Re: Neuroectodermal cell pigmentation
ironjustice
Substantia Nigra
A TARGETED PROTEOMICS APPROACH*
Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 8:1832-1838, 2009.
Florian Tribla,b, Esther Asanc, Thomas Arzbergerd, Thomas Tatschnere,
Elmar Langenfeldb, Helmut E. Meyerf, Gerhard Bringmanng, Peter
Riederera, Manfred Gerlachh,i and Katrin Marcusi,j
From the aClinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and
hClinic and Polyclinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and
Psychotherapy, Department of Clinical Neurochemistry and "The
National
Parkinson Foundation Research Laboratories", Miami, Florida, at the
Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Füchsleinstrasse 15, 97080
Würzburg,
Departments of bFunctional Proteomics and
fMedical Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center,
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum,
cInstitute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-
Universität
Würzburg, Koellikerstrasse 6, 97970 Würzburg,
dCentre for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-
University Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 23, 81377 Munich,
eInstitute of Forensic Medicine, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 3, 97078 Würzburg, and
gInstitute of Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
In the pigmented dopaminergic neurons of the human substantia nigra
pars compacta the system relevant in iron storage is the polymer
neuromelanin (NM). Although in most cells this function is mainly
accomplished by ferritin, this protein complex appears not to be
expressed in NM-containing neurons. Nevertheless the conceivable
presence of iron-storing proteins as part of the NM granules has
recently been discussed on the basis of Mössbauer spectroscopy and
synchrotron x-ray microspectroscopy. Intriguingly by combining
subcellular fractionation of NM granules, peptide sequencing via
tandem mass spectrometry, and the additional confirmation by multiple
reaction monitoring and immunogold labeling for electron microscopy,
L-
ferritin could now be unambiguously identified and localized in NM
granules for the first time. This finding not only supports direct
evidence for a regulatory role of L-ferritin in neuroectodermal cell
pigmentation but also integrates a new player within a complicated
network governing iron homeostasis in the dopamine neurons of the
human substantia nigra. Thus our finding entails far reaching
implications especially when considering etiopathogenetic aspects of
Parkinson disease.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
j To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 49-234-32-28444;
Fax: 49-234-32-14554; E-mail: Katrin.Mar...@rub.de.
Originally published In Press as doi:10.1074/mcp.M900006-MCP200 on
March 24, 2009.
© 2009 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology,
Inc.
Who loves ya.
Tom
Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
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DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
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ken
ironjustice
ken
ironjustice
ironjustice
Investigation of the human brain discloses a distinct dark
discoloration of the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus within parts
of the brainstem. This is due to the bluish to brown-black pigment
neuromelanin, which is only present in the human brain and that of a
few other mammals (primates, cows, horses, some breeds of sheep).
Research into neuromelanin is particularly interesting because the
substantia nigra of patients with PD fades in colour during the course
of the disease. The pigment is most common in dopaminergic neurons,
which mostly die-off in PD patients. Dopamine is an important
neurotransmitter. Motor control is impaired if dopaminergic cells
decay. This in turn results in the symptoms typical of Parkinson's
disease such as resting tremor, increasing postural instability and
poor coordination of general movements.
Protective effect due to the "interception" of iron
After the researchers from Bochum and Würzburg had been able to
clarify the composition and production of the neuromelanin granules
four years ago, they began investigating the inner life of
neuromelanin granules in greater detail. The significance of the
currently obtained data is that the selective necrosis of the
dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is accompanied by an
accumulation of ferrous ions (Fe3+). The homeostasis of the iron
content is evidently damaged and this intensifies as the disease
progresses. Elevated quantities of free Fe3+ result - inter alia - in
an increased formation of cell-damaging free radicals which ultimately
leads to necrosis of the cells. Neuromelanin is capable of bonding
ferrous ions (and other heavy metals). For many decades, it had been
uncertain whether the cells are protected by the pigment
"intercepting" ferrous ions, or whether the accumulation of the iron
was actually responsible for damaging the cells. Data gained during
the past few years indicates that neuromelanin primarily plays a
protective role for the neurons.
