Extraordinary Error -- no electric field exists inside a conducting liquid in an insulated box with two external charged metal plates, re work by SPAWAR on cold fusion since 2002 -- also hot spots from H and O microbubbles: Rich Murray 2010.02.22
Rich Murray
Extraordinary Error -- no electric field exists inside a conducting
liquid in an insulated box with two external charged metal plates, re
work by SPAWAR on cold fusion since 2002 -- also hot spots from H and
O microbubbles: Rich Murray 2010.02.22
http://rmforall.blogspot.com/2010_02_01_archive.htm
Monday, February 22, 2010
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/astrodeep/message/42
_____________________________________________________
Each charged plate attracts enough ions of the opposite charge right
to
the side of the conducting electrolyte against its insulating wall,
until
the charge on the plate is exactly balanced -- thus each side is a
separate charged capacitor, connected by the "wire" of the liquid.
All the electric field exists only in the insulating walls of the two
capacitors -- no electric field exists inside the liquid.
Abd ul-Rahman Lomax, a brilliant amateur on Vortex-L cold fusion
group, made me aware of all the activity re the SPAWAR claims, at
noon Monday, January 4, and the next day from 10 AM to 1 PM at
SF Community College library, I explored the complex results and
issues reported by Ludwik Kowalski:
http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/cf/
http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/cf/370spawar.html
370) What is going on? 11 pages
Ludwik Kowalski
Montclair State University, New Jersey, USA
June 11, 2009
http://csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/cf/379spawar2.pdf
his journal rejected paper
I notice that the clear plastic cell with its clear electrolyte and
contrasting dark metal external plates with the hazardous high voltage
of 6,000 volts comprise a riviting archtypal image, not easy to relate
to ideas I grasped in 1960 in freshman physics at MIT.
Perhaps personal experience is involved, living in the high dry
climate
of Santa Fe, where, as a senior ambulatory electrolyte, shuffling
barefoot across the carpet, I often get shocked touching the radiator.
Since Scott and Melissa Little, familiar with most cold fusion
research,
had not thought of this, and since I found no clear evidence that
anyone else had publicly discussed it, I wanted to render service for
mutual benefit, by explaining the error in ways clear to all, and
noting
some of the history of this error by the earnest, competent, and high
minded SPAWAR team. It is hard to believe that none of the equally
skilled hundreds of experts involved in almost eight years have not
noticed. Surely the same error has occurred times in research in
recent centuries.
In my case, the counterintuitive insight into the error took a few
hours to arise in my mind. About 4 PM, I called Hal Puthoff and
then Marissa Little at Earthtech International in Austin, Texas,
airing
the idea. They hadn't heard about it, and were receptive.
I had cooperated as a volunteer amateur consultant with Scott Little
on fair critical reviews of many cold fusion studies from December,
1996 to July, 1998.
In fact, that morning she had received a copy of Journal of Scientific
Exploration with their 3 page review, "Cold Fusion: Fact or Fantasy?",
stating, "We have never seen a successful cold fusion experiment.",
and also ""Extraordinary Evidence" Replication Effort"", a 7 page
version of their lengthly website report on 28 replication attempts,
concluding, "Our results do not provide a positive identification of
the origin of SPAWAR pits. However, they do show that chemical
origin is a distinct possibility and therefore that nuclear origin is
not a
certainty."
http://www.earthtech.org/CR39/index.html
They describe 28 experiments -- the last two, 9 and 18, are not in
their JSE review -- no Experiment 17 was listed on the website:
Nickel Cathode
Pam Boss reported (during the March 2007 APS meeting) that a
nickel cathode in the absence of an external electromagnetic field
would not produce SPAWAR pits.
However, we observed moderate densities of SPAWAR pits when
using this arrangement.
We also performed an experiment with a Ni fibrex cathode and
no Pd in the electrolyte (or any other plating metal).
The nickel fibrex was intended to mimic the dendritic palladium.
This test did not produce SPAWAR pits.
Experiment - Protocol - Electrolyte - Cathode - SPAWAR pits?
9 ---------- TGP ----- TGP ------- Ni wire -- yes
18 --------- B2IP ----- light water and LiCL -- Ni fibrex -- no
[ TGP: The Galileo Project protocol for independent replications ]
[ Selected items from their report's beginning ]
Magnetic Effect
The first version of the protocol we received for the TGP specified
magnets on the active cell and no magnets on the control cell.
The magnets are 2.5 cm square by 0.635 cm thick NdFeB
magnets placed on the outside of the cell on the sides closest to
the electrodes.
It was reported in "Extraordinary Evidence" that an external field
was necessary to create the SPAWAR pits.
It can be seen from our initial replication effort that we did not
observe any difference with the use of magnets.
This observation was later confirmed by Pam Boss and the TGP
protocol was changed accordingly.
The control experiment using magnets was removed and replaced
with one that used CuCl2 as the plating metal instead of PdCl2.
Comparison to Alpha Particles Tracks
We exposed CR-39 chips to alpha particles under a variety of
conditions.
By varying the length of the air path between an Am-241 alpha
source and the chip we were able to explore the effect of alpha
energies from near zero (3-4 cm spacing) to ~5 Mev (nearly in
contact).
We also used other alpha emitters such as U ore placed in contact
with the chip to observe the effects of highly oblique incidence.
We noted that the SPAWAR pits were strikingly different from the
alpha tracks we had created from Am-241 and other sources in our
lab.
In several cases, we also substituted light water for heavy water in
the electrolyte.
These tests showed no discernible difference in the quantity of
SPAWAR pits produced.
This seems quite significant as the nuclear behavior of deuterium,
at least in high energy experiments, is significantly different than
that of protium.
Isolating the CR-39 from the Electrolyte
We protected the CR-39 from contact with the electrolyte in
various ways with varying degrees of success.
When we were successful, we did not observe tracks (above the
background).
Marissa emailed me the two pdfs 2:30 PM Thursday, January 7:
Hi Rich,
Good talking to you the other day -- I'm just getting back around to
my emails after being out of the office yesterday.
I've attached the pre-publication drafts of the two papers that
recently were printed in JSE.
Hope you enjoy them!
Marissa
I took a few days to develop the ideas with Wikipedia articles, until
I had a good grasp, and sent my long summary to the Earthtech
team late Saturday night.
Still, I was relieved to get email approval from Marissa (daughter)
and Scott Little on Wednesday, January 27.
