Curled Up / Small Dimensions In String Theory? Moving Dimensiosn Theory Doesn't Need Them
jollyro...@yahoo.com
When string theorists say that higher dimensions are "too small" or
"curled up," what do they mean?
Suppose, for instance, that the x dimension was curled up in three
dimensions. Could someone draw a picture that?
If the x dimension was too tiny to be measured, what would this mean?
Would we ever be able to get off the y-z plane?
Coudl someone draw or point me to a picture of 1) a curled dimension,
or a 2) dimension too tiny to be ssen?
Thanks!
Yes--Flatland was rather trivail--it only had two dimensions.
I have no problem envisioning up to five dimensions, and six dimensions
on a good night, but then things get hazy aorund seven-ten.
If someone could plese draw the intersection of the eighth dimension
with the ninth, this would help a lot.
I could then try to extrapolate the figure back to the seventh, and on
through the tenth, and I will know the ten dimensions that String
Theorists see.
I have heard it is beautiful. I will let you know when I get there.
Thanks for assisting this traveler!
Thansks!
Hello Dave,
That would be great to hear about a "fourth" dimension all curled up.
Please do describe.
I think I can envision these things, but I am unsure.
I will try to draw a picture and post.
If anyone else could draw a picture, that'd be great!
Also, say if we had nine dimensions instead of ten dimensions, what
parts of phsyics would not work according to String Theory?
Why do QM, GR, and SR (successful theories) only need four, but ST
(unsuccsessful so far) need ten?
Why do we need ten?
What is the motivation?
Thanks!
Hello Richard,
I love trying to envision things in a physical manner, as that is what
physics is all about.
It seems like you do too. :)
I think that when the math doesn't work and it makes no physical sense,
then a theory is somewhat suspect. No?
Time is not a fourth dimensions so much as an emergent property of a
fourth dimension that is fundamentally different from the three spatial
dimensions.
The fourth dimension is fundamenatlly different, because of this
metric:
x^2+y^2+z^2-c^2t^2=s^2
If we could only envision its "physical" reality for sure (sometimes I
think I can), I feel we could anser the following questions:
Why is there a minus sign in the above metric?
Why is there a c in front of t?
Why does time's arrow point in the direction it points
in? Why entropy?
Why do photons appear as spherically-symmetric wavefronts
traveling with the velocity c?
Why does time stop at the speed of light?
Why is the speed of light constant in all frames?
What underlies all motion? What is the geometry of
motion that is missing in GR?
Why is time-reversal invariance violated?
I think a physical understanding of higher dimensions will give us
satisfactory answers to these questions.
Perhaps ST have already answered them, but I have not yet seen it
anywhere.
It all comes down to the physics of dimensions, when you think about
it:
Why do moving bodies exhibit length contraction?
Why are mass and energy equivalent?
As physicists, we must always ask, "why" and "how"?
Asking "why" and "how" about gravity is how Einstein found out that
dimensions warp and bend, that space-time curves and shifts!!
Perhaps one of you will anser some of the above "how's" and "why's". :)
Thanks!!!!
And finally, what fundamental physical reality--what dimensional
reality--gives us the timeless, ageless photon--a concept of
relativity--and quantum entanglement?
I'd love to hear how QM and SR and GR descend from the physics of
dinensions
I think too often we get caught up in the math of diemsions, but it was
Einstein, by always worrying about the *physics*, who furthered physics
more than anyone else.
Thanks for your insights!!!
Well then, you are on.
I will post "a well motivated text which contains no obvious flaws and
does not *strictly* contradict experiment."
And I will go further.
I will present a single simple postualte that accounts for the physical
reality underlying both relativity and quantum mechanics.
That's right--I will present a postulate--something String Theory has
yet to do.
I will show how the timeless, ageless photon--a concept of
relativity--and quantum entanglement, are united in a single
framework--this has not yet been done anywhere. I believe string theory
completely ignores entanglement.
I will do that which string theory does not do, and I will be banned
for it, because string theory, and its high maffia priests, must be
protected at all costs.
In fact, my theory will answer the following questions:
Why is the speed of light constant in all frames?
Why are light and energy quantized?
How can matter display both wave and particle properties?
Why are there non-local effects in quantum mechanics?
Why does time stop at the speed of light?
How come a photon does not age?
Why are inertial mass and gravitational mass the same thing?
Why do moving bodies exhibit length contraction?
Why are mass and energy equivalent?
Why is time not the fourth dimension, but an emrgent property of the
fourth dimension interacting with three spatial dimensions?
Why is time a scalar, and yet also sometimes considered a dimension?
Why does the block universe make no sense? We do have free will, so teh
block universe cannot exist--this theory shows that it does not.
Why does time's arrow point in the direction it points in? Why
entropy?
Why do photons appear as spherically-symmetric wavefronts traveling
with the velocity c?
Why is there a minus sign in the following metric?
x^2+y^2+z^2-c^2t^2=s^2
What deeper reality underlies Einstein's postulates of relativity?
What deeper reality underlies Newton's laws?
What underlies the laws of Inertia?
Why does general relativity fail at short distances? Why does quantum
mechanics dominate at short distances?
Why have so many great minds, Einestin, Godel, Wheeler, Hawking, and
Penrose called for a new conception of time? What should that new
conception of time look like?
I will post my theory--based 100% in logic and reason, and it will be
banned from here without explanation, while string theory, with its
faith-based 10+n dimensions will continue to receive its own forum.
String theory does not attempt to answer any of the abve questions.
It is a none-theory, as a famous nobel prize winner recently called it
in his book.
Perhaps you know his name?
Moving Dimensions Theory accounts for and unifies general relativity
and quantum mechanics by postulating that the fourth dimension is
expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions in units of the
Planck length at the rate of c.
In his autobiography Einstein said:
Before I enter upon a critique of mechanics as a foundation of
physics, something of a broadly general nature will first have to be
said concerning the points of view according to which it is possible to
criticize physical theories at all. The first point of view is obvious:
The theory must not contradict empirical facts. However evident this
demand may in the first place appear, its application turns out to be
quite delicate. For it is often, perhaps even always, possible to
adhere to a general theoretical foundation by securing the adaption of
the theory to the facts by means of artificial additional assumptions.
In any case, however, this first point of view is concerned with the
confirmation of the theoretical foundation by the available empirical
facts.
The second point of view is not concerned with the relation to
the material of observation but with the premises of the theory itself,
with what may briefly but vaguely be characterized as the "naturalness"
or " logical simplicity" of the premises (of the basic concepts and of
the relations between these which are taken as a basis). This point of
view, an exact formulation of which meets with great difficulties, has
played an important role in the selection and evaluation of theories
since time immemorial. The problem here is not simply one of a kind of
enumeration of the logically independent premises (if anything like
this were at all unequivocally possible), but that of a kind of
reciprocal weighing of incommeasurable qualities. Furthermore, among
theories of equally "simple" foundation that one is to be taken as
superior which most sharply delimits the qualities of system in the
abstract (i.e., contains that most definite claims). Of the "realm" of
theories I need not speak here, inasmuch as we are confining ourselves
to such theories whose object is the totality of all physical
appearances. The second point of view may briefly be characterized as
concerning itself with the "inner perfection" of the theory, whereas
the first point of view refers to the "external confirmation." The
following I reckon as also belonging to the "inner perfection" of a
theory: we prize a theory more highly if, from the logical standpoint,
it is not the result of an arbitrary choice among theories which, among
themselves, are of equal value and analogously constructed.
Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, Volume One,
1949, Autobiographical Notes, p 21--23,
Open Court, Cambridge University Press.
MDT's simple postulate:
MOVING DIMENSIONS THEORY
ABSTRACT
Moving Dimensions Theory accounts for and unifies general relativity
and quantum mechanics by postulating that the fourth dimension is
expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions in units of the
Planck length at the rate of c. In addition to providing a deeper
framework for the two theories, MDT offers an underlying context
accounting for quantum mechanical, relativistic, and classical physics.
Phenomena including wave-particle duality, interference phenomena, the
spherical symmetry of photon propagation, action at a distance, the
uncertainty principle, the gravitational redshift, time dilation,
Lorentzian contraction, time's arrow, the equivalence of mass and
energy, and time itself are accounted for within this deeper framework.
The above physical phenomena and many more, spanning quantum mechanics
and relativity, can be seen as arising from MDT's postulate. Time is
not the fourth dimension, but a phenomena that emerges because the
fourth dimension is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions,
resolving Godel's block universe paradox and Zeno's paradox.
.
1. The First Postulate of Moving Dimensions Theory
MDT's General Postulate: The fourth dimension is expanding relative
to the three spatial dimensions.
MDT's Specific Postulate: The fourth dimension is expanding relative
to the three spatial dimensions in units of the Planck length at the
rate of c.
2. It's As Simple As a Photon's Spherically Symmetric Wavefront
A photon propagates at the velocity c as a sphereically-symmetric
wavefron. The spherical symmetry of the photon's wavefront may be
viewed as the result of matter (momenergy) having been rotated into the
fourth dimension-the matter has become orthogonal to the spatial
dimensions, and it is now expanding along with the fourth dimension,
equally in all directions. Thus we may conclude that the fourth
dimension is expanding equally in all directions as a spherically
symmetric manner wherever space-time is flat. In regions of curved
space-time, the fourth dimension expands in a manner dictated by the
local curvature. Thus a photon emitted from the sun will appear
stretched, or red-shifted, when it is observed far away from the sun.
3. All Objects Travel Through Space-Time With The Velocity c
Einstein noted that all objects travel through space-time with the
velocity c.
This never changes.
This fact underlies the conservation principles.
And underlying the conservation principles is the fact that the fourth
dimension is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions.
Even though we perceive a ruler along the x axis to be stationary, it
is yet traveling through space-time at the fixed speed of c, implying
that time is moving through it. Rotate the ruler towards the y axis,
and its projection upon the x axis shortens, yet it still appears to be
stationary, and it is still traveling through space-time at the rate of
c.
Rotate the ruler into the fourth dimension, known as the time
dimeension, and its projection along the x axis shortens, according to
relativity and the Lorentz contraction. The ruler begins to propagate
through the three spatial dimensions, while maintaining the fixed speed
of c through space-time. The ruler moves through the three spatial
dimensions as it is rotated into the time dimension because the time
dimension is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions.
