What the electric conductor is
Hamid V. Ansari
Ed 01.12.31 ------------------------------
Abstract
--------
Action mechanism of a conductor is presented in a simple manner. It is
proven that this is not the charges themselves that are distributed in
the conductor but their substitutes do this act. Also we conclude that
probably the electron doesn't have a size so small compared with the
dimensions of a molecule. In a discussion relating directly to the
subject of surface tension we see why a net negative charge in a
conductor cannot leave it.
I. Electric conductor and electron
----------------------------------
An electric conductor must have two specifications: 1. The electron must
have attachment to the positive ion which is supposed stationary. 2. This
attachment must be such weak that the electron can be replaced easily by
another electron of an adjacent molecule if a stronger resultant force is
exerted on it.
Let's show a positive ion by "O" and an electron by ".". Schematically we
can show the molecules of a conductor as the electric dipoles of Fig. 1.
. . . . . . . . . .
O O O O O O O O O O
Fig. 1
When two additional electrons are imposed on this conductor between the set
of the molecules, as shown in Fig. 2, the electrons will open out but not
uniformly and equally because the location of the positive ions are constant
and anyhow each electron must be finally positioned beside a positive ion.
a" a'a b b' b"
. . . . . . . . . . . .
O O O O O O O O O O
Fig. 2
Thus, the imposed electron a will take the place of a', and b will take
the place of b', and afterwards a' will take the place of a", and b' will
take the place of b", and this process will be repeated until at last
Fig. 3 will be obtained in which the two electrons e and e' are not the
same electrons a and b in Fig. 2 but are their last substitutes.
e e'
. . . . . . . . . . . .
O O O O O O O O O O
Fig. 3
As it is seen each substitute electron has been displaced only to an
extent as large as the distance between two adjacent molecules.
Thus, it is not true to think that when some net negative charge has been
added to the inner region of a conductor, this is these added electrons
themselves that repel each other and directly gather on the outer surface
of the conductor.
Now let's, instead of adding two electrons, subtract two electrons from
the middle of the set of molecules shown in Fig. 1; see Fig. 4.
b a
. . . . . . . .
O O O O O O O O O O
Fig. 4
It's obvious that the resultant force exerted on a is leftward and the
one exerted on b is rightward. Thus, Fig. 5 will be obtained.
b' b a a'
. . . . . . . .
O O O O O O O O O O
Fig. 5
The resultant force exerted on a' too, as it is observable in the figure,
is leftward and the one exerted on b' is rightward. Thus, Fig. 6 will be
obtained and this process will continue until Fig. 7 is obtained.
b' b a a'
. . . . . . . .
O O O O O O O O O O
Fig. 6
. . . . . . . .
O O O O O O O O O O
Fig. 7
Here too, it is observed that neither any positive ion has been displaced
nor any electron has undergone a displacement larger than the distance
between two adjacent molecules.
In this manner it is seen that every net charge, negative or positive,
added to a conductor will be distributed on the conductor's surface.
Degree of conductivity of an object depends on the capability that the
molecule of the object has for substituting an adjacent electron for the
electron of itself. If this capability is high, we shall have a good
conductor, and if this capability does not exist practically, we shall
almost have a good non-conductor (or dielectric). Middle states form
semiconductors.
That in the above discussion we say that this is in fact the substitutes
of the additional charges that are distributed on the conductor's surface
does not mean at all that when necessary the valence electrons of the
conductor itself have no capability to be displaced in order to take
a particular configuration, but if an electric field is exerted in the
conductor the electrons will move and change their distribution in such a
way that the electric field inside the condiuctor will vanish and only the
electric field normal to the conductor's surface will exist but this act
occurs by distribution of the substitutes. In this respect it's better
to ask ourselves why the additional charges embedded in a non-conductor
don't distribute themselves towards the non-conductor's surface at least
due to their repulsive forces. Naturally the answer is that the molecules
of the object act as huge obstacles on the way of the electrons which
intend to pass all the length of the non-coductor towards its surface
directly and hinder them from passing. This is true even for conductors,
ie in conductors the molecules of the conductor are obstacles to direct
distribution of the electrons themselves. But if the molecules are to
take part in charge distribution towards the surface, ie each of them
in an active manner accept an external electron as its own member while
expelling its own electron, then the distribution of charge, in such a
manner causing the field to vanish inside the conductor and to be normal
on the conductor's surface, will take place easily and rapidly.
