METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING NUCLEAR FUSION USING CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS
Ms. 2
United States Patent Application 20080142717
Kind Code A1
Naranjo; Brian ; et al. June 19, 2008
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METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING NUCLEAR FUSION USING CRYSTALLINE
MATERIALS
Abstract
Gently heating a pyroelectric crystal in a deuterated atmosphere can
generate fusion under desktop conditions. The electrostatic field of the
crystal is used to generate and accelerate a deuteron beam (>100 keV and >4
nA), which, upon striking a deuterated target, produces a neutron flux over
400 times the background level. The presence of neutrons within the target
is confirmed by pulse shape analysis and proton recoil spectroscopy. Several
elements of the system may be modified, including the configuration of the
crystal or crystals, the composition of the surrounding environment and the
target, the use of multiple probe tips, and the composition of the probe
tip.
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Inventors: Naranjo; Brian; (Fullerton, CA) ; Gimzewski; James; (Santa
Monica, CA) ; Putterman; Seth; (Los Angeles, CA)
Correspondence Name and Address: JOHN P. O'BANION;O'BANION & RITCHEY
LLP
400 CAPITOL MALL SUITE 1550
SACRAMENTO
CA
95814
US
Assignee Name and Adress: THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Oakland
CA
Serial No.: 745556
Series Code: 11
Filed: May 8, 2007
U.S. Current Class: 250/341.2
U.S. Class at Publication: 250/341.2
Intern'l Class: G01J 5/02 20060101 G01J005/02
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Goverment Interests
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STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
[0002]This invention was made with Government support under Grant No. DMR
0309886, awarded by the National Science Foundation and Grant Nos.
N00014-03-1-07 and N00014-04-1-07, awarded by the Department of Defense. The
Government has certain rights in this invention.
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Claims
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1. A method, comprising:positioning a probe tip adjacent a crystal; andusing
said probe tip to produce field ionization of a neutron source;wherein said
ionization results in production of neutron flux; andwherein said crystal is
a pyroelectric or piezoelectric crystal.
2. A method as recited in claim 1, further comprisingheating said
crystal;wherein said crystal is a pyroelectric crystal.
3. A method as recited in claim 2, wherein said pyroelectric crystal
comprises lithium tantalate.
4. A method as recited in claim 2, further comprising:providing a deuterated
or tritiated target in a position of a trajectory defined by said probe tip.
5. A method as recited in claim 4, wherein said target comprises erbium
dideuteride.
6. A method as recited in claim 1, further comprising:providing a target in
a position of a trajectory defined by said probe tip;wherein said target
comprises a neutron source.
7. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein said crystal is ruptured,
compressed, or exploded.
8. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein said crystal comprises a matrix
or mosaic of crystals.
9. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein said crystal comprises a
laminated crystal.
10. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein said probe tip is one of a
plurality of tips adjacent said crystal.
11. A method, comprising:locating a probe tip adjacent a pyroelectric
crystal;heating said pyroelectric crystal in an environment containing a
gaseous source of neutrons;wherein heating said pyroelectric crystal
produces a beam about said probe tip; andpositioning a target in a
trajectory of said beam;wherein contact between said beam and said target
produces a neutron flux.
12. A method as recited in claim 11, wherein said pyroelectric crystal
comprises lithium tantalate.
13. A method as recited in claim 11, wherein said target comprises erbium
dideuteride.
14. An apparatus, comprising:a chamber;means for securing a pyroelectric
crystal in said chamber;means for positioning a probe tip adjacent said
pyroelectric crystal; andmeans for positioning a target comprising a neutron
source.
15. An apparatus as recited in claim 14, further comprising:means for
heating said pyroelectric crystal.
16. An apparatus as recited in claim 14, wherein said chamber is configured
to contain an atmosphere comprising a neutron source.
17. An apparatus as recited in claim 14, wherein said pyroelectric crystal
comprises lithium tantalate.
18. An apparatus as recited in claim 14, wherein said target comprises
erbium dideuteride.