4. Brian Green & Einstein Support MDT
As Brian Greene points out in the Appendix to Chapter 2 of The Elegant
Universe, "we note that from the space-time position 4-vector
x=(ct,x1,x2,x3), we can create the velocity 4-vector u=dx/d(tau), where
tau is the proper time defined by
d(tau)^2=dt^2-c^-2(dx1^2+dx2^2+dx3^2). Then the "speed through
space-time" is the magnitude of the 4-vector u,
((c^2dt^2-dx^2)/(dt^2-c^-2dx^2))^(1/2), which is identically the speed
of light c. Now, we can rearrange the equation
c^2(dt/d(tau))^2-(dx/d(tau))^2=c^2 to be c^2(d(tau)/dt))^2
+(dx/d(tau))^2=c^2. This shows that an increase of an object's speed
through space, (dx/d(tau))^2)^(1/2)= dx/d(tau) must be accompanied by a
decrease in d(tau)/dt which is the object's speed through time, which
also may be considered the rate at which time elapses on it's own clock
d(tau) or the proper time, as compared with that on our stationary
clock dt."
5. Surfing A Wave Analogy : The Birth of Moving Dimensions Theory
Here's a good analogy of "surfing a wave" that sheds light on Moving
Dimensions Theory.
A few years back, while surfing a towering wave on the Outer Banks
ofNorthCarolina, a beautiful thought occurred to me. Suppose the wave I
was riding represented a coordinate in a dimension. Then although I was
approaching shore, I was not moving in this dimension. The dimension
itself was moving--I was stationary with respect to this dimension, but
moving relative to other dimensions. I was "surfing" a moving
dimension.
The General Postulate of Moving Dimensions Theory: The fourth dimension
is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions.
In a flash I saw that that is why photons never age--they are moving
along with the fourth dimension, and thus stationary relative to the
fourth dimension, while moving at the velocity of light relative to the
three spatial dimensions.
And behold! I saw that "moving dimensions" explained the equivalence of
mass and energy. E=mc^2 arose because whenever matter "surfs"
theexpanding time dimension, it appears as energy in the three
spatialdimensions.In another flash I saw that that is why a photon's
space-time interval is represented by a null vector, or a 0, no matter
how far it travelsthroughspace.
Indeed, in his special theory of relativity, Einstein stated that an
object's velocity through space-time is always c. This means that even
objects stationary in the three spatial dimensions yet have a velocity
c through the fourth dimension. How could this be unless the fourth
dimension is moving relative to the three spatial dimensions? Even
"stationary" objects sitting on your desk are traveling at the velocity
c through time! How could this be were it not that the fourth dimension
is traveling at the velocity c relative to the object that is
stationary in the three spatial dimensions? Thus there exists a fourth
expanding dimension, which matter can surf as photons, giving rise to
our notion of time, as well as the equivalence of mass and energy in
E=mc^2. And so it is that Moving Dimensions Theory was born as the
wave crested and crashed about me, thundering on down, as I fought to
remain surfing amidst the foam, facing the setting sun silhouetting the
Hatteras light.
6. What Does It Mean For A Dimension to Move?
Einstein's well-regarded theory of General Relativity inherently
necessitates the reality of moving dimensions. And yet some trained
physicists have a knee-jerk reaction that the fourth dimension cannot
be moving because "dimensions cannot move." But dimensions can and do
move relative to one-another. First off, since the universe is
expanding, space-time is alsoexpanding, demonstrating that dimensions
are moving and expanding. Secondly, general relativity demonstrates
that massive objects warp space-time, meaning that as a massive object
moves though space-time, it stretches space-time, showing again that
space-time in one area can move, or deform, relative to space-time in
another area. GR is a sound theory, backed up with multiple
high-profile experiments, including the demonstration that starlight is
bent by the sun and the verification that orbiting stars radiate energy
in the form of gravity waves.
Thus there exist neither philosophical nor physical barriers to the
concept of moving dimensions, but for artificial ones within lazy
minds. A curious sign of the times is that some physicists will accept
on blind faith the existence of ten, twenty, or thirty dimensions,
dimensions that are curled up, or too small to measure, and yet they
will reel in shock and horror at a perfectly obvious postulate--the
fourth dimension is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions.
7. MDT & The Purpose of Physics
The purpose of physics has ever been to unify diverse physical
phenomena with simple postulates, laws, and formulas reflecting the
deeper physical reality. MDT unifies relativity and quantum mechanics
by positing that they are both emergent properties of moving
dimensions. MDT's simple postulate-the fourth dimension is
expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions-offers the first
satisfactory explanation of the Einstein Podolsky Rosen (EPR) effect
and the nonlocal behavior inherent to the math and physical reality of
quantum mechanics. Time itself is viewed not as the fourth dimension,
but as an emergent phenomena arising from the expansion of the fourth
dimension relative to the three spatial dimensions. This logic
alleviates a confusion of time with an actual fourth dimension where
one can travel back and forth at will, thus addressing Godel's,
Einstein's, Hawking's, Barbour's, and Penrose's concerns about frozen
time, and accounting for time's relentless arrow, the second law of
thermodynamics, and entropy. MDT 1) unifies disparate phenomena within
a common underlying framework 2) resolves the paradoxes of time travel
3) accounts for the natural wave-particle duality of all mass and
energy, and 4) accounts for hitherto strange behavior noted n Bell's
inequalities and the EPR paradox.
6. Rotations Into 4th Dimension Always Accompanied by Acceleration in
Spatial Dimensions
Simply put, it is not possible to rotate an object into the fourth
dimension without that object gaining a velocity. Thus the time
dimension itself must be expanding relative to the three spatial
dimensions. Another way of looking at this is asking, "Why does
something always move when it is rotated out of the three spatial
dimensions and into the time dimension?" If someone can conduct a
Lorentz transformation on a ruler, and rotate it into the time
dimension without it moving through the three spatial dimensions, I
would very much like to hear about it.
7. Einstein's Two Postulates Restated by MDT's Single Postulate
I. The laws of physical phenomena are the same in all inertial frames.
II. The velocity of light in free space is a universal constant,
independent of any relative motion of the source and the observer.
MDT proposes that the two postulates can be expressed in an alternative
manner, by stating the following law of moving dimensions:
I. The fourth dimension is expanding relative to the three spatial
dimensions.
This can be shown illustrated in several ways: Consider an expression
for the space-time interval of zero length, or of the null vector,
which traces a photon's path through space-time:
x^2+y^2+z^2-c^2t^2=0
or
x^2+y^2+z^2=c^2t^2
Which for one spatial dimension becomes
x^2=c^2t^2
or x=ct
by taking the derivative of both sides with respect to t, we get
dx/dt = d/dt (ct) = c
so
dx/dt = c
And hence the time rate of change of the spatial dimension relative to
the time rate of change of the time dimension is equal to the velocity
of light.
8. The Worldline of a Photon-Stationary in Space-time = Moving
Through Space
ct| /
| /
| /
| /
| /
|/_______________
x
Also, if we trace the path of a photon on a space-time diagram, the
only way for a photon to remain stationary in space-time is to move at
the speed of light.
Think about this.
In order to stay stationary in space-time, the photon must propagate
through space with the velocity c. It must keep up with the expanding
fourth dimension in order to have zero net movement through space-time.
The null vector, which represents a vector of zero length in
space-time, can only imply zero movement through space-time. Even
though a photon moves through space at a velocity equal to c, it stays
stationary in space-time. Is it not strange at first that in order to
remain stationary in space time, a photon moves through space? This is
because the fourth dimension itself is moving relative to space.
Moving Clocks Emit Less Photons = Moving Clocks Run Slow
As an object accelerates through space, it is rotated more and more
into the expanding fourth dimension. Less wave fronts of the expanding
fourth dimension, which can carry away photons, are allowed to pass
through it. Thus a moving clock will run slower, as all clocks are
based on the probabilistic emission and propagation of photons, and as
a moving clock catches up with the expanding wavefront of time, the
chance that a photon will be emitted without being reabsorbed is
diminished.
A Photon Preserves its Fourth Dimension Geometry as it Propagates:
Gravitational Redshift
Spacetime is stretched near to massive objects, relative to far away
spacetime. Thus a photon generated close to a massive object will be
red-shifted when observed far away from the massive object.
MDT Explains The Shapiro Time Delay Effect
The Shapiro time delay effect, or gravitational time delay effect, is
one of the four classic solar system tests of General relativity.
Radar signals passing near a massive object take slightly longer to
travel to a target and longer to return (as measured by the observer)
than they would if the mass of the object were not present. Spacetime
is stretched close to the massive object, and the photon preserves its
geometry of where it was generated. Thus it appears shorter as it
passes through the stretched spacetime, and it is blue shifted as it
passes by the massive object, and then red shifted as it travels away.
Also, it has further to travel, as it retains the same length from
where it was generated, while the space around the massive object is
stretched.
Time is an Emergent Phenomena of Moving Dimensions--It is Not a
Dimension
Einstein's, Penrose's (and many leading physicist's) mistaken view of
"the future being out there" in a block universe arises because
physicists misleadingly label "time" the fourth dimension, thus
implying that just as we can move anywhere in the three spatial
dimensions, such as up and down and back again, so too can we move
anywhere in the time dimension, to the past, the future, and back
again, implying that both the past and future must exist, as sure as
New York and Los Angeles.
But time is not so much the fourth dimension as it is an emergent
phenomena that arises because a fourth dimension is expanding at the
rate of c relative to the three spatial dimensions in a spherically
symmetric manner in units of the Planck length.
The Debate Over the Block Universe: MDT To the Rescue:
Again we see quantum mechanics and relativity at odds over the debate
of the block universe implied by relativity, which seems to imply a
definitive, real future, which seemingly contradicts quantum mechanic's
inherent randomness and free will. MDT resolves this paradox by viewing
time not as the fourth dimension, but as a phenomena that emerges
because the fourth dimension is expanding relative to the three spatial
dimensions. Because all time is measured via the propagation of
photons, and because all photons propagate as matter carried along by
the expanding fourth dimension, time has oft been ascribed properties
of a fourth dimension similar to the three spatial dimensions,
resulting in paradoxical, misleading interpretations of the universe.
Suffice it to say MDT sees time not as a dimension, but as an emergent
property of a fourth dimension expanding relative to three spatial
dimensions.