----- Original Message -----
From: "Marissa Little" <mar...@earthtech.org>
To: "Rich Murray" <rmfo...@comcast.net>
Sent: Wednesday, January 27, 2010 8:16 AM
Subject: RE: SPAWAR cells -- absence of internal electric fields in
conducting electrolytes from charged external plates -- comments
welcome: Rich Murray 2010.01.10
Hi Rich!
Sorry about not returning calls - we switched to a new voice mail
system last month and I apparently still haven't figure out how to
use it!
Scott and I were discussing your report yesterday and we both
agree with your assessment.
He and I were going to make review it again tomorrow and see
if we had any comments for you.
I'll let you know.
Sorry again for the delay!
Marissa
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Rich Murray [mailto:rmfo...@comcast.net]
> Sent: Sunday, January 10, 2010 3:03 AM [ Austin, Texas time ]
> To: Scott Little; Marissa Little; Hal Puthoff
> Cc: Rich Murray; RichMurra...@gmail.com
> Subject: SPAWAR cells -- absence of internal electric fields in
> conducting electrolytes from charged external plates -- comments
> welcome: Rich Murray 2010.01.10
SPAWAR cells -- absence of internal electric fields in conducting
electrolytes from charged external plates -- comments welcome:
Rich Murray 2010.01.10 2:03 AM
Scott R Little <lit...@earthtech.org>;
Marissa E Little <mar...@earthtech.org>;
Harold E Puthoff <put...@earthtech.org>;
Rich Murray rmfo...@comcast.net 505-501-2298
The SPAWAR cold fusion group for years evolved a simple,
apparently successful electrochemical cell, 2x2x8 cm acrylic plastic,
filled with 25 ml 0.33 Mole electrolyte, with an open design
allowing reduction of liquid volume by electrolysis and evaporation,
with direct current ramping up in steps over 3 weeks to 0.1 amp,
from the anode wires in an upper flat plane to the lower cathode
wires wrapped three times around a small block of CR-39
transparent plastic, which can accumulate evidence, similar to
photographic film, of the paths of electromagnetic X-rays or
gamma rays or high energy particles -- neutrons, protons,
deuterons, tritons, alpha particles, and heavier. Deposits on, heat
from, and momentary IR light flash spots on the cathode near the
three turns of wire, mostly on the upper side facing the anode,
and apparent numerous tiny pits and tracks on the CR-39,
especially on the upper side facing the anode were cited as
evidence for nuclear reactions.
In 2002, they added two thin Cu plates on the outside of
opposite sides of the cell.
They claimed that using a simple high voltage circuit, from a
television set, to put a 6,000 volts static electric potential on the
plates, made a resulting electric field in the electrically
conducting liquid that in turn made immediate and cumulative
changes in the observed phenomena.
In 2004 and 2005 they published three peer-reviewed reports
in mainstream science journals, and discussed this "voltage effect" in
many scientific meetings and review articles until 2008.
[ "external electric or magnetic fields" in Triple Tracks,
Revised Sept 3 2008 ]
However, apparently neither they, nor the peer reviewers, or the
many researchers who tried replications, or the growing multitudes
of people aware of the "voltage" effect, realized the relevance of a
fact often taught in freshman college physics: There is no internal
electric field inside a conducting hollow container or conducting
liquid
which has one or more outer conducting plates that hold electric
charges and are electrically insulated from the conducting hollow
container or conducting liquid.
This counter-intuitive fact was noticed about 250 years ago.
Simply put, the negative electric charge (electron excess, about 1 in
a billion or so) on one plate attracts a balancing layer of positive
charge (electron deficit, about 1 in a billion or so) on the other
side
of the insulating layer within the contact of the internal conducting
box or conducting liquid within the insulating layer, so that the
electric field across the insulating barrier remains constant and
stable,
not extending either outwards from the container nor inwards into the
container or liquid, so that potential energy is stored within the
insulating cell wall by the shift of electrons within it.
Imagine a small metal spring that is held in compression by a
stretched rubber band with the same diameter that circles it from
end to end, so that energy is stored both in the compressed spring
and equally in the stretched rubber band.
Although energy is stored, the conbined system remains in balance,
giving little external evidence of the presence of stored energy
(except for a very minute increase in mass, leading to a very
slightly greater external gravity field, according to Einstein's 1905
equation, E = M x C**2).
If the rubber band breaks or slips off, then both the compression
potential energy of the spring and the tension potential energy of
the rubber band are released as the kinetic, heat, slight infrared
radiation, acoustic, and very minute gravitational radiation energies
of
the fast moving, vibrating spring and rubber band and the air around
them.
This is exactly what happens in all ordinary matter -- positive and
negative electric fields are in balance, making stable atoms that are
actually perfect vacuums.
Exactly the same thing happens with the oppositely charged plate
on the other exterior side of the other insulating wall.
Essentially we have two separate charged capacitors, neither of which
shows external electric fields in any direction.
That is why a charged capacitor can be picked up and moved without
changing its charged state, unless a conducing path is made available
to link the two charged plates together.
Most insulators are slightly conducting, so a "leakage" current of
electrons across the insulating layer will slowly drain the voltage,
if an
external power supply is not constantly active, until the capacitor is
discharged, as happens in a car battery when the car is parked for
many weeks.
In short, after all this length, there is no electric field within the
conducting liquid in the SPAWAR electrolyte -- unless the water
becomes so pure of chemicals that it becomes an insulator, in which
unlikely case it, joined with the two external insulating layers,
would
play a role as part of the energy storage medium for the capacitor
created by the two external metal plates.
Some thought and research needs to be applied to whether the high
voltage creates leakage currents through the plastic walls of the cell
or along the probably slightly damp external plastic surfaces of the
cell walls, thereby introducing complex areas and regions of added
voltages and currents on the CR-39 block and its cathode wires and
deposits, and also on the anode, as well as interactions with the low
voltage electrolysis current power supply.
Leakage through the plastic walls and along their surfaces could
release additional elements, molecules, and gases, and even entrain
dust settling from the air on external wall surfaces.
Notes copied from Wikipedia:
Capacitors
On October 1745, Ewald Georg von Kleist of Pomerania in
Germany found that charge could be stored by connecting a high
voltage electrostatic generator by a wire to a volume of water in a
hand-held glass jar.[1]
Von Kleist's hand and the water acted as conductors and the jar as
a dielectric (although details of the mechanism were incorrectly
identified at the time).
Von Kleist found that after removing the generator, touching the
wire resulted in a painful spark.