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Description
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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001]This application priority from, and is a 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 111(a)
continuation of, co-pending PCT international application serial number
PCT/US2006/000113, filed on Jan. 3, 2006, incorporated herein by reference
in its entirety, which claims priority from U.S. provisional application
Ser. No. 60/641,302, filed on Jan. 3, 2005, incorporated herein by reference
in its entirety.
NOTICE OF MATERIAL SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT PROTECTION
[0003]A portion of the material in this patent document is subject to
copyright protection under the copyright laws of the United States and of
other countries. The owner of the copyright rights has no objection to the
facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent
disclosure, as it appears in the United States Patent and Trademark Office
publicly available file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright
rights whatsoever. The copyright owner does not hereby waive any of its
rights to have this patent document maintained in secrecy, including without
limitation its rights pursuant to 37 C.F.R. .sctn. 1.14.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004]1. Field of the Invention
[0005]This invention pertains generally to fusion research, and more
particularly to the use of a pyroelectric crystal in a deuterated atmosphere
to generate fusion under desktop conditions.
[0006]2. Description of Related Art
[0007]While progress in fusion research continues with magnetic and inertial
confinement, alternative approaches--such as Coulomb explosions of deuterium
clusters and ultrafast laser-plasma interactions--also provide insight into
basic processes and technological applications. However, attempts to produce
fusion in a room temperature solid-state setting, including "cold" fusion
and "bubble" fusion, have met with deep skepticism.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008]Gently heating a pyroelectric crystal in a deuterated atmosphere can
generate fusion under desktop conditions. The electrostatic field of the
crystal is used to generate and accelerate a deuteron beam (>100 keV and >4
nA), which, upon striking a deuterated target, produces a neutron flux over
400 times the background level. The presence of neutrons within the target
is confirmed by pulse shape analysis and proton recoil spectroscopy. The
applicable reaction is D+D.fwdarw..sup.3He (820 keV)+n (2.45 MeV).
[0009]An aspect of the invention is a method, comprising positioning a probe
tip adjacent a crystal, and using the probe tip to produce field ionization
of a neutron source; wherein the ionization results in production of neutron
flux; and wherein the crystal is a pyroelectric or piezoelectric crystal.
[0010]One embodiment further comprises heating the crystal, wherein the
crystal is a pyroelectric crystal. In another embodiment, the pyroelectric
crystal comprises lithium tantalite.
[0011]Another embodiment further comprises providing a deuterated or
tritiated target in a position of a trajectory defined by the probe tip. In
another embodiment, the target comprises erbium dideuteride.
[0012]Another embodiment further comprises providing a target in a position
of a trajectory defined by the probe tip, wherein the target comprises a
neutron source.
[0013]In other embodiments, the crystal is ruptured, compressed, or
exploded; the crystal comprises a matrix or mosaic of crystals; the crystal
comprises a laminated crystal; or the probe tip is one of a plurality of
tips adjacent the crystal.
[0014]Another aspect of the invention is a method, comprising locating a
probe tip adjacent a pyroelectric crystal, heating the pyroelectric crystal
in an environment containing a gaseous source of neutrons, wherein heating
the pyroelectric crystal produces a beam about the probe tip, and
positioning a target in a trajectory of the beam, wherein contact between
the beam and the target produces a neutron flux. In other embodiments, the
pyroelectric crystal comprises lithium tantalite, or the target comprises
erbium dideuteride.
[0015]A still further aspect of the invention is an apparatus, comprising: a
chamber, means for securing a pyroelectric crystal in the chamber, means for
positioning a probe tip adjacent the pyroelectric crystal; and means for
positioning a target comprising a neutron source. One embodiment further
comprises means for heating said pyroelectric crystal.
[0016]In other embodiments, the chamber is configured to contain an
atmosphere comprising a neutron source; the pyroelectric crystal comprises
lithium tantalite; or the target comprises erbium dideuteride.
[0017]Further aspects of the invention will be brought out in the following
portions of the specification, wherein the detailed description is for the
purpose of fully disclosing preferred embodiments of the invention without
placing limitations thereon.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)
[0018]The invention will be more fully understood by reference to the
following drawings which are for illustrative purposes only:
[0019]FIG. 1A shows equipment geometry and D.sup.+ trajectories according to
the present invention.
