Spin Switching Chapt13.40092 Superfluidity and BEC as spin switching #834 New Physics #954 ATOM TOTALITY 5th ed

[Archimedes Plutonium]

The theme of New Physics is that the Maxwell Equations as axioms
derives all of physics. This means that if you want an explanation of
any physical phenomenon, that ultimately you have to be talking about
the Maxwell Equations.

So that for example, to understand superconductivity, you ultimately
have to talk about Subshell Switching as palladium superconducts at 3
K, and its subshell 4d10 switches to 4d8, 5s2 at 3K. Subshell
switching and the Aufbau of elements is all governed by the Maxwell
Equations.

To understand superfluidity, and BEC (Bose Einstein Condensate), here
again, you ultimately have to end up with Maxwell Equations as the
explanation. That explanation is Spin Switching.

Now here the author of this Wikipedia entry on BEC, is making a
tentative jab of an explanation by using the Maxwell Equations:

--- quoting Wikipedia on BEC ---
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose-Einstein_condensate#Isotopes

The bosonic, rather than fermionic, behaviour of some of these
alkaline gases appears odd at first sight since their nuclei have half-
integer total spin. The bosonic behaviour arises from a subtle
interplay of electronic and nuclear spins: at ultra-low temperatures
and corresponding excitation energies, the half-integer total spin of
the electronic shell and the half-integer total spin of the nucleus of
the atom are coupled by a very weak hyperfine interaction. The total
spin of the atom arising from this coupling is an integer value
leading to the bosonic ultra-low temperature behaviour of the atom.
The chemistry of the systems at room temperature is determined by the
electronic properties, which is essentially fermionic, since at room
temperature thermal excitations have typical energies much higher than
the hyperfine values.

--- end quoting Wikipedia on BEC ---

Now I just shortened the explanation by just simply saying that the
helium atom He-4 when lowered to 2 K, has both its electrons in the
1s2 subshell, has both electrons with a parallel spin. Or in BEC,
where again we simply say the bonded isotopes of shared electrons have
a Spin Switch, so that two spins are parallel in a s subshell.

The Wikipedia author goes into more detail by referring to electron
and proton structures which is the Maxwell theory. I just simply
summarize the entire phenomenon with Spin Switch.

Quantum Mechanics is not a theory of science but a collection of
rules, principles and regulations, so that BEC or superconductivity or
superfluidity are never explained. Compared to Maxwell Equations which
are comprehensive of all electric and magnetic properties, and which
then forms the explanation of last resort.

In Old Physics, whenever they came up with a new phenomenon, they went
through three steps. First they decided if the new phenomenon was so
strange that the Maxwell Equations could not possibly explain the new
phenomenon and hence called it quantum-mechanics that needs a totally
new physical mechanism (Cooper pairing in superconductivity, or mass
generation in Higgs boson). Secondly, the new phenomenon, now
classified as QM, sought for a total new mechanism for why it works,
such that in superconductivity we have the silly notion that electrons
pair together and no resistance to current flow as the analogy of a
bicycle using the wind-draft of ahead bicycles.
The new mechanism is completely divorced of past physics.
Thirdly, the new phenomenon classified as QM and given a new
mechanism, is now given the status of a QM rule, or regulation or even
a principle status.

In New Physics, every phenomenon, whether old or new, whether strange
or normal-expected, all are sought for the explanation by the Maxwell
Equations.

Now the above author of Wikipedia makes some faint steps into the
Maxwell Equations explaining BEC, but we all know that the Maxwell
Equations are the last resort.

Archimedes Plutonium
http://www.iw.net/~a_plutonium
whole entire Universe is just one big atom
where dots of the electron-dot-cloud are galaxies

[Archimedes Plutonium]

On Aug 25, 12:08 am, Archimedes Plutonium

<plutonium.archime...@gmail.com> wrote:
> The theme of New Physics is that the Maxwell Equations as axioms
> derives all of physics. This means that if you want an explanation of
> any physical phenomenon, that ultimately you have to be talking about
> the Maxwell Equations.
>
> So that for example, to understand superconductivity, you ultimately
> have to talk about Subshell Switching as palladium superconducts at 3
> K, and its subshell 4d10 switches to 4d8, 5s2 at 3K. Subshell
> switching and the Aufbau of elements is all governed by the Maxwell
> Equations.
>

Now I maybe in some sort of luck on palladium. If it is true that at 3
Kelvin
palladium superconducts and also has a subshell switch then the
crystal geometry of a 4d8, 5s2 should be altogether very much
different from 4d10
and thus allow simple observation of the sample to see if a switch had
occurred.

Likewise for niobium at 9 kelvin if a subshell switch had occurred of
4d4, 5s1 to that of 4d3, 5s2, then a change in the metallic bond of
the niobium crystal should
be observable.

[Archimedes Plutonium]

So if the Maxwell Equations fully explain superfluidity as a spin
switch for helium, then why would helium switch its spin of up and
down to have two ups?

What in the Maxwell Equations allows for that, or gives reason for
that?

