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American Nazi Party
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This article is about the party formed in 1959 later renamed the
National Socialist White People's Party. For the 1990s National
Socialist White People's Party, see National Socialist White People's
Party (Harold Covington). For Hitler's American Nazi Party, see German-
American Bund.
American Nazi Party
NS Party of America flag.gif
Leader George Lincoln Rockwell (1959-67)
Matt Koehl (1967)
Frank Collin (1970-77)
Founder George Lincoln Rockwell
Founded 1959
Headquarters Arlington, Virginia
Ideology
Neo-Nazism
White nationalism
Antisemitism
Political position Far-right
Website
http://www.americannaziparty.com/
Politics of United States
Political parties
Elections
The American Nazi Party (ANP) was an American political party founded
by George Lincoln Rockwell. Headquartered in Arlington, Virginia,
Rockwell initially called it the World Union of Free Enterprise
National Socialists (WUFENS), but later renamed it the American Nazi
Party in 1960 to attract maximum media attention.[1] The party was
based largely upon the ideals and policies of Adolf Hitler's NSDAP in
Germany during the Third Reich but also expressed allegiance to the
Constitutional principles of the U.S.'s Founding Fathers.[citation
needed] It also espoused Holocaust denial.[2]
Contents
1 Headquarters
2 Name change and party reform
3 Assassination of George Lincoln Rockwell
4 Koehl succession and ideological divisions
5 Namesake organizations
6 Notable former members
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Headquarters
The WUFENS headquarters was first located in a residence on
Williamsburg Boulevard in Arlington, but was later moved as the ANP
headquarters to a house at 928 North Randolph Street (now a hotel and
office building site). Rockwell and some party members also
established a "Stormtrooper Barracks" in a farmhouse in the Dominion
Hills section of Arlington at what is now the Upton Hill Regional
Park, the tallest hill in the county. After Rockwell's death, the
headquarters was moved again to one side of a duplex brick and
concrete storefront at 2507 North Franklin Road which featured a
swastika prominently mounted above the front door. This site was
visible from busy Wilson Boulevard. Today the Franklin Road address is
often misidentified as Rockwell's headquarters when in fact it was the
successor organization's last physical address in Arlington (now a
coffeehouse).[3][4]
Name change and party reform
After several years of living in impoverished conditions, Rockwell
began to experience some financial success with paid speaking
engagements at universities where he was invited to express his
controversial views as exercises in free speech. This inspired him to
end the rancorous "Phase One" party tactics and begin "Phase Two", a
plan to recast the group as a legitimate political party by toning
down the verbal and written attacks against non-whites, replacing the
party rallying cry of "Sieg Heil!" with "White Power!", limiting
public display of the swastika, and entering candidates in local
elections. On January 1, 1967 Rockwell renamed the ANP to the National
Socialist White People's Party (NSWPP), a move that alienated some
hard-line members. Before he could fully implement party reforms,
Rockwell was assassinated on August 25, 1967 by disgruntled follower,
John Patler.
Assassination of George Lincoln Rockwell
An assassination attempt was made on Rockwell on June 28, 1967. As
Rockwell returned from shopping, he drove into the long driveway of
the "Stormtrooper barracks" located in Arlington's Dominion Hills
subdivision and found it blocked by a felled tree and brush. Rockwell
assumed that it was another prank by local teens. As a party member
cleared the obstruction, two shots were fired at Rockwell from behind
one of the swastika-embossed brick driveway pillars. One of the shots
ricocheted off the car, right next to his head. Leaping from the car,
Rockwell pursued the would-be assassin. On June 30, Rockwell
petitioned the Arlington County Circuit Court for a gun permit; no
action was ever taken on his request.
On August 25, 1967, while leaving the Econowash laundromat at the
Dominion Hills Shopping Center, two bullets entered Rockwell's car
through his windshield, striking him in the head and chest. His car
slowly rolled backwards to a stop and Rockwell staggered out of the
front passenger side door of the car, stood briefly while pointing
upward at the strip mall's rooftop where the shots had come from, and
then collapsed on the pavement. He was pronounced dead at the scene.
[5] Rockwell's assailant was John Patler, a former ANP/NSWPP member
whom Rockwell had ejected from the party for allegedly trying to
introduce Marxist doctrine into the party's platforms.
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Koehl succession and ideological divisions
Rockwell's deputy commander, Matt Koehl, a staunch Hitlerist, assumed
the leadership role after a party council agreed that he should retain
command. Koehl continued some of Rockwell’s reforms such as
emphasizing the prospect of a future all-white society, and toning
down public denigration of non-whites. Koehl retained the swastika-
festooned party literature and pseudo-Nazi uniforms of the party's
"Storm Troopers" who had been modeled on the NSDAP's Sturmabteilung.
In 1968 Koehl moved the party to a new headquarters at 2507 North
Franklin Road, clearly visible from Arlington's main thoroughfare,
Wilson Boulevard. He also established a printing press, a "George
Lincoln Rockwell Memorial Book Store", and member living quarters on
property nearby.