[0020]FIG. 1B shows the trajectories of FIG. 1A closer to the probe tip.
[0021]FIG. 2A is a graph of crystal temperature versus time for a single
experimental run according to the present invention.
[0022]FIG. 2B is a graph of x-ray energy versus time for the experimental
run shown in FIG. 2A.
[0023]FIG. 2C is a graph of ion current versus time for the experimental run
shown in FIG. 2A.
[0024]FIG. 2D is a graph of neutrons detected versus time for the
experimental run shown in FIG. 2A.
[0025]FIG. 3A is the pulse shape discrimination (PSD) spectrum for the
experimental run shown in FIG. 2A.
[0026]FIG. 3B is the proton recoil spectrum for the experimental run shown
in FIG. 2A, in addition to simulated detector responses to neutrons having
particular energies.
[0027]FIG. 4A is a depiction of the time-of-flight measurements according to
the present invention.
[0028]FIG. 4B are simultaneously captured PMT traces, demonstrating an
.alpha.-particle-neutron coincidence, in the present invention.
[0029]FIG. 4C are the time-of-flight results according to the present
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0030]Referring more specifically to the drawings, for illustrative purposes
the present invention is embodied in the apparatus generally shown in FIG.
1A through FIG. 4C. It will be appreciated that the apparatus may vary as to
configuration and as to details of the parts, and that the method may vary
as to the specific steps and sequence, without departing from the basic
concepts as disclosed herein.
[0031]Because its spontaneous polarization is a function of temperature,
heating or cooling a pyroelectric crystal in vacuum causes bound charge to
accumulate on faces normal to the polarization. A modest change in
temperature can lead to a surprisingly large electrostatic field. For
example, heating a lithium tantalate crystal from 240 K to 265 K decreases
its spontaneous polarization by 0.0037 Cm.sup.-2. In the absence of spurious
discharges, introducing this magnitude of surface charge density into the
particular geometry of our experiment (FIG. 1A, 1B) gives a potential of 100
kV. Attempts to harness this potential have focused on electron acceleration
and the accompanying bremsstrahlung radiation, but using the crystal to
produce and accelerate ions has been studied much less. Seeking to drive the
D-D fusion reaction, we set out to develop a method of reliably producing an
ion beam of sufficient energy (>80 keV) and current (>1 nA). We demonstrate
such a method using a tungsten tip to generate the high field (>25 V
nm.sup.-1) necessary for gas phase field ionization of deuterium.
EXAMPLE
[0032]The vacuum chamber setup is shown in FIG. 1A. A cylindrical z-cut
LiTaO.sub.3 crystal 12 (diameter, 3.0 cm; height, 1.0 cm) was mounted inside
a chamber 14 with negative axis facing outward onto a hollow copper block
16. A heater 18 is located adjacent the crystal 12. On the exposed crystal
face, we attached a copper disc 20 (diameter, 2.5 cm; height, 0.5 mm),
allowing charge to flow to a tungsten probe 22 (shank diameter, 80 .mu.m;
tip radius, 100 nm; length, 2.3 mm) (FIG. 1B). The probe geometry was chosen
so that the tip field was approximately 25 V nm.sup.-1 when the crystal face
was charged to 80 kV. D.sub.2 pressure was set using a leak valve and
monitored with a D.sub.2 compensated Pirani gauge. The target 24 was a
molybdenum disc coated with ErD.sub.2.
[0033]FIG. 1A also shows calculated equipotentials and D.sup.+ trajectories
26 for a crystal charged to 100 kV; calculations were performed using
finite-element methods. The grounded copper mesh 28 (85% open area, 19.8-mm
wire) shields the Faraday cup 30. The cup 30 and target 24 are connected to
a Keithley 6485 picoammeter and biased to +40 V to collect secondary
electrons and help prevent avalanche discharges. FIG. 1B shows the same
trajectories as in FIG. 1A, but near the tip 22. Using a shorter tip reduces
the beam's angular spread.