In a letter describing the experiment, he said "I would not take a
second shock for the kingdom of France."[2]
The following year, the Dutch physicist Pieter van Musschenbroek
invented a similar capacitor, which was named the Leyden jar, after
the University of Leyden where he worked.[3]
Daniel Gralath was the first to combine several jars in parallel into
a
"battery" to increase the charge storage capacity.
Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar and proved that the
charge was stored on the glass, not in the water as others had
assumed.
Leyden jars were later to be made by coating the inside and outside
of jars with metal foil, leaving a space at the mouth to prevent
arcing
between the foils.
The earliest unit of capacitance was the 'jar', equivalent to about 1
nanofarad.
Electrostatics
Faraday cage
A Faraday cage, or Faraday shield, is an enclosure formed by
conducting material or by a mesh of such material.
Such an enclosure blocks out external static electric fields.
Faraday cages are named after the English scientist Michael
Faraday, who invented them in 1836.[1]
A Faraday cage's operation depends on the fact that an external
static electrical field will cause the electrical charges within the
cage's conducting material to redistribute themselves so as to
cancel the field's effects in the cage's interior.
This phenomenon is used, for example, to protect electronic
equipment from lightning strikes and other electrostatic discharges.
Faraday cages cannot block static and slowly varying magnetic fields,
such as Earth's magnetic field (a compass will still work inside).
To a large degree though, they also shield the interior from external
electromagnetic radiation if the conductor is thick enough and any
holes are significantly smaller than the radiation's wavelength.
For example, certain computer forensic test procedures of
electronic components or systems that require an environment
devoid of electromagnetic interference may be conducted within a
screen room.
These screen rooms are essentially work areas that are completely
enclosed by one or more layers of fine metal mesh or perforated
sheet metal.
The metal layers are grounded to dissipate any electric currents
generated from the external electromagnetic fields and thus block
a large amount of the electromagnetic interference.
See also electromagnetic shielding.
Note that the reception of external radio signals, a form of
electromagnetic radiation, through an antenna within a cage can be
severely reduced or even totally blocked by the cage itself.
In 1836, Michael Faraday observed that the charge on a charged
conductor resided only on its exterior and had no influence on
anything enclosed within it.
To demonstrate this fact, he built a room coated with metal foil and
allowed high-voltage discharges from an electrostatic generator to
strike the outside of the room.
He used an electroscope to show that there was no electric charge
present on the inside of the room's walls.
The same effect was predicted earlier by Francesco Beccaria
(1716-1781) at the University of Turin, a student of Benjamin
Franklin, who stated that "all electricity goes up to the free surface
of the bodies without diffusing in their interior substance."
Later, the Belgian physicist Louis Melsens (1814-1886) applied the
principle to lightning conductors.
A closely related concept is that of the Gaussian surface, discovered
by Carl Friedrich Gauss.
Although this cage effect has been attributed to Michael Faraday,
it was Benjamin Franklin in 1755 that observed the effect by lowering
an uncharged cork ball suspended on a silk thread through an opening.
In his words, "the cork was not attracted to the inside of the can as
it
would have been to the outside, and though it touched the bottom,
yet, when drawn out it was not found to be electrified (charged) by
that touch, as it would have been by touching the outside.
The fact is singular."
Franklin had discovered the behavior of what we now refer to as a
Faraday cage or shield (based on one of Faraday's famous ice pail
experiments which duplicated Franklin's cork and can) [from [2]].
An external electrical field causes the charges to rearrange, which
cancels the field inside.
A Faraday cage is best understood as an approximation to an ideal
hollow conductor.
Externally applied electric fields produce forces on the charge
carriers (usually electrons) within the conductor, generating a
current that rearranges the charges.
Once the charges have rearranged so as to cancel the applied field
inside, the current stops.
If a charge is placed inside an ungrounded Faraday cage, the
internal face of the cage will be charged (in the same manner
described for an external charge) to prevent the existence of a field
inside the body of the cage.
However, this charging of the inner face would re-distribute the
charges in the body of the cage.
This charges the outer face of the cage with a charge equal in sign
and magnitude to the one placed inside the cage.
Since the internal charge and the inner face cancel each other out,
the spread of charges on the outer face is not affected by the
position of the internal charge inside the cage.
So for all intents and purposes, the cage will generate the same
electric field it would generate if it was simply charged by the
charge placed inside.
If the cage is grounded, the excess charges will go to the ground
instead of the outer face, so the inner face and the inner charge will
cancel each other out and the rest of the cage would remain neutral.
The effectiveness of a Faraday cage or shield is dependent upon the
wavelength of the electric or electromagnetic fields it is intended to
shield.
Effectiveness of shielding also depends upon the types of metals
used in the cages as well as their thicknesses.
Microbubbles of O2 reacting with the D in 1 to 1 ratio absorption in
rough complex Pd or Au surfaces will generate enough heat to melt
the Pd, thus creating complex foamy microstructures.
Ohmori little lily theory details: Rich Murray 1998.06.17
June 17, 1998
Hello all, The report in May, 1998 Fusion Technology by Ohmori,
Mizuno, and Enyo describes 7 to 30 day runs at 1 to 3 A
on 2.5 to 5 cm2 Au electrodes in 0.5 M Na2CO3 and Na2SO4
H2O electrolyte, from a Pt anode.
producing after a few days up to ~1 mg mostly Au precipitates, and
leaving myriad little lily volcano-like or ear-like foam structures on
scraped (rough) sites on the Au, as large as 20 microns wide and 30
deep, with detected Pt, Pd, Ni, Os, and Ti, and other elements, with
claimed isotopic ratio anomalies.
I am disputing their claim that the precipitates and spots are
evidence
of low energy nuclear transmutations, and suggesting a chemical
reaction theory, namely that the most abundant and obvious and
reactive chemicals present, naturally enough, H2 and O2, are
recombined at the cathode.
I don't know how much the Au will load with H2.
However, Pt, Pd, Ni, Os, and Ti will naturally be electrodeposited as
concentrations at any tiny rough spots, and then will both load with H
and catalyze the swift reaction of that H with any tiny O2 bubbles
that
are also attracted from the anode to attach to the rough spot.
The bubble and the spot will heat up quickly, so quickly that there is
little time for heat loss by radiation , conduction, or convection
at the Au-H2O interface.
As the Au heats and softens, the contained H will build up pressure
and expand it like popcorn, creating a popped blister of frozen foam,
expelling some of the metal, and leaving the impressively ugly little
lily vocanos.
The process would tend to reoccur at the thus even rougher spot,
building up a cluster of lilies of various sizes, as is shown in
Ohmori's
dramatic images.