In their paper concerning the paradoxes outlined above, "The Debate
over the Block Universe," Isham, C.J. and J.C. Polkinghorne write:
http://www.meta-library.net/ctns-vo/isham-body.html
"Proponents of the block universe appeal to special and general
relativity to support a timeless view in which all spacetime events
have equal ontological status. The finite speed of light, the light
cone structure, and the downfall of universal simultaneity and with it
the physical status of "flowing time" in special relativity result in a
heightened tendency to ontologize spacetime. The additional
arbitrariness in the choice of time coordinates in general relativity
makes flowing time physically meaningless. Thus no fundamental meaning
can be ascribed to the "present" as the moving barrier with the kind of
unique and universal significance needed to unequivocally distinguish
"past" from "future." Instead the flowing present is a mental
construct, and four-dimensional spacetime is an "eternally existing"
structure. God may know the temporality of events as experienced
subjectively by creatures, but God cannot act temporally, since flowing
time has no fundamental meaning in nature. Theologians must accept the
Boethian and even gnostic implications of the block universe."
http://www.meta-library.net/ctns-vo/isham-body.html
Isham and Polkinghorne continue: "Opponents of the block universe begin
by distinguishing between kinematics and dynamics. Special relativity
imposes only kinematic constraints on the structure of spacetime. The
dynamics of quantum physics and chaos theory encourages a view of
nature as open and temporal, thus allowing for both human and divine
agency. The problem of the lack of universal simultaneity is lessened
since simultaneity is an a posteriori construct. Philosophically
disposed to critical realism, opponents are wary of the incipient
reductionism of the block view. They resist the Boethian implications
of relativity, and argue instead that divine omnipresence must be
redefined in terms of a special frame of reference, perhaps one
provided by the cosmic background radiation. God's knowledge of
spacetime events in terms of this frame of reference will be
constrained by both the world's causal sequence and the distinction
between past and future. Similarly God's actions will be consistent
with relativity theory."
http://www.meta-library.net/ctns-vo/isham-body.html
In MDT, both quantum mechanics and relativity are in perfect harmony,
but the time in relativity is not a dimension on equal footing with the
three spatial dimensions. Rather, time is an emergent parameter arising
from matter (photons) being carried along with a fourth dimension that
is expanding at a constant rate relative to the three spatial
dimensions.
MDT & Time's Arrow / 2nd Law of Thermodyamics / Entropy
Entropy states that the universe tends towards disorder. This is
because the fourth dimension is expanding in a spherically symmetric
manner, constantly carrying all initially close photons and particles
away from one another-thus a drop of food coloring in a pool is carried
outward and evenly distributed as time evolves. Because the fourth
dimension is expanding as a spherically symmetric wavefront through the
three spatial dimensions, photons, as well as all matter that interacts
with photons, exhibits a probability to move in a spherically symmetric
manner. Thus, if we have a clump of atoms in the middle of a room, a
probability exists for the atoms to spread apart in a spherically
symmetrical manner, being carried along by the expanding time
dimension.
Traveling Backwards in Time:
The fourth dimension is expanding relative to the three spatial
dimensions. The expansion appears as a spherically-symmetric wave-front
propagating throughout the three spatial dimensions. This is the prime
mover-the fundamental source of all time, energy, and motion. When
matter exists completely in the fourth dimension, it appears as a
photon, expanding in a spherical wave-front relative to the three
spatial dimensions. Now Huygen's Principle shows that each point upon
the crest of a spherically symmetric wavefront is itself a spherically
symmetric wavefront. That means that there is a finite probability that
a photon's spherical wavefront will collapse into a smaller region, in
which case it might be measured to be somewhere where it was. Such a
photon may be said to be traveling back in time, and such a photon will
have traveled less than the speed of light.
On the quantum scale, where the fourth dimension is expanding in units
of the Planck length, there is a higher chance of light being measured
to move slower or faster than the speed of light-there is a higher
chance of a photon traveling backwards, or its expanding wave front
getting a little smaller as opposed to bigger, but over large distances
the speed of light is determined to be c.
And just like photons, electrons and other particles may from be seen
to go back in time. All this means is that their wave functions are
surfing a region of the fourth-dimension which is contracting as
opposed to expanding-there is a small probability of this happening,
due to Huygen's principle, as elaborated on above.
But time travel on a macroscopic scale is prohibited, as the past and
future do not exist. We do not live in a block universe, wherein time
is a dimension, but rather time is an emergent phenomena, accounted for
with MDT's postulate: the fourth dimension is expanding relative to the
three spatial dimensions.
Godel's Block Universe Paradox Resolved
In 1949 Godel published a paper showing that within the theory of
relativity, time as we understand it, does not exist. Einstein
recognized Godel's paper as "an important contribution to the general
theory of relativity," and since then physicists have not been able to
find any logical shortcomings in Godel's work, and nobody has been able
to account for the existence of time. But the Theory of Moving
Dimensions accounts for time as we know it by showing that it is an
emergent property of the underlying dimension's intrinsic relative
movement.
Godel wrote, "By making a round trip on a rocket ship in a sufficiently
wide course, it is possible in these worlds to travel into any region
of the past, present, and future, and back again, exactly as it is
possible in other worlds to travel to distant parts of space. This
state of affairs seems to imply an absurdity. For it enables one to
travel into the near past of those places where he himself lived. There
he would find a person who would be himself at some earlier period of
life. Now he could do something to this person, which, by his memory,
he knows has not happened to him."
Kaku writes, "Kurt Godel's essay constitutes, in my opinion, an
important contribution to the general theory of relativity, especially
to the analysis of the concept of time. The problem here involved
disturbed me already at the time of the building up of the general
theory of relativity, without my having succeeded in clarifying it...
The distinction "earlier-later" is abandoned for world-points which lie
far apart in a cosmological sense, and those paradoxes, regarding the
direction of the causal connection, arise, of which Mr. Godel has
spoken. . . It will be interesting to weigh whether these are not to be
excluded on physical grounds." -Michio Kaku
The mistake Einstein made in his formulation was confusing time itself
with the fourth dimension. Time is an emergent property that we witness
because of the fourth dimension expanding relative to the three spatial
dimensions, and because it thus inherits properties of a dimension, it
is all too tempting for physicists to refer to time as a dimension.
Time travel is impossible both in reality and Moving Dimensions theory,
though I encourage prominent physicists to keep on writing books about
time machines and bookstores to stock them in the science-fiction
sections.
Time arises from the interaction of the expanding fourth dimension with
the three spatial dimensions, but many physicists mistakenly labeled
the fourth dimension as the time dimension.
A lot of confusion has arisen by from this mislabeling coupled with the
physicists' tendency to over-extend metaphors. As soon as physicists
mistakenly labeled the fourth dimension the time dimension, they were
eager to see it as an entity analogous to the three spatial dimensions,
where one can get from any point to any other point.
But time is an emergent property deriving from the expansion of a
single spatial dimension relative to the three other stationary spatial
dimensions. The fourth dimension expands in units of the Planck length
at the rate of c, so in a sense the fourth dimension is only ever
Planck's length deep to all macroscopic objects. Only a photon can
exist in this dimension, orthogonal to the three dimensions, and at
that point a photon is matter surfing the expanding dimension. Huygen's
principle demonstrates that every point along a spherically symmetric
wavefront is the source of a spherically symmetric wave, and so it is
with a photon. This is because every point in space-time is the source
of a spherically symmetric expansion of the fourth dimension relative
to the three stationary dimensions.
Time travel to any significant degree is impossible because the time
dimension never reaches deeper than Planck's length. You could only go
back in time by Planck's time, which wouldn't be very useful!
Physicists enjoy viewing the time dimension on equal footing with the
spatial dimensions. After all, they say it is just another a
"dimension" that just happens to have a minus sign infront of it in the
space-time metric. But they never seek to explain the minus sign.
Instead they rush straight ahead into all their ridiculous notions of
time travel, stating that just as we can get from any point A to any
point B in space, we can get from any point A to any point B in time.
But time travel has never been accomplished, nor will it ever be.
Physicists were right in recognizing that time is a dimension, but they
fell short in recognizing that it was different from the three spatial
dimensions in that it is expanding at the rate of c relative to the
three spatial dimensions.
The notion of past, present, and future is more related to the change
of energy than it is to the actual existence of a physical past, a
physical present, and a physical future. Only the present ever exists,
and the past is what is recorded in our minds-it exists nowhere else.
But because time is a dimension, physicists were seduced into believing
one could travel anywhere within it. But in reality we never get any
further than Planck's length deep in time, and it is at that depth
that photons surf through the universe, while electrons oscillate, and
out bodies maintain their average position firmly in the three spatial
dimensions as the time dimension expands relentlessly about us in units
of Planck's length.
"For Godel, if there is time travel, there isn't time. The goal of the
great logician was not to make room in physics for one's favorite
episode of Star Trek, but rather to demonstrate that if one follows the
logic of relativity further even than its father was willing to
venture, the results will not just illuminate but eliminate the reality
of time." -A World Without Time, Palle Yourgrau
Unification of QM and Relativity
Relativity becomes increasingly exact at long-length scales but fails
at short ones because space-time itself is quantized, as the time
dimension is expanding in units of the Planck length. The concept of
general relativity's smooth geometry, at large scales, disappears on
short-distance scales-this has been a problem to string theorists, but
only because they were never bold enough to recognize that's the way it
is because that's the way it is-GR does not break down at distances
smaller than the Planck length because such distances do not exist with
any degree of certainty. The fourth dimension is expanding relative to
the three spatial dimensions in units of the Planck length, and thus
distances smaller than the Planck length cannot be measured nor
defined.
In An Elegant Universe, Brian Greene writes, "Recall that the problem
in merging general relativity and quantum mechanics turns up when the
central tenet of the former-that space and time constitute a smoothly
curving geometrical structure-confronts the essential feature of the
latter-that everything in the universe, including the fabric of space
and time, undergoes quantum fluctuations that become increasingly
turbulent when probed on smaller and smaller distance scales. On
sub-Planck-scale distances, the quantum undulations are so violent that
they destroy the notion of a smoothly curving geometrical space; this
means that general relativity breaks down."
But general relativity does not break down. It works perfectly well,
holding the planets in their orbits, curving space and time about
massive objects, bending light just so, in accordance with Einstein's
equations.
General relativity does not break down at sub-Planck-scale distances
because such distances do not exist. The fourth dimension is expanding
relative to the three spatial dimensions in units of the Planck length,
and thus all physical measurements and physical definitions are larger
than the Planck length. General relativity need have no fear of ever
breaking down at distances smaller than the Planck length, because such
distances do not exist in the physical world!!
Moving Dimensions & String Theory
The jury is still out on String Theory, as is the theory itself. Before
it can be tested, it first must step forward with something to test.