The party began to experience ideological division among its followers
as it entered the 1970s. In 1970, member Frank Collin, who was himself
secretly the son of a Jewish father, broke away from the group and
founded the National Socialist Party of America in Chicago, which
became famous due to an attempt to march through Skokie, Illinois,
home to many Holocaust survivors. This led to the United States
Supreme Court Case. Other dissatisfied members of the NSWPP chose to
support William Luther Pierce, eventually forming the National
Alliance in 1974.
Further membership erosion occurred as Koehl, drawing heavily upon the
teachings of Hitlerian mystic Savitri Devi, began to suggest that
National Socialism was more akin to a religious movement than a
political one. He espoused the belief that Hitler was the gift of an
inscrutable divine providence sent to rescue the white race from
decadence and gradual extinction caused by a declining birth rate and
miscegenation. Hitler's death in 1945 was viewed as a type of
martyrdom; a voluntary, Christ-like self-sacrifice, that looked
forward to a spiritual resurrection of National Socialism at a later
date when the Aryan race would need it the most. These esoteric
beliefs led to disputes with the World Union of National Socialists,
which Rockwell had founded and whose leader, Danish neo-Nazi Povl Riis-
Knudsen, had been appointed by Koehl. Undaunted, Koehl continued to
recast the party as a new religion in formation. Public rallies were
gradually phased out in favor of low-key gatherings in private venues.
On Labor Day 1979, in a highly unpopular move for some members, Koehl
disbanded the party's paramilitary "Storm Troopers". The Koehl
organization is now known as the New Order and operates so far from
the public spotlight that few of today's neo-Nazis are aware of its
existence or know that it is the linear descendant of Rockwell's
original ANP.
On November 3, 1979, some members of the NSWPP and a Ku Klux Klan
group attacked a Communist Workers' Party protest march in Greensboro,
North Carolina. The alliance of neo-Nazis and Klansmen shot and killed
five marchers. Forty Klansmen and neo-Nazis were involved in the
shootings with sixteen Klansmen and neo-Nazis being arrested. The six
strongest cases were brought to trial first, but the two criminal
trials resulted in the acquittal of the defendants by all-white
juries. However, in a 1985 civil lawsuit the survivors won a $350,000
judgment against the city, the Klansmen and the neo-Nazis for
violating the civil rights of the demonstrators. The shootings became
known as the "Greensboro Massacre".
Namesake organizations
Since the late 1960s there have been a number of small groups that
have used the name "American Nazi Party". Perhaps the first was led by
James Warner and Allen Vincent and consisted of members of the
California branch of the NSWPP.[6] This group announced its existence
on January 1, 1968. In 1982 James Burford formed another "American
Nazi Party" from dissafected branches of the National Socialist Party
of America.[7] This Chicago-based group remained in existence until at
least 1994.[8] There was also a small American Nazi Party that
operated out of Davenport, Iowa led by a John Robert Bishop.[9][10]
The name "American Nazi Party" also been adopted by a group run by
Rocky J. Suhayda, a former member of Rockwell's original ANP in 1967.
Although Suhayda's ANP states that Rockwell was their founder, there
is no direct legal or financial link between it and Rockwell's legacy
organization, now a low-key Hitlerian religious group called New
Order. Headquartered in Westland, Michigan, Suhayda's ANP website
sells nostalgic reprints of Rockwell's 1960s-era magazine "The
Stormtrooper". The group boasts 2008's National Socialist presidential
candidate John Taylor Bowles as a member. Holding semi-private yearly
meetings at his home, Suhayda's followers do not wear uniforms, except
for the SA, or Security Arm and eschew public demonstrations,
frequently criticizing rival organization the National Socialist
Movement for "outing" its members with excessive media exposure.
Notable former members
Frank Collin, founder of the National Socialist Party of America
William Luther Pierce (founder of the National Alliance)
Kurt Saxon (author of The Poor Man's James Bond)
See also
German American Bund
Neo-Nazism
Neo-Nazi groups of the United States
Neo-völkisch movements
References
Notes
^ Rockwell, George Lincoln. From Ivory Tower to Privy Wall: On The
Art of Propaganda c.1966
^ Potok, Mark. "The Nazi International" on the Southern Poverty
Law Center website
^ Weingarten, Gene. "It's Just Nazi Same Place" Washington Post
(February 10, 2008)
^ Cooper, Rebecca A. "Java Shack glimpses its past as Nazi
headquarters" TDB.com (March 8, 2011)
^ "American "Nazi" Shot Dead". BBC News. August 25, 1967.
Retrieved 2009-08-07.
^ Kaplan (2000), pp.558-62
^ Kaplan pp.3, 33
^ Anti-Defamation League. Danger: Extremism New York; Anti-
Defamation League 1996 p.177
^ Kaplan (2000), p.3
^ Marks, Kathy Faces of Right Wing Extremism Boston; Branden
Books, 1996 p.58
Bibliography
Kaplan, Jeffrey (ed.) Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on
the Radical Racist Right Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press,
2000
External links
Official website of the revived ANP
Federal Bureau of Investigation - American Nazi Party monograph,
June 1965 - Detailed report on George Lincoln Rockwell and the
original American Nazi Party