I will calculate the details for a 0.1 cm3 amount of O2.
Au melts at 1063 degrees C, 1336 degrees K.
The molar specific heat Cm = 26.9 J/mol degC.
For Au, 197 g/mol 5.08X10E-3 mol/g 19.32 g/cm3
9.81X10E-2 mol/cm3 10.2 cm3/mol
To heat from 27 to 1063 deg C, a delta of 1036 deg C,
takes heat (1036 deg C)(26.9 J/mol) = 2.79X10E4 J/mol,
and to melt takes
1.27X10E4 J/mol, known as the molar heat of fusion.
These conveniently add up to 4.06X10E4 J/mol,
or 40.6 KJ/mol to heat and melt the Au
That certainly sounds like a lot!
Now, we get the moles of O2 in the 0.1 cm3 O2:
n = PV/RT =
(1 atm X 10-4 L)/(8.2X10E-2 atm L/degK mol)X(300 deg K) =
4.065X10E-6 mol O2. That's not very much.
We know that one mole O2 reacts with 2 moles H2, and may as well
assume with 50% loading that the H2 is held within 4 moles of Au.
The reaction is 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) -> 2H2O (g), and the enthalpy is
2 X 241.8 KJ/mol = 483.6 KJ/mol.
So the enthalpy released is
Ec = (4.065X10E-6 mol)X(483.6 KJ/mol)
= 1.97X10E-3 KJ = 1.97 J.
Now, 2 J is the energy from 1 A at 1 V for 2 sec.
Note: this is the range that heats W to incandescence in a flashlight.
The moles of Au heated and melted by this heat are
Nm = (1.97X10E-3 KJ)/(40.6 KJ/mol) = 4.85X10E-5 mol
and the volume of Au melted is
Vm = (4.85X10E-5 mol)X(10.2 cm3/mol)
= 4.95X10E-4 cm3, which, assuming for convenience a cube,
has a width .791 mm, and
mass Mm = (4.85X10E-5 mol)X(197 g/mol) = 9.56 mg,
or ten times the maximum precipitates found by Ohmori
after 30 days of electrolysis at up to 3 A and a few volts,
an input energy for 2.592X10E6 sec, if at 5 V and 3 A,
of 38,880,000 J. So the 2 J to create 10 mg of melted Au
is a most minute fraction of the available input energy.
Now, the results are the same if we have one 0.1 cm3 O2 bubble,
or a million bubbles of size 10E-7 cm3, spread out randomly over
the 30 day run, about 2-3 event/sec, creating the same total of
10 mg melted Au.
These million bubbles would as little cubes have widths
.004641 cm = 46.4 micron, about the right size for our little lilies.
Each of these events would have an average energy of 2X10E-6 J.
It should be possible to detect IR, visible, and UV radiation, and
acoustic signals, about 2-3 event/sec.
Another test would be to use an anode which does not contribute
Pt, Pd, Ni, Os, and Ti, and in contrast, to use an anode
enriched in these metals.
Also, a barrier could be used to prevent O2 bubbles from
reaching the cathode from the anode, and in contrast,
positioning the anode to maximize O2 bubble transfer.
www.lenr-canr.org/acrobot/SzpakStheeffectof.pdf 7p
Szpak S, Mosier-Boss PA, Young C, Gordon FE (2005a)
Online 2005.05.23
The effect of an external electric field on surface morphology of
co-deposited Pd/D films.
J Electroanal Chem 580:284-290
www.lenr-canr.org/acrobot/SzpakSevidenceof.pdf 4p
Szpak S, Mosier-Boss PA, Young C, Gordon FE (2005b)
Online 2005.07.29
Evidence of nuclear reactions in the Pd lattice.
Naturwissenschaften 92(8):394-397
"In the present experiment, the potential difference of 6000 V
was maintained for at least 48 h."
[ The claimed wide variety of results in these two reports,
including unexplained Al, Mg, Ca, Si, Zn,..., should be
reevaluated in terms of nonnuclear processes -- for instance,
leakage currents across the plastic cell walls and floor from the
applied extenal high voltage. ]
http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SzpakSexperiment.pdf 31 slides
S. Szpak, P.A. Mosier-Boss and F.E. Gordon
SPAWAR Systems Center San Diego
Experimental Evidence for LENR in a Polarized Pd/D Lattice
NDIA 2006 Naval S&T Partnership Conference, Washington, DC
[ Slides 12-31 give large size views of surface features on
electrodes and CR-39, and some graphs of SEM-SIMS data,
for runs with exposure to magnetic and high voltage fields. ]
http://www.newenergytimes.com/v2/library/2007/2007SzpakS-FurtherEvidence-Naturwissenschaften.pdf
4p
Stanislaw Szpak
Pamela A. Mosier-Boss
Frank E. Gordon
Short Communication
Further evidence of nuclear reactions in the Pd/D lattice:
emission of charged particles.
Naturwissenschaften (2007)
Received: 5 September 2006 / Revised: 20 December 2006
/ Accepted: 2 January 2007
# Springer-Verlag 2007
[ Here are mentions of external magnetic and electric fields. ]
"In this report, we present additional evidence, namely, the emission
of highly energetic charged particles emitted from the Pd/D electrode
when this system is placed in either an external electrostatic or
magnetostatic field."
"Recently, we reported that by placing an operating cell in an
external
electrostatic field, "new elements" are produced, among them Al, Si,
and Mg (Szpak et al. 2005a,b)."
"Fig. 1 Cathode assembly used to record emission of charged
particles. A single wire can be used in place of the Ni screen.
The cathode assembly placed in a rectangular cell.
Field direction indicated by an arrow"
"Results
Under normal conditions, i.e., when the cell operation is controlled
by
the cell current and temperature, the nuclear ash consisted of X- and
g-rays, tritium, and excess enthalpy.
However, when an operating cell was placed in an external electric
field, reaction products included the formation of "new elements" as
well as the emission of charged particles.
The emission of charged particles, e.g., p+ and a2+, constitutes an
undisputable evidence of nuclear events.
If such events occur in the polarized Pd/D-D2O system, then,
owing to the stopping power of the electrode material, they could be
detected only along the electrode edge as illustrated in Fig. 2a. The
bright line along the peripheries of a single eyelet [of the metal
screen ] is, in fact, an overlap of hundreds of impingement tracks, as
shown by magnifying a segment indicated by an arrow (Fig. 2b).
Images near the edges of the cathode have a lower density of tracks.