I am guessing there are two forms of attraction in the Maxwell
Equations, the one being two monopoles forming a dipole, or a magnetic
attraction, which would be the up with the down electron in a
suborbital. So that this attraction is the Coulomb force.

But a second form of attraction is found in the Ampere law where two
parallel currents attract one another, and this would be the two up
electrons in one orbital.

So as we cool Helium-4 to that of 2 Kelvin, why would one of the
electrons convert from its down spin to be a up spin and have two up
spins in that suborbital? Both are attractive forces, but why would a
electron favor a spin switch rather than maintain its opposite spin?

Well the cold temperature must be the answer. And the cold temperature
must be related to the idea that helium must remain liquid rather than
change into a solid and if the attraction force was a magnetic dipole
force rather than the Ampere current attraction, then the Helium would
tend to go into the solid state.

So I think, that Helium goes into superfluid so as to avoid becoming a
solid.

Now as for BEC, the alkali metals are already solids, so why would
they spin switch? I can only guess that the Ampere law for parallel
currents attract is of a lower energy than is the up and down spin in
the same suborbital. And as cold temperatures are reached, the
electrons need to be in lowest energy state.

Now I wonder if we can experiment on the molecule H2 as we get near 0
Kelvin as to what happens to that chemical bond? Does the bond share
an up spin electron with a down spin electron, or can the bond
transform into two up spin electrons?

This is a fascinating subject with more questions than answers.

[Archimedes Plutonium]

Both BEC and superfluidity are under the theory of Spin Switch. Of
course, modern physics has not yet developed systematic experiments to
check for spin switch, nor has modern physics developed systematic
methods of checking for subshell switching for superconductivity. But
if spin switch theory is true, one would expect BEC to be concentrated
at a specific part of the Periodic Table. And that it is, for if you
look at the alkali metals, they are the main elements of BEC.

--- quoting Wikipedia on BEC, the isotopes header ---
The effect has mainly been observed on alkaline atoms which have
nuclear properties particularly suitable for working with traps. As of
2010, using ultra-low temperatures of 10-7 K or below, Bose-Einstein
condensates had been obtained for a multitude of isotopes, mainly of
alkaline and alkaline earth atoms (7Li, 23Na, 39K, 41K, 85Rb, 87Rb,
133Cs, 52Cr, 40Ca, 84Sr, 86Sr, 88Sr, and 174Yb). Condensation research
was finally successful even with hydrogen with the aid of special
methods. In contrast, the superfluid state of the bosonic 4He at
temperatures below 2.17 K is not a good example of Bose-Einstein
condensation, because the interaction between the 4He bosons is too
strong. Only 8% of the atoms are in the single-particle ground state
near zero temperature, rather than the 100% expected of a true Bose-
Einstein condensate.
--- end quote ---

So that one can easily see that BEC and alkali metals are the main
purveyor of BEC, which indicates and supports the theory of spin
switch.

Spin Switch is when the temperature is so much lowered in coldness,
that a paired electrons, one up and one down, switch to a two up
electrons as is the case of helium, or in the case of lithium we have
the three electrons of the 1s and the 2s where all three electrons
have up spin.

Spin Switch would account for the fact that halogens do not BEC and
the best that can be done is for Yb, a transition element of the f and
d subshell.

Now we also need a new methodology of checking for Subshell Switching
for superconductivity. As Oxtoby and Nachtrieb note on their page 521
of their textbook that the anomalies of subshells closely matches the
elements that are superconductive. So here again, where the alkali
metals match those that are BEC amenable, the anomalies of subshells
matches those elements that are superconductive.

Now Oxtoby & Nachtrieb discuss the technique of photoelectron
spectroscopy on page 523, but is that method good enough to experiment
with niobium at 9 Kelvin or palladium at 3 Kelvin to see if the metal
has made a Subshell Switch? And further, to see if Ag, Cu, Au, no
matter how low a temperature, makes no subshell switch?

So here again, the evidence is all pointing towards the two theories
of Subshell Switch for superconductivity and for Spin Switch for BEC
and superfluidity, both of which are derived from Maxwell Equations.

So we see here the task and job ahead for modern physics and
chemistry, is to develop experiments and experimental techniques to
check for Subshell Switch and to check for Spin Switch at cold
temperatures.

There is no point in me exploring details of the theory until we have
techniques that can actually verify if a switch had taken place.

So in modern day physics, we replace the old fuddy duddy notion of Old
Physics of a "transition temperature" a concept that was lacking of
any physical change. So that in Old Physics, the temperature alone was
standing alone in superconductivity, in BEC, and in superfluidity. In
New Physics, something physically changes when a temperature hits a
certain point-- something physically switches at a certain
temperature, and according to the theories that something is either
the subshell or the spin. In Old Physics, they are happy and content
to walk around and talk around a temperature transition as if the
temperature is a physical parameter of an individual atom. In New
Physics, we toss out those blinders, and recognize that if a atom or
collection of atoms has a transition temperature that something
physically has changed.

So, bring on the experiments, the techniques to measure for Subshell
Switch and for Spin Switch.