[0034]The neutron detector (not shown) consists of six liquid scintillator
(BC-501A and NE213) cells (diameter, 127 mm; height, 137 mm), each optically
coupled to a 127-mm Hamamatsu R1250 photomultiplier tube (PMT). One output
of each PMT was fed into a logical OR trigger, while the other output was
fed into two Acqiris DC270 8-bit (1 gigasample per second) 4-channel
digitizers configured as a single 8-channel digitizer. For every trigger, a
650-ns waveform was digitized simultaneously on all channels and written to
disk for later analysis. To better resolve the bremsstrahlung endpoint, a
2.5-cm aluminium filter was placed between the X-ray detector and the
viewport. The vacuum chamber's thick stainless steel walls and lead sheet
shielded the neutron detector from X-rays.
[0035]A typical run is shown in FIG. 2A-2D. FIG. 2A shows the crystal
temperature as a function of time. The heating rate was 12.4 K min.sup.-1,
corresponding to a pyroelectric current of 22 nA and a heating power of 2 W.
FIG. 2B shows X-rays detected, FIG. 2C shows Faraday cup current, and FIG.
2D shows neutrons detected, each as a function of time, for the same run.
[0036]For the results shown in FIG. 2A-2D, the chamber's deuterium pressure
was held at 0.7 Pa throughout the run. First, the crystal was cooled down to
240 K from room temperature by pouring liquid nitrogen into the cryogenic
feedthrough. At time t=15 s, the heater was turned on. At t=100 s, X-ray
hits due to free electrons striking the crystal were recorded. At t=150 s,
the crystal had reached 80 kV and field ionization was rapidly turning on.
At t=160 s and still not above 0.degree. C., the neutron signal rose above
background.
[0037]Ions striking the mesh and the surrounding aperture created secondary
electrons that accelerated back into the crystal, increasing the X-ray
signal. At t=170 s, the exponential growth of the ion current had ceased,
and the tip was operating in the strong field regime, in which neutral
molecules approaching the tip ionize with unity probability. The neutron
flux continued to increase along with crystal potential until t=220 s, when
we shut off the heater. Then, the crystal lost charge through field
ionization faster than the reduced pyroelectric current could replace it,
resulting in a steadily decreasing crystal potential. At t=393s, the crystal
spontaneously discharged by sparking, halting the effect.
[0038]Pulse shape analysis and proton recoil spectroscopy of neutron
detector data collected during the run are shown in FIG. 3A-3B. The energy
scale, given in electron equivalent (e.e.) energy, was calibrated against
Compton edges of a series of .gamma.-ray sources and is proportional to
anode charge.
[0039]FIG. 3A shows the pulse shape discrimination (PSD) spectrum. The PSD
variable "slow light/fast light" is the ratio of integrated light in the
tail of the PMT signal generated by an event in the liquid scintillator, to
the integrated light around the signal's peak. Electron recoils are in the
lower branch, and proton recoils, having longer scintillation decay, are in
the upper branch. The events enclosed within the upper region are compared
against tabulated pulse shapes, rejecting unusual events such as PMT double
pulsing. There were a total of 15,300 valid neutrons over the course of the
400-s run. From the distribution of events, we estimate that the number of
electron events leaking into the proton branch is negligible compared to the
1% cosmic background.
[0040]FIG. 3B shows the proton recoil spectrum. Valid neutron events are
shown in histogram format. For comparison, we also show our detector's
simulated responses to 1.45 MeV, 2.45 MeV and 3.45 MeV centre-of-mass
boosted neutrons.
[0041]The majority of background triggers, as collected in the first 100 s
of the run, have an electron recoil shape (900 counts per second) and are
due to cosmic muons and .gamma.-rays, compared with relatively few triggers
having a proton recoil shape (33 counts in the first 100 s). Correcting for
our 18% 2.45-MeV neutron detection efficiency, the observed peak neutron
flux was 800 neutrons per second. We may compare this observed peak neutron
flux to the neutron flux expected from the ion beam striking the ErD.sub.2
target. At the time of peak neutron flux, the ion current was 4.2 nA and the
accelerating potential, inferred from the bremsstrahlung endpoint, was 115
kV. Using tabulated stopping powers and fusion cross-sections, we calculate
a neutron flux of 900 neutrons s.sup.-1. This is a slight overestimate,
because part of the ion beam struck outside the target and there was an
oxide layer on the target.