String theory must first step forward with simple postulates and
laws-until that day, it will remain a hoax to the degree it is funded.
Whereas String Theory retreats into realms beyond physical reality,
beyond experimental tests, beyond postulates, laws, and predictions,
Moving Dimensions Theory stays simply wedded to a single postulate-the
fourth dimension is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions.
Where String Theory retreats into a mathematical realm where
postulates, laws, words, and physical intuition are blinded so that
politics and strategic faith might reign supreme, MDT seeks a return to
those simpler days of physics, where physics was reduced to first
principles.
Perhaps String Theory could find a new home as a subset of MDT, wherein
the vibrating strings are vibrating/surfing upon wavefronts of the a
fourth dimension that's expanding relative to the three spatial
dimensions.
Zeno's Paradox Resolved
If you travel from point A to point B, you must travel half of the
distance to point B before traveling the complete distance. Now from
that point you must again travel half the remaining distance. If you
continue to do so (travel half the remaining distance) you will never
reach point B.
Extended to its logical conclusion, this reasoning implies that you
could never move in the first place.
But things move.
Motion is a fundamental part of the universe. And that is because it is
embedded within the four dimensions, which consist of three stationary
dimensions and one that is expanding with a velocity of c in a
spherically symmetric manner, in units of Planck's length, relative to
the three stationary dimensions.
Because the time dimension is expanding at a uniform rate equally in
all directions, every particle has a greater chance of being somewhere
different than where it currently is as time moves on. For every
particle is subject to the whims of this ever-expanding dimension.
Stephen Hawking's Block Universe: Wrong
Hawking writes, "Quantum theory introduces a new idea, that of
imaginary time. Imaginary time may sound like science fiction, and it
has been brought into Doctor Who [an English Star Trek]. But never the
less, it is a genuine scientific concept. One can picture it in the
following way. One can think of ordinary, real, time as a horizontal
line. On the left, one has the past, and on the right, the future. But
there's another kind of time in the vertical direction. This is called
imaginary time, because it is not the kind of time we normally
experience. But in a sense, it is just as real, as what we call real
time."
Hawking's logic succumbs to a common physical misinterpretation of
time. In stating, "One can think of ordinary, real, time as a
horizontal line. On the left, one has the past, and on the right, the
future," Hawking is confusing our notion of time that is an emergent
phenomena arising from a fourth dimension expanding relative to three
spatial dimensions with the fallacious view of time as a dimension, on
equal footing with space. Hawking's and Penrose's mistaken view of "the
future being out there" arises because of physicists misleadingly
labeling "time" the fourth dimension, thus implying that just as we can
move anywhere in the three spatial dimensions, such as up and down and
back again, so too can we move anywhere in the time dimension, to the
past, the future, and back again, implying that both the past and
future must exist, as sure as New York and Los Angeles.
Time is an emergent phenomena of a fourth dimension expanding relative
to the three spatial dimensions-thus time sometimes appears to have
dimensional properties. A Lorentz transformation can rotate an object
into the "time" dimension, and we can appear to travel through the
"time" dimension, but in both cases the time dimension is our
interpretation of physical events in a universe with a fourth dimension
that is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions. All time
is measured relative to the propagation of photons, and because all
photons propagates via surfing the fourth dimension that is expanding
relative to the three spatial dimensions, time has oft been ascribed
properties of a fourth dimension.
Peter Lynds' View of Time: Closer to MDT's Reality
In Peter Lynds' abstract to "Time and classical and quantum mechanics:
Indeterminacy vs. discontinuity," Lynds states, "It is postulated there
is not a precise static instant in time underlying a dynamical physical
process at which the relative position of a body in relative motion or
a specific physical magnitude would theoretically be precisely
determined. It is concluded it is exactly because of this that time
(relative interval as indicated by a clock) and the continuity of a
physical process is possible, with there being a necessary trade off of
all precisely determined physical values at a time, for their
continuity through time. This explanation is also shown to be the
correct solution to the motion and infinity paradoxes, excluding the
Stadium, originally conceived by the ancient Greek mathematician Zeno
of Elea. Quantum Cosmology, Imaginary Time and Chronons are also then
discussed, with the latter two appearing to be superseded on a
theoretical basis." (Lynds, Peter, Foundations of Physics Letters,
16(4), 343-355, 2003)
This is because time is an emergent phenomena, arising because the
fourth dimension is expanding at a rate of c relative to the three
stationary spatial dimensions in unitis of the Planck length. There is
no precise time underlying a physical process because all measurements
of time are limited by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, as the
expansion of the fourth dimension, by which time is defined, is
occurring in quantized units of the Planck length.
Lynds sees that there is no precise time underlying a physical process
because he argues that to have a defined position with respect to time
would mean that a moving object would have to be frozen. However, this
never happens, because all motion takes place upon a backround where
time is not a dimension nor a parameter, but a device that we have used
as a tool to measure distance, interval, and motion as best we know
how. That this has led to paradoxes is no wonder, but the paradoxes are
resolved with viewing time not as a fourth dimension, but as an
emergent phenomena that rises because a fourth dimension is expanding
relative to the three spatial dimensions in units of the Planck length,
and that it is this fourth dimension that carries photons by which all
measurements of time are made. Thus time is fundamentally quantum
mechanical in behavior, inheriting a probabilistic and quantized
nature, and when quantum mechanics manifests itself throughout the
macroscopic world, it is often deemed paradoxical.
MDT & Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle:
Because the fourth dimension is expanding in quantized units, and
because all measurements require energy which only ever propagates in
quantized units as all energy is the result of photons surfing the
expanding fourth dimension, there is an inherent limitation to the
detail of measurement, arising from the nature of the quantized
expansion of the fourth dimension relative to the three spatial
dimensions.
Newton's Laws, Inertia & The Conservation Laws:
The Law of Inertia: All objects conserve their relative rotation in
space-time. An accelerated objected is rotated more into the expanding
fourth dimension, resulting in an increased probability it will move
relative to the three spatial dimensions. This is accomplished by
adding photons to the object, thereby increasing its mass along with
the net object's (object+photons) probability of existing in the
expanding third dimension. A decelerated electron emits photons,
lowering its probability of being in the fourth expanding dimension, as
its velocity relative to the three spatial dimensions slows.
Probability/Rotation are Conserved:
Every entity has a probability of existing in both space and time. The
greater a probability an entity has of existing in time, the more
energy it will be observed to have from a stationary observer. Energy
is added to an object by the way of photons, and thus all additions of
energy to any object increase the objects mass.
Take an electron in a particle accelerator for example. As energy is
added to it, it circles the accelerator faster and faster and gains
more and more mass. The more photons that are added to it, the higher
the probability it exists in the time dimension. It is rotated into the
time dimension, and its time slows down as its effective length
contracts.
The probability of being in the space and time dimensions is a
conserved quantity, manifesting itself as the conservation of momentum
and energy. If no energy is added or subtracted, its momentum and
energy remain constant-its rotation in space-time remains constant.
As an object is given energy, the added photons give the net object a
higher probability of being in the time dimension, and thus it
propagates faster through the three spatial dimensions, as it "surfs"
upon crests of the expanding dimension through space-time.
Explanations of Dark Matter & Dark Energy
The Unification of Relativity & QM
Relativity is what generally emerges at great distances and high
speeds, and quantum mechanics generally emerges at tiny distances for
tiny objects. The quantized expansion of
THE QM, GR & MDT: A DIALOGUE WITH PENROSE ET. AL
Roger Penrose longs for Moving Dimensions Theory. Where he falls short
in the following discussion is where he states, "the future is out
there." The future is not out there. But where Penrose steers close is
in acknowledging, "I think we need a new way to look at time, not
either Quantum Mechanics or Relativity." MD Theory offers this new
way.
Time is an emergent phenomena. Time happens because a fourth dimension
is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions.
Moving Dimensions Theory offers a new way of looking at time underlying
both QM and SR a phenoma that emerges from the MD Theory: THE FOURTH
DIMENSION IS EXPANDING AT A RATE OF C RELATIVE TO THE THREE SPATIAL
DIMENSIONS IN QUANTIZED UNITS OF THE PLANCK LENGTH, GIVING RISE TO TIME
AND ALL QUANTUM MECHANICAL AND RELATIVISTIC PHENOMENA.
Penrose's mistaken view of "the future being out there" arises because
of physicists misleadingly labeling "time" the fourth dimension, thus
implying that just as we can move anywhere in the three spatial
dimensions, such as up and down and back again, so too can we move
anywhere in the time dimension, to the past, the future, and back
again, implying that both the past and future must exist, as sure as
New York and Los Angeles.
But time is not so much the fourth dimension as it is an emergent
phenomena that arises because a fourth dimension is expanding at the
rate of c relative to the three spatial dimensions in a spherically
symmetric manner in units of the Planck length.
Dr. E has added to the following dialogue with Roger Penrose, showing
how Moving Dimensions Theory can unify the concept of time in SR and
QM-in fact all phenomena in SR and QM might be accounted for by Moving
Dimensions Theory. The original dialogue may be found here:
http://members.fortunecity.com/templarser/flowtime.html
Roger Penrose : "I think there's always something paradoxical about the
way we seem to perceive time to pass and the way physics describes
time."
Dr. E: Moving Dimensions Theory alleviates this paradox by viewing time
as an emergent phenomena-something that arises because the fourth
dimension is expanding relative to the three stationary spatial
dimensions.
Roger Penrose : Space-time is certainly different stuff from space
because its 4 dimensional instead of 3-D (RP larfs!) which is a big
diff. Time really has to be brought into the picture; this one thing
which is space/time.
Physicist : Just imagine what this might be like: 3-D space implies a
volume, and you can move any where in that volume. Once you add time as
a 4th dimension, another axis, then this block of space/time would
contain within it past, present and future, all at once. Time is
frozen, all times exist together; so just as you can say "over here,
over there" in 3-D space, you can talk about "over then", in 4-D
space/time.
Roger Penrose : It's a way of looking at things if you like which
physically we seem to be forced into. I say physically from the point
of view of what the theory of rel. tells us. And Relativity is
remarkably well tested, I mean, 14 places of decimal, it's just
incredible. So we know that this theory does describe the universe to
an extraordinarily precise degree, so we have to take it seriously. And
that theory tells us that we have to regard space and time as one
thing, it's all out there, it's one thing. In the same sense that space
is out there, time is out there.