That the electrons added to the inside of a non-conductor are not able
to distribute themselves onto the non-conductor's surface states another
fact too: It seems that the size (not necessarily the mass) of electron
is not so small compared with the interatomic spacing. If the size of the
electrons were so small in comparison with the interatomic spacings, they
would easily be able to distribute themselves onto the non-conductor's
surface through the spacings between the molecules of the object. But it
seems that the electrons are such voluminous that the molecules, or
in fact the adjacency of the molecules, can hinder their direct
distribution or movement.
Point:
-----
We studied the mechanism of distribution of the charges added to a
conductor onto its surface. Here we present a general indication confirming
that the added charges must be distributed onto the outer surface of the
conductor: Similar charges must go far from each other as distant as
possible and if they are to be distributed on a surface this surface must
be the widest surface possible for distribution. But because of the
limitation we have on the shape of the conductor the distance and area
cannot be maximum simultaneously and then their product, ie the volume
containing the surface of distribution, must be maximum, and it is natural
that such a surface is outer surface of the conductor which contains the
maximum volume available.
II. Why electric charge cannot leave conductor
----------------------------------------------
Let's consider matter as set of electric dipoles. One pole of each of these
dipoles is electron. Electron has a volume comparable with the volume of the
positive pole (at least at present think so) but its mass is very much less
than the mass of the (proton) positive pole. Assume a fixed temperature.
In this temperature the above-mentioned dipoles related to a matter, or its
so-called molecules, due to positive-negative attraction of the dipoles can
be fitted with each other in such a way that the center of mass of each
molecule remains nearly fixed. We call such a matter as solid. Since anyway
there exists some temperature, we must consider a dynamic state for the
molecules, ie we must accept that the molecules, and chiefly the negative
poles of them (due to their lightness), have tremor and slight movements in
their own seats. If our matter is conductor (notice the definition of
conductivity in the previous section), in an immediate interchange with
adjacent molecules the electron of each molecule can be being replaced by
another electron of an adjacent molecule while is replacing the electron of
another adjacent molecule. This means that there are always some random
closed electric currents inside a conductor dynamically.
As we said each dipole of the matter is under the influence of the related
electrical attractions of all the molecules immediately adjacent to it, and
then if this dipole or molecule is inside the matter, resultant of forces
exerted on it, arising from all the surrounding molecules, which are
immediately adjacent to it, is zero on average. But if the molecule is on
the surface of body (of our matter), it will feel only a resultant
attraction toward the inside of the matter exerted on itself arising from
the attractive forces of the molecules of the body exerted on it (ie simply
its negative pole is attracted by the positive poles adjacent to it in the
matter and its positive pole is attracted by the negative poles adjacent to
it in the matter, and similar poles are not, in principle, positioned
adjacent to each other in formation of the matter (which requires attraction
not repulsion)); see the 7th article of this book which has a detailed
discussion about surface or depth tension. Thus, depth tension (or what
at present is called as surface tension wrongly) is present in solids or
even, somehow, in gases in addition to liquids.
Now consider a conductor. Imagine that only a single electron has been
injected into this conductor. Considering the above-mentioned random closed
electric currents and that the electrons of the different molecules are
replaced by each other dynamically we can say that each time, this single
electron will be seen in a random place in the conductor, but this
doesn't mean that this electron itself will undergo the displacements
between the points it is seen each time but its substitutes will be in
these points in different times (see the previous section). But if we
inject more than one electron into the conductor, the repulsion between
additional electrons (which are these electrons themselves or their
substitutes) and existence of the above-mentioned dynamic state will
necessitate immediate distribution of the substitutes of these additional
electrons onto the outer surface of the conductor.