Additional iron accumulation mechanism
During the current study, the scientists thus investigated whether
there could be a further mechanism for the accumulation of iron in the
substantia nigra over and above the direct binding of the Fe3+ to
neuromelanin. For the first time, they were now able to supply
evidence of ferritin in the neuromelanin granules using a combination
of diverse techniques (one-dimensional SDS gel electrophoresis,
targeted mass spectrometry, western blot analysis, as well as immune
transmission electron microscopy). To date, this important iron depot
protein had only been proven in glia but not in neurons.
New hypothesis on the development of Parkinson's disease
Prof. Katrin Marcus concludes that - in the opinion of her research
team ferritin in the neuromelanin granules is a further significant
element in the homeostasis of the iron content in the substantia
nigra. This first direct proof of ferritin in neuromelanin granules in
dopaminergic neurons is an important step towards an improvement in
the comprehension of the iron metabolism in the human substantia
nigra. It moreover supplies arguments for new hypotheses concerning
the mechanisms of the iron-regulated degeneration of the substantia
nigra in Parkinson's disease. Currently the scientists are
investigating further unclarified issues, such as how the composition
of the neuromelanin granules changes with increasing age and during
the course of the disease. Moreover, they are trying to elucidate the
exact function of the neuromelanin in the cell, and why only the
neuromelanin-containing cells in the substantia nigra die-off.
Source: Ruhr-Universitaet-Bochum
fer...@paris.com
Interesting is that one stage of the disorder finds low iron levels.
Here is another consideration:
"dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is accompanied by an
accumulation of ferrous ions (Fe3+). The homeostasis of the iron
content is evidently damaged and this intensifies as the disease"
Ah, the normal ability of the body to control iron levels is damaged.
This would say something about the stage where iron is too low also and
levels are kept too low. .
So once again iron status follows another disorder and does not cause
it. The real question then is why this lack of normal iron control
should be damaged.
ironjustice
Soooo you are telling everyone with Parkinson's NOT to bother about
the iron in their brains eh you dweeeeeb btch ..
I told you you are **nothing** BUT a fkg little dweeeeb btch .. a long
time ago didn't I ..
Here you are .. being the little dweeeeeeb btch you .. are ..
Stay the fk off my threads and stay the fk away from me .. you
dwwweeeeeeb .. btch ..
Parkinson's Disease: Iron Accumulation To The Point Of Demise
Investigation of the human brain discloses a distinct dark
discoloration of the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus within
parts
of the brainstem. This is due to the bluish to brown-black pigment
neuromelanin, which is only present in the human brain and that of a
few other mammals (primates, cows, horses, some breeds of sheep).
Research into neuromelanin is particularly interesting because the
substantia nigra of patients with PD fades in colour during the
course
of the disease. The pigment is most common in dopaminergic neurons,
which mostly die-off in PD patients. Dopamine is an important
neurotransmitter. Motor control is impaired if dopaminergic cells
decay. This in turn results in the symptoms typical of Parkinson's
disease such as resting tremor, increasing postural instability and
poor coordination of general movements.
Protective effect due to the "interception" of iron
After the researchers from Bochum and Würzburg had been able to
clarify the composition and production of the neuromelanin granules
four years ago, they began investigating the inner life of
neuromelanin granules in greater detail. The significance of the
currently obtained data is that the selective necrosis of the
dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is accompanied by an
accumulation of ferrous ions (Fe3+). The homeostasis of the iron
content is evidently damaged and this intensifies as the disease
fer...@paris.com
iron in their brains eh you dweeeeeb btch .."
Nope, I would tell them to follow their doctor's advice about what
treatment fits them best. But iron is not the cause of the disorder and
it is doubtful that lowering it would make a difference. Why, for the
exact reason posted by you. Read again and try to learn:
"Parkinson's Disease: Iron Accumulation To The Point Of Demise"
Interesting is that one stage of the disorder finds low iron levels.
Here is another consideration:
"dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is accompanied by an
accumulation of ferrous ions (Fe3+). The homeostasis of the iron
content is evidently damaged and this intensifies as the disease"
Ah, the normal ability of the body to control iron levels is damaged.
ironjustice
Stay the fk off my threads and stay the fk away from me .. you
dwwweeeeeeb .. btch ..