[0042]In FIG. 4A-4C, neutron time-of-flight measurements are presented as
further evidence for this fusion reaction, demonstrating the delayed
coincidence between the outgoing .alpha.-particle and the neutron. In FIG.
4A, a deuteron 40 is shown striking a thin disk of deuterated plastic
scintillator 24, where it fuses with another deuteron, producing an 820-keV
.sup.3He 42 and a 2.45-MeV neutron 44. The .alpha.-particle 42 promptly
scintillates in the plastic 24, recorded by a photomultiplier tube 46
coupled to the glass UHV viewport 48 through a silicone optical pad 50. The
neutron 44, on the other hand, leaves the vacuum chamber 14, and is shown
detected via proton recoil in the liquid scintillator 52.
[0043]FIG. 4B shows simultaneously captured PMT traces, demonstrating the
.alpha.-particle-neutron coincidence. The plastic scintillator trace, shown
in the upper panel, has a large .alpha.-particle hit at t=0 ns, whereas the
smaller hits are incident deuterons that stopped in the plastic but did not
fuse. The liquid scintillator trace, shown in the lower panel, has a proton
hit at t=6 ns.
[0044]FIG. 4C shows time-of-flight results. The distribution of neutron
flight times is shown in the upper histogram. As the neutron emission and
detection volumes are finite and relatively closely spaced, we observe a
range of flight times. The Monte Carlo flight time distribution, including a
constant term to account for background, is shown fitted. The peak in the
distribution roughly corresponds with the 5.6 ns it takes a 2.45-MeV neutron
moving with a velocity of 0.07c (where c is the speed of light) to travel 12
cm. The relative timing offset between the two PMTs was calibrated using
back-to-back 511-keV .gamma.-rays from a .sup.22Na source, as shown in the
lower histogram.
[0045]Using deuterated plastic scintillator (BC-436) as both a deuterated
target, and as a scintillation material, allowed us to pinpoint individual
fusion events. The scintillator was mounted inside the chamber against a
glass ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) viewport, through which a Hamamatsu H1949-50
PMT was coupled via a silicone optical pad (FIG. 4B). The side of the
scintillator facing the beam had a 50-nm layer of evaporated aluminium and
was connected to the picoammeter. The aluminium prevented the target from
charging up, allowed for a reliable beam current measurement, and helped
screen out stray light originating from within the chamber. To minimize
background hits, yet still collect valid coincidences, we used a reduced
deuterium pressure and a reduced heating rate so that the ion current was
around 10 pA. Running at this low level permitted prolonged runs. For
example, the data shown in FIG. 4C were taken from a single heating cycle
lasting over eight hours.
[0046]The present invention is not limited to the foregoing example, but can
be enhanced by varying the included components. For example, the response of
a crystal is preferably optimized by controlling the size, purity,
conductivity, dielectric coefficient, chemical composition, mounting, and
roughness. A matrix or mosaic of crystals may also be used in place of a
single crystal. In this embodiment, these crystals would be grouped into an
array that optimizes the field or current. A geometry can be preferably
chosen that maximizes the electric field, or other desirable parameter.
Laminated crystals can be used. Finally, all forms of piezoelectric crystals
are appropriate, creating embodiments that include crystals in which stress
and strain, rather than temperature, can be used to create fields for
fusion.
[0047]The term "mounting" refers to the method used to attach the crystal to
a heater, a cooler, or some other source of stimulus. The term also includes
the technique used to fasten a tip or electrode to a crystal face. Examples
include the use of conducting or non-conducting epoxy, vacuum glues, silver
paint, or other mounting methods, such as clamping. An electrode is a
surface that conditions the electric field generated by the crystal, and
includes sheets, foils, or films of such materials as gold, aluminum, or
tungsten. Other suitable metals can also be used.