Dr. E: No-the past and future are not out there. There is indeed a
fourth dimension, and that dimension is expanding relative to the three
spatial dimensions at the rate of c in units of the Planck length. We
perceive time-the past and the future-as events and dreams in our
memories and minds, based on the interaction of the fourth expanding
dimension with the three stationary dimensions.
Narrator : Like the Medieval God's-view of time, Einstein's physics
says that the future is already out there. The moments of our lives are
just waiting for us to step into them.
Roger Penrose : But there's no more problem about the future being out
there than saying that space is out there. You say, "Mars is out
there", but why is that more comprehensible than saying "next week is
out there"? It's just as far away in a certain sense.
Physicist : If you take this block of 4-D space/time literally, it
means you have to abandon free will. It means not only is the future
pre-ordained, but its already there, its already happened. There's no
point in making any decisions, whatever you do has already happened. If
I choose to drop this stone into a pond, I think of it being my own
free choice, but of course in 4-D space/time I had no choice in
dropping the stone ; the splash is already there in the future and so
we lose all free will. If time travel was possible, you can imagine
people coming back from the future to visit us; its no good us saying,
"you cant exist - you haven't happened yet".They've come from a time
which they consider to be their 'now' and for them we're in their path.
Roger Penrose : So this means that in a sense, the present past and
future are out there, and that also gives us a very deterministic view
of the world. We have no control of what happens in the future because
its all laid out. I think the trouble that people have with this idea
is that you think the future is under your control, to some degree, and
so this means that if the future's laid out then in a sense its not
under your control.
Physicist : Personally I'm very uncomfortable about the block universe
idea. Now this may be just a gut feeling or just irrational, but can't
accept the future's already 'out there'. I don't accept that I don't
have any free will.
Roger Penrose : I think there is a positive side to this picture of
space and time being laid out there as 4 dimensions, because it tells
you that all times are there once and it can affect the way one thinks
about people who have died. I mean, I remember thinking in this kind of
way when my mother died. In some sense she was still there because her
existence is still out there in space/time although in our time she is
not alive. A colleague of mine had a son who died in tragic
circumstances and I presented this idea to him and it helped his
understanding also. This was before I heard that Einstein had a
colleague died and he wrote to the man's wife that Bessa was still out
there, and that somehow this was reassuring. I certainly think this way
often, that space/time is laid out and that things in the past and
things in the future are out there still.
Narrator : But almost at the same time that Relativity was gaining
universal acceptance a radically different picture of the universe was
emerging.
Physicist : The way out if you don't want to accept the block universe
idea is quantum mechanics. Now, Quantum Mechanics is the second great
discovery of the 20th century physics and that states that the future
isn't predetermined and preordained.
Narrator : Quantum Mechanics was born out of a series of experiments
whose results even today have no satisfactory explanation. Relativity
works at the large scale where it provides exact predictions as to what
will happen next. But when physicists started looking down at the
atomic and sub-atomic level, the familiar laws failed. At this level,
there were no certainties, only probabilities. How can the future of
the universe be already out there if the future of a single molecule is
so utterly unpredictable?
Dr. E: The future of the universe is not already out there. Both
quantum mechanics and relativity derive from the same underlying
physical reality of a fourth dimension expanding relative to three
spatial dimensions at the rate of c in units of the Planck length. The
wave-particle duality of matter comes from the inherent non-locality of
any matter at a point in the expanding dimension, which would appear as
photons expanding in a spherically symmetric manner at the rate of c.
The constant speed of light also comes from the physical reality of the
fourth dimension expanding relative to the three stationary spatial
dimensions. No matter how fast the emitter is traveling, the expanding
dimension yet carries the photon at the rate of c.
Physicist : Before we look to see what the atom is doing, not only is
there a gap in our knowledge, the atom itself has not decided what to
do. It had an infinite number of choices to make, it will be doing all
those choices all at once, and its only when we look to see what is
happening do we force it to make a choice. In Quantum Mechanics the
future is not determined, and so Quantum Mechanics in a sense rescues
us and rescues free will.
Roger Penrose : In a sense you don't have the future laid out in
Quantum Mechanics So Quantum Mechanics. is basically different in the
way we look at it. You do have this indeterminacy about the future and
a necessary feature of this is its incompatibility with Special
Relativity. So we have these 2 great theories, both of which are
extremely accurate, tell us something about how the world operates,
something very insightful and profound and accurate, but they're
incompatible with each other. So there's no doubt there's something
missing here. How important it is to how we 'feel' the passage of time
is I think very important.
Dr. E: But QM and SR perfectly compatible theories. In SR there is no
certain future-that is a byproduct of mistakenly looking at time as a
fourth dimension on equal footing with the three spatial dimensions.
The passage of time happens because of matter interacting with a
dimension that is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions.
And all quantum mechanical and relativistic effects may be traced back
to Moving Dimensions Theory.
Narrator: The tragedy of modern physics is that it explains so much of
the objective universe but at the cost of what we subjectively feel;
about our conscious free will and our feeling that time does flow.
Faun Flynn: I very much think there's a flow to time. If you consider
what music would be like if there was no flow to time. You couldn't
have music if you didn't have memory, or if you didn't have an
expectation generated by that memory. You'd have an isolated note in
the 'now'. Music unfolds in time in such a way that we have a memory of
what we've heard, and this memory conditions to what we expect. This of
course is something that everybody is familiar with, because if you
hear ( 7 note scale played on piano) you have a very strong expectation
that the next note will be (plays final octave note of scale) . Music
is a distillation or a side-effect of that mental faculty we employ to
perceive time, and things changing in time.
Roger Penrose : The question of the passage of time is something the
scientists have rather set aside, and taking the view that its not
really physics, it's a subjective issue; and subjective questions are
not part of science. Now when you start talking about phenomena like
one's own perception of the passage of time, then that is a subjective
thing. And that's almost a taboo subject for science because it's
subjective. The physical world at least according to Relativity, is out
there, and there is no flow of time, it's just there; whereas our
feeling (we have this feeling of the passage of time) are intimately
connected to our perceptions.
Dr. E: Indeed scientists too often choose their battles selfishly,
thereby solving problems by saying that they do not need to be solved,
while simultaneously concentrating on obscure theories, spending
millions on building empty temples for the herd. The physical future is
not out there according to relativity. The passage of time is the
result of the propagation of energy. The aging of cells, the
oscillations of a quartz crystal, the unwinding of a clock spring, the
swing of a pendulum-all of these have to do with the exchange of
photons and thus the propagation of energy. And energy propagates at
the constant rate of c throughout the universe because the fourth
dimension, which carries matter that we perceive as photons, is
expanding at the rate of c relative to the three spatial dimensions, in
units of the Planck length.
Physicist : We have this subjective feeling, that time goes by, but
physicists would argue this is just an illusion.
Roger Penrose : Yes I think physicists would agree that the feeling of
time passing is simply an illusion, something that is not real. It has
something to do with our perceptions.
Dr. E: The passage of time is real. Time's arrow, or entropy, or the
second law of thermodynamics are all explained by Moving Dimensions
Theory. Because a fourth dimension is expanding at the rate of c in a
spherically symmetric manner, all particles have a probability of being
displaced in a spherically symmetric manner. Thus any two particles
close to each other will wander apart.
Narrator : Illusion or not, our perceptions emerge somewhere between
the cosmic scale of Relativity where the flow of time is frozen and the
quantum scale, where flow descends to uncertainty. Our world is on a
scale governed by a mixture of chance and necessity.
Roger Penrose : My view is that there is some large scale quantum
activity going on in the brain. Physics does not say that Quantum
Mechanics takes place in small areas, but also take place over larger
areas. I think this has to do with the consciousness. I think we need a
new way to look at time, not either Quantum Mechanics or Relativity.
Dr. E: Moving Dimensions offers this new way of looking at time. Time
is not the fourth dimension, but it is a phenomena that arises because
a fourth spatial dimension is expanding relative to the three
stationary spatial dimensions.
Narrator : If Quantum Mechanics is taking place in the brain then the
same randomness of outcome and unpredictability might explain our
ability to make sometime random choices. Opening up the future to the
possibility of change would provide the first step of restoring to
physics the flow of time it currently denies.
Physicist : I don't think time flows, I feel that time flows, but I
feel we can only understand this if we have a better understanding of
how consciousness works. I think human consciousness probably has the
secrets as to how and why we think of time as going by.
Roger Penrose : I don't think we have the tools, I don't think we have
the physical picture to accommodate these things yet. We're not very
close to it.
Dr. E: Moving Dimensions Theory has just brought us closer.
The original dialogue may be found here:
http://members.fortunecity.com/templarser/flowtime.html
Wheeler's Quantum Foam:
Brian Greene writes, "The notion of a smooth spatial geometry, the
central principle of general relativity, is destroyed by the violent
fluctuations of the quantum world on short distance scales. On
ultramicroscopic scales, the central feature of quantum mechanics-the
uncertainty principle-is in direct conflict with the central feature
of general relativity-the smooth geometrical model of space (and of
spacetime)... The equations of general relativity cannot handle the
roiling frenzy of quantum foam." Nor do they have to.
MDT happily unifies relativity and quantum mechanics with a simple
postulate. The fourth dimension is expanding relative to the three
spatial dimensions.
And because the fourth dimension is expanding in units of the Planck
length, quantum mechanical behavior manifests itself in all phenomena
that touch upon the notion of tiny distances. However, over large
distances, the expansion of the fourth dimension seems smooth and
continuous. Thus space and time appear smooth and continuous over large
distances.
Likewise, although light has a probability of traveling slower or
faster than c, due to the quantum mechanical nature of the expansion of
the dimension that carries it through space, over large distances time
is observed to travel at a the constant rate of c.
Relativity and quantum mechanics have always existed peaceably in
nature, and now, via Moving Dimensions Theory, relativity and quantum
mechanics exist peaceably in theory too.
String Theory's Admitted Shortcomings FROM ITS TEXTBOOKS!!!:
The great irony of string theory, however, is that the theory itself is
not unified. To someone learning the theory for the first time, it is
often a frustrating collection of folklore, rules of thumb, and
intuition. (IN OTHER WORDS IT IS NOT PHYSICS!!!) At times, there seems
to be no rhyme or reason for many of the conventions of the model. For
a theory that makes the claim of providing a unifying framework for all
physical laws, it is the supreme irony that the theory itself appears
so disunited!!
Chapter 1. Path Integrals and Point Particles: Why Strings?