As we said the positive pole is very much heavier than the negative pole
(but not larger). In a dynamic state this means that in a solid the center
of mass of the positive pole remains almost stationary but the center of
mass of the negative pole will change its position regularly around the
positive pole esp considering the above-mentioned dynamic state. When the
above-mentioned additional electrons are distributed on the surface of the
conductor the molecules (or dipoles) of the conductor's surface will
undergo local shift in the position of their negative or electron pole
around the positive pole in such a manner that the additional electrons
on the surface feel the attraction exerted on them by the positive poles
of the surface molecules. The possibility of such a local shift of the
electrons of the surface molecules is also provided by the repulsion of
these additional electrons. In simple words if we suppose that Fig. 8 is
a noncharged conductor, Fig. 9 will be the same conductor having two
additional electrons distributed on the conductor's surface before the
above-mentioned local electron shift, and Fig. 10 will be the same one
after this shift and getting a stable state for the additional electrons
(on the conductor's surface) being under the influence of the attraction
of the near heavy nuclei while the repulsion of the far light electrons
being less on them.
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
O*O*O*O*O*O*O*O*
Fig. 8
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+--
*O*O*O*O*O*O*O*O**
Fig. 9
-
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-*
*O*O*O*O*O*O*O*O+
Fig. 10 *
-
Then, in other words, the additional electrons, distributed on the surface,
due to the depth tension of (or resultant attraction exerted by) the
adjacent molecules of the conductor cannot leave the conductor, and this
(which can be interpreted as depth (or (wrongly) as surface) tension is the
reason that why the net negative charge or the additional electrons
distributed on the outer surface of the conductor cannot escape from the
conductor. Also, without any need to be explained more, the above
discussions clarifies this fact perfectly that why a net positive charge
distributed on the conductor's surface cannot leave the conductor.
Hamid V. Ansari
By sending a request to me ( ansar...@yahoo.com ) you
can have the collection of the latest edition of all the
articles of my book "Great mistakes of the physicists"
and, if requested, the LaTeX version of the text of
most of them in your email box.
The contents of the book:
0 Physics without Modern Physics
1 Geomagnetic field reason
2 Compton effect is a Doppler effect
3 Deviation of light by Sun is optical
4 Stellar aberration with ether drag
5 Stern-Gerlach experiment is not quantized
6 Electrostatics mistakes; Capacitance independence from dielectric
7 Surface tension theory; Glaring mistakes
8 Logical justification of the Hall effect
9 Actuality of the electric current
10 Photoelectric effect is not quantized
11 Wrong construing of the Boltzmann factor; E=h<nu> is wrong
12 Wavy behavior of electron beams is classical
13 Electromagnetic theory without relativity
14 Cylindrical wave, wave equation, and mistakes
15 Definitions of mass and force; A critique
16 Franck-Hertz experiment is not quantized
17 A wave-based polishing theory
18 What the electric conductor is
19 Why torque on stationary bodies is zero
A1 Solution to four-color problem
A2 A proof for Goldbach's conjecture
EPK
news:dc34511b.02111...@posting.google.com...
> 18 What the electric conductor is
> Ed 01.12.31 ------------------------------
> Abstract
> --------
> Action mechanism of a conductor is presented in a simple manner. It is
> proven that this is not the charges themselves that are distributed in
> the conductor but their substitutes do this act. Also we conclude that
> probably the electron doesn't have a size so small compared with the
> dimensions of a molecule.
Interesting. Recent measurement of the electron give it a diameter on the
order of 10^-30 meters, which seems rather smaller than a molecule...
student
>18 What the electric conductor is
>I. Electric conductor and electron
>----------------------------------
>An electric conductor must have two specifications: 1. The electron must
>have attachment to the positive ion which is supposed stationary. 2. This
>attachment must be such weak that the electron can be replaced easily by
>another electron of an adjacent molecule if a stronger resultant force is
>exerted on it.
google "nearly free electron"
> [... the remainder mercifully snipped ...]
Sam Wormley
>
> [snipped]
See: http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/ElectricalConductor.html
Uncle Al
>
> 18 What the electric conductor is
> Ed 01.12.31 ------------------------------
> Abstract
> --------
> Action mechanism of a conductor is presented in a simple manner. It is
> proven that this is not the charges themselves that are distributed in
> the conductor but their substitutes do this act.
You again, moron? You repeatedly spam the same crap - including
uncorrected typos - hoping that a big enough pile of your shit will
suddenly smell sweet. It won't. Go bother religious newsgroups
wherein the shitpiles attract enthusiastic flies.
Murphy's Law was not discovered by Murphy. No! It was discovered by
another man of the same name.
--
Uncle Al
http://www.mazepath.com/uncleal/
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