As indicated in Fig. 2c, double and triple tracks can be observed.
Such tracks are observed from a reaction that emits two or three
particles of similar mass and energy (Phillips 1, personal
communication).
The size, depth of penetration, and shape of the tracks yield
information on the identification of particles (e.g., p+ and a2+) and
their energy.
Since our interest is in the behavior of an operating system, we are
currently concerned with when and how the energetic particles are
emitted.
Figure 2d shows clusters of tracks recorded after 1 h of exposure,
indicating that coherent domains, arising from self-organization, are
formed shortly after activation of an external field.
The presence of clusters is consistent with an earlier observation of
hot spots (Mosier-Boss and Szpak 1999).
To reiterate, (1) emission of charged particles occurs shortly after
the
activation of an external field, (2) reaction sites are localized
(Fig. 2d), and (3) the high density of tracks (Fig. 2b) resulting from
prolonged exposure is consistent with a random distribution of active
sites."
"Fig. 2 Emission of high-energy charged particles from a polarized
Pd/D-D2O system exposed to an external field.
a Tracks observed around a single eyelet of the Ni screen;
bright lines and spots along the peripheries represent hundreds of
overlapping impingement tracks.
b Expanded area indicated by arrow in subpanel a.
c Expanded area indicated by an arrow in subpanel b.
Arrows indicate double and triple tracks.
d Impingement tracks of particles emitted from Pd deposited on a
single Ag wire.
Clusters observed within an hour after activation of an external
field.
a-c Magnetostatic field 12,200 Gauss, in field for several days.
c electrostatic field 3,000 Vcm?1, an hour in field.
Solution composition 0.03 M PdCl2+0.3 M LiCl in D2O.
Cathodic cell current profile (in milliampere per square centimeter):
i=1.0 for 2 h, i=3.0 for the period necessary to reduce all Pd2+ ions,
i=30.0-50.0 for 2-3 h, and i=100.0 after placement in an external
field"
"Imposed constraints
The imposed constraints on an operating cell are the cell current and
either an external electrostatic or magnetostatic fields. The first
determines the rate of relevant electrochemistry through
electrochemical potentials while an external field influences the set
of
events by affecting both the driving forces (electrochemical
potentials)
as well as the activity within the reaction volume.
If a particle interacts with an internal or external field associated
with
the change in the number of particles, then its energy must be
included, and the chemical potential takes on a form y- = y+u(x,y,z,)
where u(x,y,z) is the interaction energy.
By application of an external electrostatic or magnetostatic field a
new
situation is created.
Significant morphological and structural changes take place in the
cathode, which, in turn, generate Pd lattice defects and changes in
the
magnitude of driving forces-the chemical/electrochemical
potentials, which in effect produce new elements and the emission of
charged particles.
"In conclusion, using procedures that are commonly used in the area
of nuclear physics, we have detected the emission of energetic
particles during the electrolysis of heavy water on Pd electrodes
prepared by codeposition in cells placed in either an external
electric
or magnetic field.
Such energetic particles can only originate from nuclear reactions."
http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/MosierBosspddcodepos.pdf 24p
Symposium on New Energy Technology
(Cosponsored with the Committee on Environmental Improvement)
Organized by J. Marwan
Symposia Papers Presented Before the Division of Environmental
Chemistry
American Chemical Society
Chicago, IL March 25-29, 2007
Pd/D co-deposition: excess power generation and its origin
PA. Mosier-Boss, S. Szpak and F.E. Gordon
SPAWAR Systems Center San Diego, Code 2373,
San Diego, CA 92152
[ Pages 6-24 are slides, mostly the same as in 2006. ]
p24 "Conclusions
* Early Pd/D co-deposition experiments demonstrated excess
enthalpy, formation of hot spots, emission of low intensity
radiation, and production of tritium
* Excess enthalpy is generated by highly energetic fast
reactions that resemble "mini-explosions". This view is
supported by IR imaging (hot spots) and by the response of
the pressure/temperature sensitive substrates (piezoelectric
material) onto which the Pd/D films are co-deposited
* An external electric/magnetic field changes the shape of the
individual globules of the "cauliflower" structure of the Pd/D
co-deposited material
* New elements are observed that are associated with the
morphological features formed by the action of the external
E/B fields
* Using CR-39 detectors, tracks are obtained that are
consistent with both nuclear charged particles and neutron
knock-on tracks"
http://www.newenergytimes.com/v2/projects/tgp/2007TGP/2007TGP-Report.shtml
23p of very small print
2007 Galileo Project Report
Link to PDF version
Introduction to The Galileo Project
Frequently-Asked Questions About The Galileo Project
November 10, 2007 By Steven B. Krivit
Part 1: What Worked; What Didn't
Introduction
I initiated the Galileo Project as a New Energy Institute program in
July 2006 in response to the claims of a remarkable experiment
developed, performed and published by the San Diego SPAWAR
Systems Center group. We first reported the details of this
experiment in the Nov. 10, 2006, issue of New Energy Times....
[ Here is his only information about "external fields" in the many
attempted replications. ]
p6 "One peculiar observation appeared when the replication teams
began to report results within the group.
They were getting tracklike effects with external fields, as expected,
but they also were getting them on the so-called control experiments,
without external fields.
After a bit of backtracking and asking how we goofed in making
a suitable control, we learned the following.
Mosier-Boss initially used nickel screens in her experiments.
At that time, she tested the external field effects with controls and
found a clear correlation.
Once she found the correlation with the external fields, she focused
on
enhancing the effect and did not continue doing parallel control
experiments.
At one point, she switched to gold, silver and platinum wires.
Not suspecting that they would behave differently from nickel,
she did not do controls with the new metals.
The first controls with silver wires were performed by the
alpha and beta teams.
When researchers started seeing apparently positive results in the
test
as well as the control experiments, that caused confusion."
www.newenergytimes.com/v2/library/2008/2008BossTripleTracks.pdf
8p
Triple tracks in CR-39 as the result of Pd-D Co-deposition:
evidence of energetic neutrons.
Pamela A. Mosier-Boss pam....@navy.mil
Stanislaw Szpak
Frank E. Gordon
Lawrence P. G. Forsley
Naturwissenschaften (2009) 96:135-142
Received: 30 July 2008 / Revised: 3 September 2008 /
Accepted: 14 September 2008 / Published online: 1 October 2008
c Springer-Verlag 2008
[ Here is the only mention of external electric or magnetic fields. ]
"Microscopic examination of the CR-39 detectors used in Pd-D
electrolysis has been done in areas where the density of tracks is
less.