Parkinson's Disease: Iron Accumulation To The Point Of Demise
Investigation of the human brain discloses a distinct dark
discoloration of the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus within
parts
of the brainstem. This is due to the bluish to brown-black pigment
neuromelanin, which is only present in the human brain and that of a
few other mammals (primates, cows, horses, some breeds of sheep).
Research into neuromelanin is particularly interesting because the
substantia nigra of patients with PD fades in colour during the
course
of the disease. The pigment is most common in dopaminergic neurons,
which mostly die-off in PD patients. Dopamine is an important
neurotransmitter. Motor control is impaired if dopaminergic cells
decay. This in turn results in the symptoms typical of Parkinson's
disease such as resting tremor, increasing postural instability and
poor coordination of general movements.
Protective effect due to the "interception" of iron
After the researchers from Bochum and Würzburg had been able to
clarify the composition and production of the neuromelanin granules
four years ago, they began investigating the inner life of
neuromelanin granules in greater detail. The significance of the
currently obtained data is that the selective necrosis of the
dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is accompanied by an
accumulation of ferrous ions (Fe3+). The homeostasis of the iron
content is evidently damaged and this intensifies as the disease
Ken
fer...@paris.com
Interesting is that one stage of the disorder finds low iron levels.
Here is another consideration:
"dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is accompanied by an
accumulation of ferrous ions (Fe3+). The homeostasis of the iron
content is evidently damaged and this intensifies as the disease"
Ah, the normal ability of the body to control iron levels is damaged.
Kevysmom
> "Parkinson's Disease: Iron Accumulation To The Point Of Demise"
>
>
This study supports the hypothesis that Pb plays a role in the
etiology of PD in exposed individuals. Although the biochemical
mechanism of Pb neurotoxicity is not completely understood, a growing
body of evidence suggests that metal cations of Pb, iron, and aluminum
stimulate free radical formation, which results in neurodegeneration
via peroxidative damage to the cell wall.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1764163
Discovery of gene behind iron accumulation in brain has implications
for Parkinson's, Alzheimer's
Oregon Health & Science University researchers have identified the
gene behind a group of rare, progressive childhood disorders caused by
an abnormal buildup of iron in the brain.
Discovery of the PLA2G6 gene, whose mutated forms trigger several
genetic disorders categorized as neuroaxonal dystrophies, could shed
light on the nerve cell degeneration that leads to such neurological
maladies as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, both known to be
associated with brain iron accumulation.
http://www.news-medical.net/news/2006/06/18/18470.aspx
Iron and lead are both heavy metals. There are genes that protect
against heavy metal poisoning, but when those genes get over stressed
they can become damaged, That's when you land up with an accumulation
and of course the "symptoms" of that accumulation of heavy metals is
diseases such as Parkinson's.
ironjustice
What part of **my threads** don't you understand .. dckhd .. ?
YOU have shown your .. true .. colors ..
YOU are not here to .. contribute ..
You are here .. on MY threads .. specifically .. to attempt to 'draw
away' FROM the hypothesis of iron accumulation BEING the 'be all end
all' ..
IF you are soooo of the belief .. lead .. somehow is involved as
opposed to
dioxins .. dckhd ..
Goooo for it ..
Doooo it .. though .. elsewhere ..
Your kind tend to leave a .. smell ..
Or .. Coles notes .. ? .. fkff ..
Parkinson's Disease: Iron Accumulation To The Point Of Demise
Investigation of the human brain discloses a distinct dark
discoloration of the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus within
parts
of the brainstem. This is due to the bluish to brown-black pigment
neuromelanin, which is only present in the human brain and that of a
few other mammals (primates, cows, horses, some breeds of sheep).
Research into neuromelanin is particularly interesting because the
substantia nigra of patients with PD fades in colour during the
course
of the disease. The pigment is most common in dopaminergic neurons,
which mostly die-off in PD patients. Dopamine is an important
neurotransmitter. Motor control is impaired if dopaminergic cells
decay. This in turn results in the symptoms typical of Parkinson's
disease such as resting tremor, increasing postural instability and
poor coordination of general movements.
