerly sanctioned by the Italian
administration, were abolished, and all local officials were
thereafter appointed by the governor general. Administrative posts at
all levels were held by Italians. An accord with Britain and Egypt
obtained the transfer of a corner of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, known
as the Sarra Triangle, to Italian control in 1934. The next year, a
French-Italian agreement was negotiated that relocated the 1,000-
kilometer border between Libya and Chad southward about 100 kilometers
across the Aouzou Strip, but this territorial concession to Italy was
never ratified by the French legislature. In 1939 Libya was
incorporated into metropolitan Italy. During the 1930s, impressive
strides were made in improving the country's economic and
transportation infrastructure. Italy invested capital and technology
in public works projects, extension and modernization of cities,
highway and railroad construction, expanded port facilities, and
irrigation, but these measures were introduced to benefit the Italian-
controlled modern sector of the economy. Italian development policy
after World War I had called for capital-intensive "economic
colonization" intended to promote the maximum exploitation of the
resources available. One of the initial Italian objectives in Libya,
however, had been the relief of overpopulation and unemployment in
Italy through emigration to the undeveloped colony. With security
established, systematic "demographic colonization" was encouraged by
Mussolini's government.
.
A project initiated by Libya's governor, Italo Balbo, brought the
first 20,000 settlers--the ventimilli--to Libya in a single convoy in
October 1938. More settlers followed in 1939, and by 1940 there were
approximately 110,000 Italians in Libya, constituting about 12 percent
of the total population. Plans envisioned an Italian colony of 500,000
settlers by the 1960s. Libya's best land was allocated to the settlers
to be brought under productive cultivation, primarily in olive groves.
Settlement was directed by a state corporation, the Libyan
Colonization Society, which undertook land reclamation and the
building of model villages and offered a grubstake and credit
facilities to the settlers it had sponsored. The Italians made modern
medical care available for the first time in Libya, improved sanitary
conditions in the towns, and undertook to replenish the herds and
flocks that had been depleted during the war.
.
But, although Mussolini liked to refer to the Libyans as "Muslim
Italians," little more was accomplished that directly improved the
living standards of the Arab population.
The final defeat of Italy in World War II was followed by the
expulsion of all the Italians from Libya.[1]
Only a few hundred of them have been allowed to return to Libya in the
2000s.
kangarooistan
History of Libya as Italian Colony , is must reading for every western
taxpayer , so they know why their children are dying for nothing and
wasting every thing they own on unwinnable wars
Iraq and Afghanistan will be a repeat of Vietnam and Libya colonial
madness doomed to fail as soon as western taxpayers are finally bled
to death
>
Italy to compensate Libya $5B for occupation - USATODAY.com
Italy agreed to pay Libya US$5 billion as compensation for its 30-
year
occupation of the country during the 20th century, the Libyan foreign
minister told ...www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-30-italy-
libya_N.htm- 42k -
>
> The attempted Italian colonization of the Ottoman provinces of
> Tripolitania and Cyrenaica was initially not successful and only in
> the 1930s did the Kingdom of Italy took full control of the area.
>
> On October 3, 1911, the Italians attacked Tripoli, claiming to be
> liberating Libya from Ottoman rule. Despite a major revolt by the
> Libyans, the Ottoman sultan ceded Libya to the Italians by signing the
> 1912 Treaty of Lausanne. Tripoli was largely under Italian control by
> 1914, but both Cyrenaica and the Fezzan were home to rebellions led by
> the Senussi.
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> The final defeat of Italy in World War II was followed by the
> expulsion of all the Italians from Libya.[1]
>
> Only a few hundred of them have been allowed to return to Libya
>
> In July 1999, the Italian government offered a formal apology to Libya
> and it is reported that Italy agreed to pay USD $260 million as
> compensation for the occupation[citation needed].
>
> Italy to compensate Libya $5B for occupation - USATODAY.com
> Italy agreed to pay Libya US$5 billion as compensation for its 30-year
> occupation of the country during the 20th century, the Libyan foreign
> minister told ...www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-30-italy-libya_N.htm- 42k -