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Message from discussion Tautologies Then and Now
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paul  
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 More options Dec 12 2004, 12:53 pm
Newsgroups: sci.logic
From: paul <paul8...@on-ramp.nl>
Date: Sun, 12 Dec 2004 12:53:19 -0500
Local: Sun, Dec 12 2004 12:53 pm
Subject: Re: Tautologies Then and Now
On 12 Dec 2004 09:40:12 GMT, Chris Menzel

<cmen...@remove-this.tamu.edu> wrote:
>On Sun, 12 Dec 2004 02:30:55 -0500, paul <paul8...@on-ramp.nl> said:
>> If you google "universally valid" wrt predicate logic you'll find many
>> instances of its application to always valid predicate statements
>> versus the one example of Partee. My question is why is "tautology"
>> not normally used outside sentential logic? There must be a reason.

>Because it usefully picks out a certain class of logical truths, viz.,
>those that are true simply in virtue of their truth functional
>structure.  If its meaning were broadened to include the logical truths
>of predicate logic, it would serve no purpose.  

 Thanks for your response, but I'm still unclear. Isn't (x)(Px v -Px)
(everything is either P or not-P) true in virtue of its truth
functional structure?

 My hunch as to why most logicians limit the term "tautology" to
sentential logic is that when truth tables are applied to monadic
predicate statements based on some model with some domain of
individuals, one is not building a truth table right off the
quantified statement but (even if undeclared) one is instantiating the
quantified statement such that in the domain {a, b} (x)Px becomes Pa
and Pb. Once that's done, what's actually being analyzed is not a
quantified predicate statement but a statement that aside from the
quantification project could be reduced to a sentential statement.

 Moreover, I think categorical predicate statements can be subjected
to truth table analysis (that's what I infer from Copi, "Symbolic
Logic," p.81) if (x)(Px -> Bx) in the domain {a, b} is instantiated as

(Pa -> Ba) & (Pb -> Bb)

and existential statements like Ex(Px & Bx) are instantiated as

(Pa & Ba) v (Pb & Bb).

Then we could build truth tables for them based on a model. But at
that point our analysis is operating *outside* quantified predicate
statements with statements that could as well be reduced to sentential
letters.

>We already have "logical
>truth" and "universal validity" (though the latter is rather less
>common; indeed, I can only recall seeing it in the LTF Gamut text --
>whose actual authors, BTW, are the frighteningly prolific Dutch logician
>Johan van Benthem and a couple of his colleagues).

Right, "L.T.F. Gamut" is by some means a collective pseudonym for
professors Benthem, Groenendijk, de Jongh, Stokhof, and Verkuyl.

Thanks for your input Chris.

- paul


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