"Introduction to Superstrings and M-Theory," page 5. -Michio Kaku
Supersymmetry is one of the most elegant of all symmetries, uniting
bosons and fermions into a single multiplet:
Fermions ßà Bosons
By uniting fields of differing statistics, supersymmetry and
supergroups have also opened up an entirely new area of mathematics...
However, the irony is that there is not a single shred of experimental
evidence in its favor. For example, physicists have tried to fit the
electron or neutrino into supersymmetric multiplets, but the scalar
partners of these leptons have never been seen. In fact, none of the
presently known particles has a supersymmetric partner.
Chapter 3, Superstrings, Supersymmetric Point Particles - Michio Kaku
Should New Ideas be Allowed in Contemporary Physics?
All of physic's greatest hits are contained in simple postulates,
laws, and equations that have stood the test of time and provided a
lever by which we could disturb the universe. For this reason, I am
advocating a return to physics that is expressed in simple postulates,
laws, and equations that can be discussed and tested by experiment.
Postmodern theories such as string theory are dangerous to physics and
physicists alike. Like Narcissus, who fell in the water while staring
at his own reflection, it seems many String Theorists have fallen into
a world of reflection, where they're not looking at physical reality,
but only themselves. Hundreds of millions of dollars have been poured
into String Theory, and yet not one postulate, nor law, nor proof, nor
success.
But the purpose of this paper is not to criticize string theory, but to
light the way to a new day with a simple postulate: the fourth
dimension is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions.
After Einstein published his two postulates of special relativity and
his foundational paper on quantum mechanics, it was yet many years, and
tens of thousands of man hours, before a nobler physics bore itself
out-the realm of physics that is now known as relativity, that has
stood the tests of time and continues to inspire young physicists. And
so it is that today, Quantum Mechanics and Relativity, which came out
of either side of Einstein's mind, are yet the towering beacons that
inspire young physicists. When one wants to see further, one climbs on
top of the shoulders of giants-Newton, Bohr, Einstein, Dirac,
Shrodinger, and Wheeler. And it was from such a vantage point that I
saw Moving Dimensions Theory.
Contemporary physics, like much of academia, is cluttered with
political factions, charlatans, hypesters, and fund-raisers. Such a
system is self-reinforcing, and as time goes on, truth means less and
less, as politics, hype, and blind-faith land the postdocs, government
grants, and tenure.
Young physicists are bullied by pomo-hipster "the truth does not
exist" String Theorists who tell questioning young physicists that
they cannot question. When the young physicists continue to question
undeterred, the tenured string theorist waves her hands and makes it
personal, projecting their infinite shortcomings, telling the young
physicists that simply cannot comprehend the beauty of the ten, eleven,
twenty-two, or thirty dimensions.
But there are changes afoot, and prominent physicists-Nobel Prize
winners and true leaders-are stepping forth to criticize string
theory:
"If Einstein were alive today, he would be horrified at this state of
affairs. He would upbraid the profession for allowing this mess to
develop and fly into a blind rage over the transformation of his
beautiful creations into ideologies and the resulting proliferation of
logical inconsistencies. Einstein was an artist and a scholar but above
all he was a revolutionary. His approach to physics might be summarized
as hypothesizing minimally. Never arguing with experiment, demanding
total logical consistency, and mistrusting unsubstantiated beliefs. The
unsubstantial belief of his day was ether, or more precisely the naïve
version of ether that preceded relativity. The unsubstantiated belief
of our day is relativity itself. It would be perfectly in character for
him to reexamine the facts, toss them over in his mind, and conclude
that his beloved principle of relativity was not fundamental at all but
emergent-a collective property of the matter constituting space-time
that becomes increasingly exact at long length scales but fails at
short ones. This is a different idea from his original one but
something fully compatible with it logically, and even more exciting
and potentially important. It would mean that the fabric of space-time
was not simply the stage on which life played out but an organizational
phenomenon, and that there might be something beyond." -A Different
Universe, Reinventing Physics From The Bottom Down, Robert B. Laughlin,
Winner of the Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the fractional
quantum Hall effect.
"Despite its having become embedded in the discipline, the idea of
absolute symmetry makes no sense. Symmetries are cause by things, not
he cause of things. If relativity is always true, then there has to be
an underlying reason. Attempts to evade this problem inevitably result
in contradictions. Thus if we try to write down relativistic equations
describing the spectroscopy of a vacuum, we discover that the equations
are mathematical nonsense unless either relativity or guage invariance,
an equally important symmetry, is postulated to fail at extremely short
distances. No workable fix to this problem has ever been discovered.
String theory, originally invented for this purpose, has not succeeded.
In addition to its legendary appetite for higher dimensions, it also
has problems at short length scales, albeit more subtle ones, and has
never been shown to evolve into the standard model at long length
scales, as required for compatibility with experiment." -A
Different Universe, Reinventing Physics From The Bottom Down, Robert B.
Laughlin, Winner of the Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the
fractional quantum Hall effect
"Thus the innocent observation that the vacuum of space is empty is
not innocent at all, but is instead compelling evidence that light and
gravity are linked and probably both collective in nature. Real light,
like real quantum-mechanical sound, differs from its idealized
Newtonian counterpart in containing energy even when it is stone cold.
According to the principle of relativity, this energy should have
generated mass, and this, in turn, should have generated gravity. We
have no idea why it does not, so we deal with the problem the way the
government might, namely by simply declaring empty space not to
gravitate. In chutzpah, this ranks with the famous case of the Indiana
state legislature passing a law declaring Pi to have the value three.
It also demonstrates the severity of the problem, for one does not
resort to such desperate measures when there are reasonable
alternatives. The desire to explain away the gravity paradox
microscopically is also the motivation for the invention of
supersymmetry, a mathematical construction that assigns a special
complementary partner to every known elementary particle. Were a
superpartner ever discovered in nature, the hope for a reductionist
explanation for the emptiness of space might be rekindled, but this has
not happened, at least not yet."
"[String Theory] has no practical utility, however, other than to
sustain the myth of the ultimate theory. There is no experimental
evidence for the existence of strings in nature, nor does the special
mathematics of string theory enable known experimental behavior to be
calculated or predicted more easily. Moreover, the complex
spectroscopic properties of space accessible with today's mighty
accelerators are accountable in only as "low-energy
phenomenology"-a pejorative term for transcendent emergent
properties of matter impossible to calculate from first principles.
String theory is, in fact, a textbook case of Deceitful Turkey, a
beautiful set of ideas that will always remain just barely out of
reach. Far from a wonderful technological hope for a greater tomorrow,
it is instead the tragic consequence of an obsolete belief system-in
which emergence plays no role and dark law does not exist."
-A Different Universe, Reinventing Physics From The Bottom Down,
Robert B. Laughlin, Winner of the Nobel Prize in physics for his work
on the fractional quantum Hall effect.
"The master antitheory of the age is the idea that there is no
fundamental thing left to discover, so that the world we inhabit is
simply a swarm of detail that belongs to no one and thus can be
legitimately handled by business tactics-resource management,
competitive advertising, survival of the fittest, and so forth. A
corollary is that there is no absolute truth, but only products, like
shirts or hamburgers, that one throws away when their usefulness is
exhausted. Antitheories are dangerous ideologies not only because they
impede inquiry but because they lull one into ignoring threats that
one's opponents can exploit to their advantage."
-A Different Universe, Reinventing Physics From The Bottom Down,
Robert B. Laughlin, Winner of the Nobel Prize in physics for his work
on the fractional quantum Hall effect.
Acceleration occurs when an object is rotated in space-time, and the
conservation of momentum and energy were based on the conservation of
something more fundamental-the conservation of dimension.
Conservation Laws: Newton's Laws & The Law of Inertia
The conservation of energy and the conservation of momentum can be
expressed as the conservation of rotation in space-time. Every particle
has a probability of existing in ace or time. A photon has close to a
100% probability of existing in time and close to a 0% chance of
existing in space. Mass has close to a 100% chance of existing in
space, and close to 0% chance of existing in time. When one adds
photons to massive objects, one gives them energy, the net photon-mass
object has a greater chance of existing in time than did the massive
object on its own.
\ | /
\ | /
\ | /
\ | /
\ | /
| | | | \|/ |
B A C
Because massive objects curve space-time, the probability of being in
space and time are altered by gravitational fields.
Consider point A in the figure above, close to a massive object. The
rate at which the fourth dimension expands is always proportional to
the space metric at the exact point from where the expansion
originates. So the time metric at point B is shorter than the time
metric at point A which is shorter than the time metric at point C. The
fourth dimension, expanding from point A, will arrive at point B before
it arrives at point C.
Acceleration occurs when an object is rotated in space-time, and the
conservation of momentum and energy were based on the conservation of
something more fundamental-the conservation of dimension.
Because space is stretched towards the massive object, and all objects
try to preserve their relative rotation with respect to space and time,
the object has a greater chance of being in the time dimension where
the space is stretched. Hence the acceleration expected due to the laws
of relativity.
[img]file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ce%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1
%5C01%5Cclip_image002.jpg[/img]
And so too is it seen that in the Schroedinger equation that the change
of probability with respect to time results in an acceleration in
space.
Questions Addressed by MDT:
Why is the speed of light constant in all frames?
Why are light and energy quantized?
How can matter display both wave and particle properties?
Why are there non-local effects in quantum mechanics?
Why does time stop at the speed of light?
How come a photon does not age?
Why are inertial mass and gravitational mass the same thing?
Why do moving bodies exhibit length contraction?
Why are mass and energy equivalent?
Why does time's arrow point in the direction it points in?
Why do photons appear as spherically-symmetric wavefronts traveling at
a velocity c?
Why is there a minus sign in the following metric?
x^2+y^2+z^2-c^2t^2=s^2
What deeper reality underlies Einstein's postulates of relativity?
What deeper reality underlies Newton's laws?
How MDT Is Aiding Fellow Physicists
"The conclusions from Bell's theorem are philosophically startling;
either one must totally abandon the realistic philosophy of most
working scientists or dramatically revise our concept of space-time."
-Abner Shimony and John Clauser
Moving Dimensions Theory provides this new concept of space-time.
http://physicsmathforums.com
The underlying expanding fourth dimension gives rise to non-local
phenomena.