In these areas, what appear to be triple tracks are observed
interspersed among the solitary tracks.
The number of these triple tracks is very low -- on the order of a ten
or less per detector and are only observed in heavy water
experiments.
These triple tracks have been observed in every Pd-D co-deposition
experiment that has been conducted using Ag, Au, or Pt cathodes in
both the presence and absence of an external electric or magnetic
field.
When Ni screen is used as the cathode, tracks and triple tracks are
only observed when an external electric or magnetic field is applied."
http://www.newenergytimes.com/v2/library/2009/2009Krivit-S-ANewLookAtLENR.pdf
16p
PERSPECTIVE www.rsc.org/jem
Steven B. Krivit and Jan Marwan
A new look at low-energy nuclear reaction research.
Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2009 Sept., 11, 1731-46
Received 28th July 2009, Accepted 26th August 2009
First published as an Advance Article on the web
3rd September 2009
DOI: 10.1039/b915458m
[ p1736 Fig. 7 SEM image of molten Pd on Au foil used as a
cathode in a 2003 SPAWAR co-deposition experiment with an
external electric field (6000 V).
Appears similar to quickly heated molten metal followed by fast
cooling from immersion in electrolyte. Photo: Charlie Young. 16 ]
Joint General Colloquium
sponsored by
Department of Physics and School of Nuclear Engineering
Thursday March 4, 2010, 4:00 PM - 5:00 PM
Physics Building Room 203 (PHYS 203)
(Refreshments at 3:30 PM in PHYS 242)
Professor Yeong E. Kim ye...@purdue.edu
Purdue University
"Nuclear Fusion in Micro/Nano-Scale Metal Particles"
[1] Y. E. Kim, "Theory of Bose-Einstein condensation mechanism
for deuteron-induced nuclear reactions in micro/nano-scale metal
grains and particles",
Naturwissenschaften 96, 803-811 (2009), and references therein.
9p Received: 25 November 2008 / Revised: 2 February 2009
/ Accepted: 2 April 2009 / Published online: 14 May 2009
c Springer-Verlag 2009
[ p 804 "Summary of anomalous experimental results
...and enhancement of the effect by electromagnetic fields
(Szpak et al. 2005a, b; Mosier-Boss et al. 2007)...
p805 "...Furthermore, applied electric fields as in electrolysis
experiments can enhance the mobility of absorbed deuterons...."
p8 "For nano-scale metal particles, the above consideration shows
that excess energies (Q) lead to a micro/nano-scale fire-work type
explosion, creating a crater/cavity and a hot spot with fire-work-like
star tracks.
This prediction is consistent with the results reported by Szpak and
Mosier-Boss (1996)."
p809 "Enhancement by electromagnetic fields and laser
stimulation
Application of electromagnetic fields (Szpak et al. 2005a,b;
Mosier-Boss et al. 2007) and laser stimulation
(Letts and Craven 2006, unpublished report) have been shown to
enhance the excess heat production and other anomalous effects.
These effects may be due to a decrease of the average kinetic energy
of mobile deuterons and/or to an increase of mobile deuterons
participating in the BEC fusion processes, since EM fields
including alternating electric currents and lasers can affect the
effective velocity of deuterons, either directly or indirectly."]
[2] Y. E. Kim, "Bose-Einstein condensate theory of deuteron
fusion in metal",
Purdue Nuclear and Many-Body Theory Group (PNMBTG)
Department of Physics, Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN 47906, U.S.A.
Preprint PNMBTG-1-10 (January 2010)
(to be published in American Institute of Physics (AIP)
Proceedings, 2010), and references therein. 12p
[ p2 "Experimental observations reported from electrolysis and
gas-loading experiments are summarized below (not complete):
[1] The Coulomb barrier between two deuterons are suppressed
[2] Excess heat production (the amount of excess heat indicates
its nuclear origin)
[3] 4He production commensurate with excess heat production,
no 23.8 MeV ? ray
[4] More tritium is produced than neutron R{4} >> R{5}
[5] Production of nuclear ashes with anomalous rates:
R{4} << R {6} and R {5} << R{6}
[6] Production of hot spots and micro-scale craters on metal surface
[7] Detection of radiations
[8] "Heat-after-death"
[9] Requirement of deuteron mobility (D/Pd > ~0.9, electric current,
pressure gradient, etc.)
[10] Requirement of deuterium purity (H/D << 1)"
"...Furthermore, applied electric fields as in electrolysis
experiments
can enhance the mobility of absorbed deuterons..."]
PDF-files of both [1] and [2] are available at:
http://www.physics.purdue.edu/people/faculty/yekim.shtml
[ So, clearly, the error's existence so far does not seem to be widely
known. ]
http://newenergytimes.com/v2/about/about.shtml#founder
New Energy Institute, Inc.
http://newenergytimes.com 310-470-8189
nr...@newenergytimes.com;
http://www.lenr-canr.org/Collections/USNavy.htm
many links to papers, articles, and videos
http://newenergytimes.com/v2/reports/SelectedPapers.shtml
http://newenergytimes.com/v2/reports/SSC-SD-Refereed-Journal-Articles.shtml
(Full list of SPAWAR Papers)
Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center (SPAWAR) Pacific
[ 20 ] Refereed Low-Energy Nuclear Reaction (LENR)
Journal Papers
December 10, 2008 San Diego
[ Their external high voltage research started in 2002. ]
[ This enthusiatic review by two science writers asserts many
findings that were not confirmed by the 28 Earthtech tests, and
later dropped by the SPAWAR team. ]
http://newenergytimes.com/news/2006/NET19.htm#ee
http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/KrivitSextraordin.pdf
Steven B. Krivit and Bennett Daviss
Extraordinary Evidence. 2006.11.10
New Energy Times, Issue #19 22p
[ Bennett Daviss is a science writer based in New Hampshire. ]
p 8 "Coming up with the idea of co-deposition didn't deplete Szpak's
store of inspiration.
Experimental data indicates that LENR cells initiate their reactions,
including anomalous heat, by packing deuterium atoms into defects
on the surface of their palladium electrodes.
To increase the activity of the surface, Szpak thought it would be
helpful to try to force the surface to take some other forms,
which might, in turn, multiply the defects.
He had been intrigued by the few known LENR experiments that
had subjected cells to small electric or magnetic fields in attempts
to boost their activity.