Protective effect due to the "interception" of iron
After the researchers from Bochum and Würzburg had been able to
clarify the composition and production of the neuromelanin granules
four years ago, they began investigating the inner life of
neuromelanin granules in greater detail. The significance of the
currently obtained data is that the selective necrosis of the
dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is accompanied by an
accumulation of ferrous ions (Fe3+). The homeostasis of the iron
content is evidently damaged and this intensifies as the disease
Additional iron accumulation mechanism
Source: Ruhr-Universitaet-Bochum
Who loves ya.
Tom
> > "Parkinson's Disease: Iron Accumulation To The Point Of Demise"
Peter B.
"ironjustice" <ironj...@rock.com> wrote in message
news:3f8bb3c8-d3d8-4027...@v37g2000prg.googlegroups.com...
On Aug 21, 10:53 am, Kevysmom <kevysmo...@gmail.com> wrote: snip <<
What part of **my threads** don't you understand .. dckhd .. ?
YOU have shown your .. true .. colors ..
YOU are not here to .. contribute ..
You are here .. on MY threads .. specifically .. to attempt to 'draw
away' FROM the hypothesis of iron accumulation BEING the 'be all end
all' ..
IF you are soooo of the belief .. lead .. somehow is involved as
opposed to
dioxins .. dckhd ..
Goooo for it ..
Doooo it .. though .. elsewhere ..
Your kind tend to leave a .. smell ..
Or .. Coles notes .. ? .. fkff ..
=====================================
Is this the result of you taking iron or the result of your life on
drugs?
I suspect the latter.
ken
> Is this the result of you taking iron or the result of your life on
> drugs?
>
> I suspect the latter.
Either the lack of the proper drogs: i.e. Lithium, Prozac, Haldol,
Valium, Thorazine, Risperdal, or his abuse of the improper drugs; i.e.
PCP, Methamphetamine, LSD and Wacky Weed
ironjustice
fer...@paris.com
Interesting is that one stage of the disorder finds low iron levels.
Here is another consideration:
"dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is accompanied by an
accumulation of ferrous ions (Fe3+). The homeostasis of the iron
content is evidently damaged and this intensifies as the disease"
Ah, the normal ability of the body to control iron levels is damaged.
ironjustice
Peter B.
Parkinson's Disease: Iron Accumulation To The Point Of Demise
Rusted up?
ironjustice
Peter B.
Parkinson's Disease: Iron Accumulation To The Point Of Demise
Rusting up? Use galv primer.
Kevysmom
> Is this the result of you taking iron or the result of your life on
> drugs?
>
> I suspect the latter.
Thanks Peter. IronJustice is a jackass that obviously has lead,
mercury and IRON build up on the brain!
ironjustice
Kevysmom
What in my post made Iron Justice go apeshitcrazy? Or is he just being
himself?
Happy Oyster
wrote:
>Parkinson's Disease: Iron Accumulation To The Point Of Demise
How many times will the iron stuff be repeated? Keith Walsh nerved s.m.d with
his amalgam stuff...
--
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Peter B.
Parkinson's Disease: Iron Accumulation To The Point Of Demise
Rust will bust.
Peter B.
"Kevysmom" <kevys...@gmail.com> wrote in message
news:f86b3c4b-fbe6-40c3...@o6g2000yqj.googlegroups.com...
>
>
> What in my post made Iron Justice go apeshitcrazy? Or is he just being
> himself?
>
He is under the weather, bored, and wants to get in on the action. He
hates being ignored.
He also learned a valuable lesson, you do not have to eat meat to get
angry, to blow up, but you do have to eat meat to get angry and still
make sense.
ironjustice
ironjustice
Kevysmom
> > What in my post made Iron Justice go apeshitcrazy? Or is he just being
> > himself?
>
> He is under the weather, bored, and wants to get in on the action. He
> hates being ignored.
He is so stupid he didnt even realize my post was supporting his
argument!
>
> He also learned a valuable lesson, you do not have to eat meat to get
> angry, to blow up, but you do have to eat meat to get angry and still
> make sense.
You have a great point there!
Kevysmom
> >What in my post made Iron Justice go apeshitcrazy? Or is he just being
> >himself?
>
I would have thought perhaps hes had one too many vaccines! ;o)