[0048]The tip, as disclosed encompasses a region which has a sharp or a
rounded edge whose radius of curvature ranges from microns to about 10
nanometers. A tip is not limited to merely a solid material, but can be made
from a liquid, including, but not limited to, a gallium coating on a metal.
In addition, an array of tips can be used to improve the yield.
[0049]Moreover, the overall environment, which includes, but is not limited
to, the ambient temperature, humidity, and pressure, is variable as well.
[0050]Finally, applications using deuterated or tritiated systems are
possible. In such applications, deuterium or tritium gas is introduced into
the region of the crystal, or the hydrogen in the crystal is replaced with
deuterium or tritium. Deuterium or tritium can also be adsorbed onto the
crystal surface or loaded into the crystal. Gases and targets incorporating
other elements that undergo nuclear reactions are also included in the
present invention.
[0051]The value of any of these variables is preferably chosen to minimize
or prevent unwanted internal and surface discharges (e.g., sparking).
Alternatively, the crystal, if ruptured, compressed, or exploded, can also
produce a fusion reaction.
[0052]Ultimately, the choice design parameters of the entire system takes
all these variables into account. The parameters include, but are not
limited to, the strength and spatial dependence of the electric field, the
localization of the electric field, the current of ions and electrons
emitted, and the energy and quantity of x-rays generated by the crystal with
various mountings, tips, and stimuli.
[0053]Although the reported fusion is not useful in the power-producing
sense, we anticipate that the system will find application as a simple
palm-sized neutron generator. We note that small (about centimetre-sized)
pyroelectric crystals can produce ion beams of sufficient energy and current
to drive nuclear fusion. We anticipate increasing the field ionization
current by using a larger tip, or a tip array, and by operating at cryogenic
temperatures. With these enhancements, and in addition using a tritiated
target, we believe that the reported signal could be scaled beyond 10.sup.6
neutrons s.sup.-1. Pyroelectric crystals may also have applications in
electrostatic fusion devices, such as the Farnsworth fusor, and as
microthrusters in miniature spacecraft. Applications also include use as a
compact focused ion generator for the front end of a neutron camera in
associated particle imaging (API).
[0054]Although the description above contains many details, these should not
be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing
illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this
invention. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of the present
invention fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obvious to
those skilled in the art, and that the scope of the present invention is
accordingly to be limited by nothing other than the appended claims, in
which reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean "one
and only one" unless explicitly so stated, but rather "one or more." All
structural, chemical, and functional equivalents to the elements of the
above-described preferred embodiment that are known to those of ordinary
skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are
intended to be encompassed by the present claims. Moreover, it is not
necessary for a device or method to address each and every problem sought to
be solved by the present invention, for it to be encompassed by the present
claims. Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present
disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether
the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims.
No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C.
112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the
phrase "means for."
Richard Schultz
: --------------------------------------------------------
: United States Patent Application 20080142717
: Kind Code A1
: Naranjo; Brian ; et al. June 19, 2008
:
: -----------------------------------------------------
It may be worth mentioning at this point that on 15 December 2008, the
USPTO rejected the above application on the grounds of lack of clarity
in the specification, lack of enablement of the claims (i.e. it's not
described in sufficient detail that one "skilled in the art" could build
one), attempt at double patenting (Putterman has another outstanding
application with at least one identical claim), and "obviousness" (similar
neutron sources have already been patented). In principle, Putterman et
al. had until 15 March 2009 to present their arguments in response to the
rejection. The rejection is the last document available from the USPTO
web site, so at this point, it's not possible to know whether Putterman et
al. presented a response to the USPTO, requested an extension of time, or
have abandoned the patent application altogether.
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Richard Schultz sch...@mail.biu.ac.il
Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
Opinions expressed are mine alone, and not those of Bar-Ilan University
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". . .Mr Schutz [sic] acts like a functional electro-terrorist who
impeads [sic] scientific communications with his too oft-silliness."
-- Mitchell Swartz, sci.physics.fusion article <EEI1o...@world.std.com>
Ms. 2
news:grhnk4$n7j$1...@news.iucc.ac.il...
I failed to follow recent developments. I resolve to do better next time.