One of those tests had been conducted in the 1990s by Mosier-Boss
and Szpak themselves: They had placed one of their co-deposition
cells inside a magnetic field and found that, after co-deposition,
the cathode's temperature burned hotter than usual.
Pursuing the idea was simple.
Starting in 2002, Szpak and Mosier-Boss affixed copper foils to the
outside of their tabletop LENR cells along the bottom of two
opposite walls of a square beaker and applied a 6,000-volt current
[ more accurately, not a current, but a static electric potential ]
generated by the power module from an old television set
(see photo)."
p9 SPAWAR cell using external electric field
Photo: Steven Krivit
[ The thin copper foil is slightly less wide than the square plastic
cell,
and seems to be sealed firmly within an outer loop of wider clear
plastic tape all around the cell. ]
""In effect, we created a capacitor," Szpak said, "and inside that
capacitor, we put the LENR cell."
The first result the pair noticed was that, even to the unaided eye,
the co-deposited palladium appeared thicker on the cathode
after the field was applied than before.
"When you watch the experiment, you can see the cathode expand
and contract as the electric field works on it," Mosier-Boss said.
"It was a bit of a surprise to us."
When they inspected the cathode's surface using a scanning
electron microscope, more changes were apparent.
"Co-deposited palladium and deuterium on the surface of a substrate
form spherical globules," Szpak explained. "Under the electric field,
they formed plates, ruts, and all sorts of other forms."...
"Ours is the first time that anyone has done exactly what we have
done," Szpak said.
In addition to testing the effects of an electric field, Szpak and
Mosier-Boss subjected the cell to magnetic fields at a moderate
strength of 12,200 Gauss."
p10 ""The electric field only affects the surface," Szpak noted.
"The magnetic field will affect the surface and also deeper into the
material. The question is whether there was any substantial
difference [between the effects of the two kinds of fields]."
One difference was obvious: Under a microscope, Szpak and
Mosier-Boss could see that the magnetic field flattened the tops
of the spherical globules of palladium and deuterium, making
the blobs look more like layer cakes.
Szpak and Mosier-Boss are mum on the results for now but detail
them, as well as the differences between the effects of electric and
magnetic fields, in a paper submitted to a peer reviewed journal in
September.
An overall effect of the two kinds of fields is clear.
However, under both the external electric and magnetic fields, the
test cells produced astonishing quantities of charged particles -- far
more than any LENR researchers have reported to date:from
nuclear events, have even startled experts in conventional nuclear
fusion, who use CR-39 detectors for their own nuclear experiments."
p11 "Like most LENR cells, SPAWAR's co-deposition
experiments use two or three volts to electrolyze their cells.
The group's electric field applies a modest 6,000 volts,
across the cell."
Drawing P. Boss and S. Krivit
Note: These are non-technical sketches.
Do not use these as experimental guides.
[ The horizontal Pt anode (+) is above the cathode gold (-) wire
wrapped around a ~2 cm long thin CR-39 clear plastic block.
Supposedly sealed situations, whether in physics or in politics,
always have leaks.
Since the Cu foil plates extend below the edge of the cell,
there will be a nonlinear electric field across the
plastic floor of the cell.
Any slightly conducting paths in the plastic cell floor will allow
self-expanding microcurrents into the conducting electrolyte,
where rests the CR-39, wrapped in three turns of gold wire,
producing high voltage spots,
and electrolyzing water into H2 and O2 microbubbles,
which in turn will often recombine at surface defects and/or
complex impurity spots and electrolyte deposits on the CR-39
and gold, producing transient hot spots, with enough energy to
melt regions the same size as the reacting microbubbles,
producing dramatic artifacts -- microcraters with bursts of heat.
An additional complication would be from moisture and dust in the
humid San Diego air, forming conductive films on the bottom of the
plastic floor, which would allow complex patterns of current to
flow on the bottom side of the floor, converging from both plates to
create high voltage intersections, which in turn would exploit any
slight defects in the plastic floor to open up channels of electric
flow
into the electrolyte.
Careful measurements of the 6,000 volt potential would reveal
various voltage and current spikes, and also available to be
observed may be electromagnetic radiations in the cell, ranging from
ultraviolet to visible to infrared to radio, as well as acoustic
events.
I created these suggestions on the fly, thinking as I wrote, just
now. ]
"Independent nuclear experts who have examined the CR-39
detectors recognize the signature tracks of protons and alpha
particles, which, to be ejected from the atoms where they reside,
require millions of volts -- at least 1,000,000 times more energy than
can be produced by any known chemical reaction.
The Power of Plastic
To gather evidence, the team plated a film of palladium particles and
deuterium atoms onto a copper mesh or wires of platinum, gold, or
silver about .25 mm in diameter.
During the plating process, the cathode is in contact with a CR-39
detector in the cell to which the scientists had applied an external
electric or magnetic field.
After the experiments had completed their runs of eight to 11 days,
Mosier-Boss and Szpak saw dense, cloudy areas on the portions of
the detector near the cathode.
"The fact that the cloudy areas are observed where the detector was
in close proximity to the cathode suggests that the cathode caused the
cloudiness," Mosier-Boss said.
p 12 "As a control, Mosier-Boss also exposed CR-39 detectors to
electrolysis in a lithium solution without palladium in it. The
result:
only a sprinkling of tracks, randomly distributed and so few in
number that they could be accounted for by background radiation.
She also immersed the detectors in the usual solution of palladium
chloride and lithium chloride in deuterium but without applying the
external electric current. [ more correctly, electric potential ]
The outcome was the same: no unusual shower of tracks from
high-energy particles.
In contrast, a side-by-side comparison at identical magnification
levels (see photo) of tracks left in CR-39 detectors by depleted
uranium and a detector from one of SPAWAR's LENR
experiments using an electric field show tracks that appear identical.
"Since the features look the same and since depleted uranium is
giving off alpha particles," Mosier-Boss said, "it strongly suggests
that the features observed for [our] experiment are also
the result of high-energy particles."
Other researchers have used external fields; some have included
CR-39 detectors in their cells. But the use of those two design
elements in a co-deposition experiment is unique in the reported
history of LENR research.
"This combination of co-deposition, external fields, and CR-39
detectors is new in the field," said David Nagel, a physicist and
research professor at George Washington University and a former
manager in the Office of Naval Research.
Nagel has monitored LENR research from the day that Fleischmann
and Pons presented their news at a press conference.
p15 "SPAWAR scientists contend that their CR-39 detectors that
captured the particles are physical evidence of not just
low-temperature nuclear reactions but also reactions that are
unusually intense.
