On orbit satellite collision: What are the odds?
andrew....@mcgill.ca
The collision happened at 750 km altitude, which is the most populated
part of earth orbit:
http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/2185/the-future-is-now
...from that histogram, it looks like there are about N_satellites =
300 satellites between 700 and 800 km altitude. For a collision to
happen, two satellites have to be in the same place at the same time.
By "in the same place", let's say the two satellites would have to be
in a cubical that is 2 m x 2 m x 2 m (satellite bus is usually smaller
than this, but solar panels bigger, so this is a compromise) for a
collision to happen.
Between 700 and 800 km, how many of these "cubes" are there:
N_cubes = 4*pi*R^2*t_layer / V_cube (where t_layer is the
"thickness" of the layer of LEO we are examining: 100 km)
= 4 * 3.14 * ((6380+700)*10^3 m)^2 * 100*10^3 / (2 m)^3 =
7.9*10^18 cubes
By "at the same time", the residence time of a satellite moving
through a 2 m cube at 7.5 km/s is
t_residence = 2 m / (7500 m/s) = 2.7*10^-4 s (or 270
microseconds)
In a given year, the number of these "timeslots" is:
N_timeslots = 365*24*60*60 seconds/t_residence = 1.2*10^11
timeslots
If satellites are more or less randomly bouncing around this volume of
space (think of a gas where satellites are individual molecules), then
the odds of any satellite being in the same cube as a particular
satellite at a given instant (i.e., in a given time slot) is:
P_1sat = N_satellites / N_cubes = 3.8*10^-17
Very unlikely. But over the course of a year, the odds become
P_1satYear = N_timeslots * P_1sat = 4.57*10^-6
or "one in 200,000". But, there are N_satellites, so the odds of *any*
satellite colliding with *any* *other* satellite over a year are
P_anySatYear = N_satellites * P_1satYear = 1.37*10^-3
or "one in 700".
Now, over the past 30 years of having a large number of satellites on
orbit, the odds of satellite-satellite collision drop to:
P_SpaceAge = P_anySatYear * 30 years = 0.04
...or "one in 25". Entirely reasonable.
The only mystery is why this collision wasn't predicted and the orbit
of the Iridium satellite tweaked well in advance.
--
Andrew J. Higgins Mechanical Engineering Dept.
Associate Professor McGill University
Shock Wave Physics Group Montreal, Quebec CANADA
http://people.mcgill.ca/andrew.higgins/
Rick Jones
I like the writeup and have no qualifications by which to challenge
it, but still have to ask :)
Doesn't it presume that satellite orbits are completely random? How
does their not being random change the math?
rick jones
--
oxymoron n, Hummer H2 with California Save Our Coasts and Oceans plates
these opinions are mine, all mine; HP might not want them anyway... :)
feel free to post, OR email to rick.jones2 in hp.com but NOT BOTH...
andrew....@mcgill.ca
> andrew.higg...@mcgill.ca <andrew.higg...@mcgill.ca> wrote:
> > Here's a quick back-of-the-envelope:
>
> I like the writeup and have no qualifications by which to challenge
> it, but still have to ask :)
>
> Doesn't it presume that satellite orbits are completely random? How
> does their not being random change the math?
>
Yes, my estimate was based on the assumption that satellites are more
or less passing randomly through space in a particular "shell" of LEO.
The fact that satellites occupy orbits complicates the calculation
considerably, but I doubt it will change my estimate by more than an
order of magnitude.
For example, the fact that Iridium 33 was launched from Baikonur and
Kosmos-2251 from Plesetsk means that both satellites were confined to
inclinations greater than 49 degrees, probably making a collision more
likely.
The conclusion to draw from a simple, order-of-magnitude calculation
like this is that a random satellite-satellite collision is not
outside the realm of the possible. Had the numbers come out "1 in a
million" instead of "1 in 25", it would time to start considering the
*deliberate* collision of one satellite into the other.