"For me, then, this is the real problem with quantum theory: the
apparently essential conflict between any sharp formulation and
fundamental relativity. It may be that a real synthesis of quantum and
relativity theories requires not just technical developments but
radical conceptual renewal." --John Bell
Moving Dimensions Theory provides this radical conceptual renewal.
http://physicsmathforums.com
"Entanglement is not one but rather the characteristic trait of quantum
mechanics." --Erwin Schrodinger
"The discovery of the quantum of action shows us not only the natural
limitation of classical physics, but, by throwing a new light upon the
old philsophical problem of the objective existence of phenomena
indepedently of our observations, confronts us with a situation
hitherto unknown in natural science." --Niels Bohr
"I think we need a new way to look at time, not either Quantum
Mechanics or Relativity." -Roger Penrose
"Should we be prepared to see some day a new structure for the
foundations of physics that does away with time? . . . Yes, because
'time' is in trouble." -John Wheeler
"Time is clothed in a different garment for each role it plays in our
thinking." -John Wheeler
"The word time came not from heaven but form the mouth of man."
-John Wheeler
"My ideas about time all developed from the realization that if
nothing were to change we could not say that times passes. Change is
primary, time, if it exists at all, is something we deduce from it.
My Italian collaborator Bruno Bertotti and I found that the deep
structure of Einstein's general theory of relativity does correspond to
this truth. It is telling us that time does not exist as an independent
thing and that change is indeed primary. However, this is in the
framework of so-called classical physics, the form of physics that
developed before quantum mechanics was discovered. When the idea that
time has no independent existence is combined with the basic facts of
quantum mechanics in the simplest possible way, the implications are
startling.
The quantum universe is static. Only timeless Nows exist. The quantum
rules give them different probabilities. We experience the most
probable Nows as individual instants of time. The appearance of motion
and a flow of time are both illusions created by very special structure
of the instants that we experience." -Julian Barbour,
http://www.platonia.com/ideas.html
"The mystery of time's arrow is the oldest problem in science
concerning the nature of time, predating even the theory of
relativity." -Paul Davies, About Time
Moving Dimensions Theory & On The Advancement Of Physics
Physics has been furthered far more often by a rugged individual
acknowledging the simple and obvious in a pursuit of the truth than
book-keepers-in-training playing games in the abstruse in pursuit of
tenure. The advancement of physics has ever depended far more on logic,
reason, and Truth than government grants, tenure, group think,
peer-reviewed journals, and aging bureaucracies. "That is the way
things are because that is the way things are," has lead to far more
physics than the contemporary, "things can't be that way because the
math dictates that we live in thirty-three dimensions and four are
curled up, and that is what NSF is funding."
When experiments showed that light existed only in quantized packets,
Einstein proclaimed that light only existed in quantized packets, and
he won the Nobel Prize. When spectra from atoms showed discreet
energies, Niels Bohr proclaimed that electrons orbits were quantized,
and he received a Nobel Prize. When Maxwell's Equations had a recurring
constant, Maxwell used c to denote it, and Einstein proclaimed that the
speed of light must be constant for all observers-and so Special
Relativity was born. When Einstein juxtaposed objects falling towards
the earth getting closer together with the fact that two people
starting at the equator, walking on originally parallel lines of
longitude towards the North Pole, would come together because they were
walking on a curve surface, Einstein proclaimed that the space-time
around a massive object must also be curved. This along with Einstein's
realization that the force of gravity would be rendered null in
free-fall, lead to General Relativity.
And so it is that in the above paragraph you have the roots of the
greatest achievements of physics in the past 100+ years, dwarfing
String Theory, Loop Quantum Gravity, and thousands of their variatons,
which deal in the abstruse, complicated, muddled, and mythological
worlds which are safe from physics simple rigor.
Moving Dimensions Theory returns us to simpler times. It starts with
the simple and keeps it simple. Light travels with a maximum velocity
of c, because the fourth dimension is expanding at a rate relative to
the three spatial dimensions at the velocity of c. A photon expands
through space in a spherically symmetric manner. This is because the
fourth dimension expands through the three spatial dimensions in a
spherically symmetric manner. Energy and mass are equivalent, expressed
by E=mc^2, because energy is nothing more than mass rotated into the
expanding fourth dimension. The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen effect (EPR)
effect, which calls instantaneous action at a distance "spooky," can be
accounted for by the expanding dimension-as a point expands, it is yet
a single locale in that dimension, and hence though separated by
distance in space, interacting particles may be in the same place in
the time dimension, and hence connected. The null vector of the photon,
which remains 0 no matter how far the photon travels in space-time, may
be accounted for by the fact that the fourth dimension is moving, and
thus the only way to stay still in the four dimensions is to move with
along with the expanding dimension. In Lorentzian Transformations,
there is no way for an object to be rotated into the time dimension
without it moving-this can be explained by the fact that the time
dimension is expanding. All wave-particle duality can be seen as the
result of the universe's existence upon a reality that has three
stationary spatial dimensions and one expanding time dimension-when
matter exists in the stationary dimensions, it is seen as mass, or a
particle. When matter exists in the time dimension it is seen as wave,
or a photon, or energy. Depending how we choose to observer matter
determines whether we observe its wave or particle properties. Photons
are quantized bundles of energy that propagate at the velocity of
c-this is because the fourth dimension is expanding relative to the
three spatial dimensions in a quantized manner, in units of Planck's
length at the rate of c. The Second Law of Thermodyamics, or the law of
Entropy, states that the universe tends towards disorder. This is
because the fourth dimension is expanding in a spherically symmetric
manner, constantly carrying all photons and interacting particles away
from one another-thus a drop of food coloring in a pool will be carried
outward and evenly distributed. In 1949 Godel published a paper showing
that within the theory of relativity, time as we understand it, does
not exist. Einstein recognized Godel's paper as "an important
contribution to the general theory of relativity," and since then
physicists have not been able to find any logical shortcomings in
Godel's work, and nobody has been able to account for the existence of
time. But the Theory of Moving Dimensions accounts for time as we know
it by showing that it is an emergent property of the underlying
dimension's intrinsic relative movement. Relativity becomes
increasingly exact at long-length scales but fails at short ones
because space-time itself is quantized, as the time dimension is
expanding in units of the Planck length.
The concept of general relativity's smooth geometry, at large scales,
disappears on short-distance scales-this has been a problem to string
theorists, but only because they were never bold enough to recognize
that's the way it is because that's the way it is. Realizing this might
have lead one of them to see that the fourth dimension is expanding at
a rate of c relative to the three spatial dimensions. So it is seen
that Moving Dimensions Theory offers a simple model upon which all
known phenomena of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics may rest. And
because the underlying architecture of the universe is
quantized-because the fourth dimension expands at the rate of c in
units of the Planck length relative to the three spatial dimensions,
quantum mechanics works for the small, while general relativity works
for the large. That is the way it is because that is the way it is-this
was the realization that lead to the postulate of MDT: the fourth
dimension is expanding relative to the three spatial dimensions.
Tim
<jollyro...@yahoo.com> wrote in message
news:1136464126....@g47g2000cwa.googlegroups.com...
http://physicsmathforums.com
When string theorists say that higher dimensions are "too small" or
"curled up," what do they mean?
Suppose, for instance, that the x dimension was curled up in three
dimensions. Could someone draw a picture that?
If the x dimension was too tiny to be measured, what would this mean?
Would we ever be able to get off the y-z plane?
Coudl someone draw or point me to a picture of 1) a curled dimension,
or a 2) dimension too tiny to be ssen?
Thanks!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabi_Yau
Robert Low
> <jollyro...@yahoo.com> wrote in message
> news:1136464126....@g47g2000cwa.googlegroups.com...
> http://physicsmathforums.com
> When string theorists say that higher dimensions are "too small" or
> "curled up," what do they mean?
They mean that attached to each point of space-time is
a compact manifold which has an extremely small radius.
The common analogy is that if you look at a drinking straw,
it 'looks like' a line, if the radius of the straw is small
enough. In the same way, the high-dimensional space-time
'looks like' four dimensional because you don't have any
appreciable room to move in the other directions.
Happy Hippy
outlines the Galaxy Model, where electrons are star
arms composed of suns and planets.
In that case, Time is passing so fast for these
lifeforms and structures that for us they are nothing
since they are too small to interact with.
But they can interact with us if they devote a
lot of lifetimes to something and they are
technologically advanced enough.
John
PD
I distinctly remember my seven-year-old son coming to me with the
revelation, "What if atoms are all little solar systems or galaxies,
and there are itty bitty people living on those itty bitty planets, and
those itty bitty people are made of smaller atoms, which are in turn
really even smaller solar systems or galaxies...." I smiled,
remembering my own discovery of the same revelation at a similar age,
and we talked about it and about mental pocket pool in general.
After a short while, when he learned the difference between mental
pocket pool and science, he dismissed his own "revelation".
I suppose some people stumble on their "revelations" later than others,
and I suppose that there might be some correlation between that age and
how resistant one is to outgrowing that.
PD
Timothy Golden http://www.BandTechnology.com
> When string theorists say that higher dimensions are "too small" or
> "curled up," what do they mean?
> fourth dimension that is fundamentally different from the three spatial
> dimensions.
> The fourth dimension is fundamenatlly different, because of this
> metric: x^2+y^2+z^2-c^2t^2=s^2
the problem of why spacetime is the observed basis of reality. What is
so natural about it? Not just the strange discrepancy that time throws
in but the three extended dimensions of space should be questioned as
well.
I have found a natural construction that yields spacetime as a natural
progression.
By extending the definition of sign to more or less than two signs (the
real numbers) I have developed a number system that I call polysigned
numbers. So for instance you can consider one-signed numbers,
two-signed numbers, three-signed numbers, four-signed numbers, etc.
I believe that the construction is trivial, i.e. if you were to
construct it you would wind up with the same construction that I have
(though you might opt for different notation).
Products and sums are clearly defined on n-signed numbers.
Dimentionality is one less than the number of signs.
e.g. the two-signed numbers(the reals) are one-dimensional and
three-signed are two-dimensional.
Strangely the three-signed numbers are equivalent to complex numbers.
This is a neat feature because it builds complex numbers right
alongside the real numbers merely by upping the number of signs by one.
Another neat feature of the polysigned numbers is that they define a
consistent product in higher dimensions. So four-signed numbers define
a three-dimensional product. That's not been done before.
The catch is that the magnitude law:
|AB| = |A||B|
is broken from four signs and on.
But this is exactly what supports spacetime via the construction.
The natural progression:
P1,P2,P3,P4,... (where P1 are one-signed numbers, P2 two-signed
numbers, etc.)
has the product magnitude conservation broken beyond P3.
If we look at P1,P2,P3 it represents spacetime!
Not typical spacetime either.
P1 contains the unique features of time that are commonly complained of
as lacking.