Thousands of tracks from the LENR experiment are visible on this
CR-39 detector
Photo: Pamela Mosier-Boss
Conventional nuclear scientists well-versed in reading CR-39
detectors agree.
A researcher (who asked not to be named) at a major research
university was one of the first to analyze SPAWAR's CR-39
detectors. He said that the detectors held far more tracks than he'd
seen in his own inertial confinement fusion experiments.
Gary W. Phillips, a nuclear physicist and expert in CR-39 detectors
is similarly surprised by what he saw in SPAWAR's detectors.
Phillips has used the detectors to record nuclear events for two
decades.
He said that the tracks recorded in SPAWAR's CR-39 experiments
are "at least one order of magnitude greater" in number than those in
any other conventional nuclear experiments he's seen."
p16 ""I've never seen such a high density of tracks before," Phillips
noted. "It would have to be from a very intense source -- a nuclear
source.
You cannot get this from any kind of chemical reaction."
..."Mosier-Boss calls the detectors "the most compelling evidence
to date that nuclear reactions are occurring inside LENR cells."
As a bonus, CR-39, like photographic film, is a form of detector
known as constantly integrating. Mosier-Boss explained the benefit.
"Our experience so far has shown that particle emissions occur in
bursts in LENR cells," she said. "In our experiments, we have a few
moments of activity and then, usually, even longer periods of
inactivity.
When this happens, if we were using electronic counters, the bursts
would be averaged out over time."
As a result, the density of the resulting emissions wouldn't show up."
p17 ""But when we use a detector like CR-39 or photographic film,"
[ Frank E. ] Gordon said, "the event is permanently stamped on the
medium.
When other events happen, they, too, are stamped; the record is
cumulative."
"The detectors are like a permanent cloud chamber," he said.
"Because CR-39 detectors aren't electronic," he added, "no one can
argue that the observed effects are the result of electronic noise."
"As hard as it might seem to refute the evidence engraved into these
deceptively simple detectors, skeptics still try, leveling the usual
charges that the scientists are setting up their equipment
incompetently, making math errors in their calculations, or reading
their data incorrectly.
Lawrence Forsley
Photo: Steven Krivit
The critics' objections just don't wash, according to
Lawrence Forsley, president of JWK Technologies Corp., which is
carrying out research and development with SPAWAR
on condensed matter nuclear science.
Forsley has been involved with inertial confinement, mirror and
tokamak fusion for 15 years.
He said that [ radioactive impurities ] would take vastly more time
than the few days or sometimes hours that Mosier-Boss and Szpak
run their cells.
Also, he noted, external sources likely would leave tracks scattered
randomly across the detectors, not concentrated in the region of the
electrode, as the SPAWAR detectors show."
p 18 ""Unless it was a very broad piece of material emitting the
particles," Forsley said, "a foreign source inside the cell would be
detectable by the radial distribution of elliptical tracks.
The tracks would be threadlike trails traveling diagonally through the
material, which SPAWAR's detectors don't show.
A point source would be obvious."
... [ photo ] The impact on the CR-39 detector displays symmetrical
concentric rings suggesting that the source of the particle is a
specific point source perpendicular to the detector.
Photo: Pamela Mosier-Boss"
[ These kind of rings are prominent in almost every freshman physics
text -- known for three centuries as "Newton's Rings", they often
show up in microscopic images, due to diffraction and interference
of light in the optics. Another easy way to see them is to peer at
the tiny patterns of rainbow light that show up when you pull the wool
of a thick cap over your eyes and look up near the Sun. ]
p20 "...Indeed, it has become increasingly hard for scientists bound
by convention to dispute the mounting data from SPAWAR and
other LENR labs.
"We've been publicly quiet but scientifically rigorous," Gordon said.
"At SPAWAR Systems Center, we haven't called press conferences,
but we have followed the scientific process of carefully performing
experiments and reporting the results in peer-reviewed journals - 15
papers so far.
"We've conducted very few experiments looking for excess heat
because it's very difficult to perform good calorimetry."
Critics can, too easily if erroneously, dismiss claims of anomalous
heat. "'Did the researcher get the settings right? Or they didn't do
this
right, they didn't account for that,'" Gordon said.
"Besides, heat evidence doesn't tell you much about what's actually
happening."
By using CR-39 detectors, he said, "we're using instrumentation that
the nuclear industry has accepted and used for decades.
Even if some skeptics might claim that our experiment is flawed, it's
still producing charged particles.
Our experimental results provide compelling evidence that nuclear
events are occurring."
Skeptical physicists asking whether the SPAWAR group performed a
quantitative energy analysis were unable to find any such results.
However, skeptics are left to confront the fact that only two sources
of energy affecting the test cells.
The first is a few volts from the current [ p 20 ] applied through
electrolysis; the second is the external electric field of about 6,000
volts.
The particle tracks look identical to tracks made by nuclear particles
that have at least 2 million electron-volts.
[ The stationary external electric field can not be a "source of
energy".
However leakage currents through the cell walls could produce
complex artifacts. ]
Because particles carrying millions of electron-volts of energy aren't
created by reactions powered by a few thousand volts at most,
a larger question lingers: What is the source of the anomalous
energy that seems to be arising from within the LENR cells?
"We don't make claims that we've developed a new energy source,"
Gordon emphasized. "Our hope is that, by developing an
understanding of the processes and how to stimulate them,
we'll be able to use this knowledge for whatever benefit it may
offer."
In the same spirit, he offered no theories to explain the nuclear
process he suspects is taking place along those thin layers of
palladium in his group's cells.
"There's a saying, 'Theory guides but experiments decide.'
Consider our data," he exhorts challengers.
"If it is what it appears to be, and the scientific community confirms
it through replications, then new theories will need to be considered,
and this may be challenging for some people to accept."..."
_____________________________________________________
Rich Murray, MA
Boston University Graduate School 1967 psychology,
BS MIT 1964, history and physics,
1943 Otowi Road, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505
505-501-2298 rmfo...@comcast.net
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/messages
http://RMForAll.blogspot.com new primary archive
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/messages
group with 142 members, 1,588 posts in a public archive
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participant, Santa Fe Complex www.sfcomplex.org
_____________________________________________________
Baron
"Rich Murray" <rmfo...@comcast.net> wrote in message
news:37921522-b5ab-40eb...@s36g2000prh.googlegroups.com...
>
> Extraordinary Error -- no electric field exists inside a conducting
> liquid in an insulated box with two external charged metal plates, re
of course not.