Because there is only one sign there is no going backwards in time.
Not only that but the immeasurability of time is supported here while
placing it in the same class as the spatial dimensions. The physical
tape measure doesn't measure it while it does measure the other
dimensions. This is because the dimensionality of one-signed numbers is
zero. This zero dimensional definition is based in the polysigned
interpretation. While these numbers have a product and sum defined
their valuation is subject to a zero sum law of polysigned numbers:
- x = 0 ( P1 )
- x + x = 0 ( P2, the reals )
- x + x * x = 0 ( P3, * is a new sign )
- x + x * x # x = 0 ( P4, # is a new sign )
The only one of these that should look familiar is the second equation.
It's fairly obvious that
- 5 + 5 = 0.
It is this symmetry that is used to answer the question of what to do
with a third sign (*).
For three-signed numbers
- 5 + 5 * 5 = 0.
In three-signed numbers - 5 + 5 does not reduce and that is what makes
them two-dimensional.
The product is even easier to build than the sum.
We see with the real numbers that - moves a value over one in sign, and
could look at + as moving twice, but since there are only two signs
that means it preserves sign. So in three-signed numbers let - move up
one sign, + up two signs, and * up three signs. You can look at sign as
being modulo arithmetic which is consistent with the real numbers being
modulo 2 with respect to sign.
It can be shown that all of the usual distributive laws and so forth
work consistently over these product and sum operations for any sign
level. I don't know how to prove that mathematically but it's easy to
see that they work just fine.
So the complex numbers turn out to be three-signed numbers in a
different notational form based on these sign principles. It's not
apparent at all but can be proven and is on my website
http://bandtechnology.com/PolySigned/PolySigned.html
Spacetime as P1 x P2 x P3 is 0 + 1 + 2 dimensional or
three-dimensional.
But that zero dimension has a little bit more to it than just a zero.
For this reason it might be appropriate to question the usage of the
term dimension if the polysigned numbers ever gain any traction.
When the product magnitude law breaks that is about geometrical
products using actual cartesian distances. n-signed numbers are
geometrically represented by a simplex with n vertices, with unit
vectors originating from the center of the simplex toward the vertices,
each representing one sign. Since the structure is symmetrical and
dimensionally accurate this terse definition suffices. Cartesian
distances can be measured and are solved on my website. It is these
distances which are the magnitudes in the equation
| A B | = | A || B |.
If you can get here then perhaps you could go the next step of asking
whether the progression stops at three or keeps going and that higher
dimensions are broken rather than curled up. In this event polysigned
numbers support a high dimension reality with no upper limit, yet
retain support for spacetime.
-Tim
hanson
news:1136491172....@g49g2000cwa.googlegroups.com...
> I distinctly remember my seven-year-old son coming to me with the
> revelation, "What if atoms are all little solar systems or galaxies,
> and there are itty bitty people living on those itty bitty planets, and
> those itty bitty people are made of smaller atoms, which are in turn
> really even smaller solar systems or galaxies...." I smiled,
> remembering my own discovery of the same revelation at a similar age,
> and we talked about it and about mental pocket pool in general.
>
ahahaha..... ahahahaha.... I am truly jealous of these 7 year old
wunderkinder in this noble and august Draper family..... ahahaha...
The apple don't fall far from the horse, huh, father Draper...
ahahaha... Seriously father, I give you kudos for you being a proud
daddy and also for massaging your obese ego, so strenuously.
Thanks for the laughs, dude,.... ahahahaha....
ahahaha.... ahahanson
Traveler
ahahaha... PD (pederast or pedophile?) does think highly of himself,
doesn't he? Physics is one of the few religions on earth where
humility is frowned upon. The insufferable pomposity of the ass
kissers is now becoming legendary. Some think it was Newton and
Leibniz who started it all. But I think they are wrong. Assholes and
ass kissers in science are an age old tradition, from prime ass kisser
Zeno of Elea and his homosexual lover/master Parmenides on down.
ahahahaha... AHAHAHA... Physics is so much phucking phun! ahaha...
Louis Savain
Why Software Is Bad and What We Can Do to Fix It:
http://www.rebelscience.org/Cosas/Reliability.htm
Minus XVII
how is your "polysigned numbers" different
from quaternions?
thus:
also, see the article on Carl Schmitt,
"Cheeny's *eminence grise*....
I just want to link this article, detailing the enormous apparatus
of DeLay et al ad vomitorium:
http://larouchepub.com/eiw/public/2006/2006_1-9/2006-1/analysis.html....
impeach Trickier Dick Cheeny,
from the Nixon Admin.!
thus:
Bertrand Russell colluded with Kruschev
for the Cuban Missile Crisis....
find it on http://laroucehpub.com or
http://members.tripod.com/~american_almanac.
thus:
notice how the Congressors caved
to the cartel interests -- whether or not
there's any where, or oil, there in ANWR....
the important, totally virtual figure is,
what percentage of our current usage could be supplied,
by Beyond Petroleum (tm) or other entitites?
thus:
I realize that ANWR could be a BP et al sham, and
that was implicit in my critique....
a spill in '68 is no reason to ban offshore drilling,
no matter how much the cartel likes it, that way. according
to an old Scientific American cover-article, "[Organic] Oil Seeps
in the Gulf of Mexico," the leakage therat is about one Exxon Valdez
per annum; so, there....
Cheeny et al ad vomitorium are Synarchists, but
you'd have to read about it, firstly.
thus:
the effects of "the medium" are known universally
from experiments of the 18th, 19th and 20th cce;
if we include the brachistochrone problem,
since the 17th?
thus:
how d'y'know,
the Millennium Dome wasn't being used by Harry Potter and the Public
Schools,
or MI9?... at least, they probably all wanted to.
--les Protocols de George Elder chez Kyoto!
(emmissions-trading scheme online in USA as of Feb.12)
http://tarpley.net/bush8.htm
http://larouchepub.com/other/2002/2903_chapter_11.html
http://www.rwgrayprojects.com/synergetics/plates/plates.html
PD
hanson wrote:
> "PD" <TheDrap...@gmail.com> wrote in message
> news:1136491172....@g49g2000cwa.googlegroups.com...
> > I distinctly remember my seven-year-old son coming to me with the
> > revelation, "What if atoms are all little solar systems or galaxies,
> > and there are itty bitty people living on those itty bitty planets, and
> > those itty bitty people are made of smaller atoms, which are in turn
> > really even smaller solar systems or galaxies...." I smiled,
> > remembering my own discovery of the same revelation at a similar age,
> > and we talked about it and about mental pocket pool in general.
> >
> [hanson]
> ahahaha..... ahahahaha.... I am truly jealous of these 7 year old
> wunderkinder in this noble and august Draper family
Wunderkind my ass. Just about every 7 year old on the planet has had
this "revelation". Happy Hippy just has held onto his for longer than
most.
Thanks for the laughs, Hanson. Your sense of humor and mine don't seem
to be connecting lately.
PD
Happy Hippy
Keep the pocketpool mental; it's
what yer brain can do, doo doo.
John
Golden Boar
Gives a whole new meaning to 'little green men'!
Timothy Golden http://www.BandTechnology.com
> how is your "polysigned numbers" different
> from quaternions?
so here goes again.
Quaternions are four dimensional so their closest counterpart in
polysigned would be five-signed numbers (P5). Quaternions obey the
magnitude conservation under product:
| A B | = | A || B |
whereas P5 does.
That is to say that for z1, z2 in P5
z1 z2 = z2 z1 .
I don't know of any quaternion equivalent in polysigned numbers at
their fundamental level.
It may be possible to develop them from the polysigned math with some
more construction.
-Tim
Timothy Golden http://www.BandTechnology.com
> how is your "polysigned numbers" different
> from quaternions?
Quaternions are a strictly four-dimensional construction.
I have read that some 3D math is done with them also.
Quaternions retain the magnitude conservation of:
| A B | = | A || B |
in their four dimensional product solution so they are very different
than five-signed numbers which would be their dimensional equivalent in
the polysigned family. Polysigned values beyond sign three fail this
conservation principle.
The polysigned numbers are commutative under multiplication whereas the
quaternions are not.
So for polysigned numbers z1 and z2 in the five-signed (P5) domain:
z1 z2 == z2 z1.
This is universally true for any sign level but I give you the hard
instance of P5.
For example in P3:
( - 2 + 3 ) ( * 4 - 1 ) = - 8 + 2 + 12 - 3 = -11 + 14 .
( * 4 - 1 ) ( - 2 + 3 ) = - 8 - 3 + 2 + 12 = - 11 + 14 .
It's really just as simple to demonstrate commutativity as it is for
the real numbers.
Here the distributive law is also being used just as it gets used for
real (P2) numbers.
The polysigned numbers are a very fundamental construction. There is no
need to concern oneself with square roots of minus one and so forth,
which is the method of constructing the quaternions and complex
numbers. All that is needed is to question sign and allow for more and
less than two signs. The dimensionality and geometrical interpretations
fall out pretty easily. I don't suppose it is a coincidence that the
complex numbers equate to the three signed numbers, but as far as I can
see there is no quaternion equivalent in their primitive form.
-Tim
Doug Donaghue
"Golden Boar" <golde...@hotmail.com> wrote in message
news:1136547524....@g49g2000cwa.googlegroups.com...
> So i guess that means photons are space ships.
> Gives a whole new meaning to 'little green men'!
And Tachyons are travelling at 'Warp Speed'? <g>
DOug
Autymn D. C.
fortial dimensions, 14 dimensions in all. The formest make up a
scalene glome by the staggeren strengths of the forces; however the
glome is a polutetrahedrocuboctahedron of revolution as space is a
discretum. The universe is a dunamic image of the round instanton. My
avatar was a 5D hupercube:
http://geocities.com/whquestion_uk/icons/lysdexia_rg.gif.
-Aut
Traveler
wrote:
ahahaha... I like that. AHAHAHA...
Autymn D. C.
Qnc...@netscape.net
the standard vectorial outer & inner product were taken
from Hamilton's vocabulary:
three orthogonal vectors & one scalar.
thus:
well, an infinite phone number would be quite exclusive;
you could even stick the value of pi in there, so that
ET wouldn't know ... well, if it were a supracontinuum-cardinality
10-adic!
thus:
ballast is good. they'd also help to muffle
those cross-dome cyclones (not to be confused
with the podfolk of the googolplex .-)
>>> Here they are in the Pontiac Silverdome:
--Woodstein's dummy from the FBI!
http://tarpley.net/bush12.htm