Detection, markers and prognostic/predictive significance of disseminated tumor cells (DTC)
scim...@mail.com
significance.
by Marc Lacroix
InTextoResearch, Baelen, Wallonia, Belgium
in Cancer Metastases Research, Nova Sciences Publishers, New York,
ISBN 978-1-60456-130-2 (2008), pp. 1-45.
The development of distant metastases is the major cause of death
from most cancers. In order to predict and prevent tumour spreading,
many attempts are being made to detect small numbers of tumour cells
that have shed from the primary lesions and have moved to lymph nodes,
blood or bone marrow ("disseminated tumor cells", or DTC). This
chapter presents the advantages and limitations of techniques used for
disseminated tumour cells (DTC) detection. DTC markers used in
bladder, breast, cervical, colorectal, esophageal, gastric, head and
neck, liver, lung, melanoma, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, renal, and
thyroid cancers are listed. The significance of DTC for prognosis and
prediction of response to therapy is examined, with a specific focus
on breast cancer. DTC viability and the notion of cell dormancy are
also discussed.
Markers used to detect DTC from various cancers by RT-PCR:
AFP Alpha-fetoprotein
Type(s) of cancer: liver
AGR2 Anterior gradient homolog 2 (Xenopus laevis)
Other name(s): Secreted cement gland protein XAG-2 homolog (hAG-2) ;
XAG-2 homolog long protein (HPC8); GOB-4
Type(s) of cancer: breast, colorectal, prostate
ANKRD30A Ankyrin repeat domain 30A
Other name(s): Breast cancer antigen NY-BR-1; B726P
Type(s) of cancer: breast
AR Androgen receptor
Type(s) of cancer: prostate
B305D Antigen B305D
Other name(s): B305D, isoform A (B305D-A) B305D, isoform C (B305D-C)
Type(s) of cancer: breast
B4GALNT1 Beta-1,4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase 1
Other name(s): UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:(N-acetylneuraminyl)-
galactosylglucosylceramide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
Type(s) of cancer: melanoma
CA9 Carbonic anhydrase IX
Other name(s): Renal cell carcinoma associated antigen G250
Type(s) of cancer: kidney
CALCA Calcitonin/calcitonin-related polypeptide, alpha
Type(s) of cancer: thyroid
CD44 Antigen CD44
Other name(s): Hermes antigen; PGP1
Type(s) of cancer: breast, head & neck
CDH1 Cadherin-1 (epithelial)
Other name(s): E-cadherin; uvomorulin
Type(s) of cancer: breast
CDH6 Cadherin 6, type 2, K-cadherin (fetal kidney)
Type(s) of cancer: kidney
CEACAM5 Carcino-embryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5
Other name(s): Carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA)
Type(s) of cancer: breast, colorectal, esophagus, head & neck, lung,
pancreas, stomach, thyroid
CEACAM7 Carcino-embryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 7
Other name(s): Carcinoembryonic antigen 2 (CGM2)
Type(s) of cancer: colorectal
CGB Chorionic gonadotropin, beta polypeptide
Other name(s): ß-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-HCG)
Type(s) of cancer: breast
CTSD Cathepsin-D
Type(s) of cancer: breast, kidney
CXCR4 Chemokine, CXC motif, receptor 4
Other name(s): Neuropeptide Y receptor Y3 (NPY3R); lipopolysaccharide-
associated protein 3 (LAP3); fusin
Type(s) of cancer: breast
DCT Dopachrome tautomerase
Other name(s): Tyrosinase-related-protein-2 (TYRP2); dopachrome delta-
isomerase
Type(s) of cancer: melanoma
DDC Dopa decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase)
Type(s) of cancer: prostate, stomach
EGFR Epidermal growth factor receptor
Other name(s): Oncogene ERBB1; c-erbB-1
Type(s) of cancer: bladder, breast, cervix, colorectal, head & neck,
lung, prostate
ERBB2 V-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2, neuro/
glioblastoma derived oncogene homolog (avian) (ERBB2)
Other name(s): c-erbB-2,; HER-2/neu
Type(s) of cancer: breast
FABP1 Fatty acid binding protein 1, liver
Other name(s): Liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP)
Type(s) of cancer: breast, colorectal, prostate
FOLH1 Folate hydrolase
Other name(s): Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)
Type(s) of cancer: prostate
GABRP Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor pi (p) subunit
Other name(s): GABA receptor A, pi (p) polypeptide (GABARAP); GABA-A
receptor, pi (p) polypeptide (GABA A(p))
Type(s) of cancer: breast
GALNT6 UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:polypeptide
Other name(s): N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6 ppGalNac-T(6); ß
-1-4-N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase 6; GalNAc transferase 6;
(GalNAcT6)
Type(s) of cancer: breast
GRP Gastrin-releasing peptide
Type(s) of cancer: lung, thyroid
KLK2 Kallikrein-related peptidase 2
Type(s) of cancer: prostate
KLK3 Kallikrein-related peptidase 3
Other name(s): Prostate specific antigen
Type(s) of cancer: prostate
KLK6 Kallikrein-related peptidase 6
Other name(s): Protease M; neurosin
Type(s) of cancer: colorectal, ovary
KRT7 Keratin 7
Other name(s): Cytokeratin 7 (CK7); sarcolectin (SCL)
Type(s) of cancer: breast, esophagus, lung, ovary
KRT8 Keratin 8
Other name(s): Cytokeratin 8 (CK8)
Type(s) of cancer: breast
KRT18 Keratin 18
Other name(s): Cytokeratin 18 (CK18)
Type(s) of cancer: bladder, breast, esophagus
KRT19 Keratin 19
Other name(s): Cytokeratin 19 (CK19)
Type(s) of cancer: bladder, breast, cervical, colorectal, esophagus,
head & neck, lung, ovary, pancreas, stomach, thyroid
KRT20 Keratin 20
Other name(s): Cytokeratin 20 (CK20)
Type(s) of cancer: bladder, breast, cervical, colorectal, esophagus,
head & neck, lung, ovary, pancreas, stomach, thyroid
MAGEA1 Melanoma antigen family A, 1
Other name(s): Mage1
Type(s) of cancer: liver
MAGEA2 Melanoma antigen family A, 2
Other name(s): Mage2
Type(s) of cancer: lung
MAGEA3 Melanoma antigen family A, 3
Other name(s): Mage3
Type(s) of cancer: breast, liver, lung, melanoma
MAGEA4 Melanoma antigen family A, 4
Other name(s): Mage4
Type(s) of cancer: lung
MAGEA6 Melanoma antigen family A, 6
Other name(s): Mage6
Type(s) of cancer: lung
MAGEA12 Melanoma antigen family A, 12
Other name(s): Mage12
Type(s) of cancer: lung
MET Protooncogene Met
Other name(s): Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR); renal cell
carcinoma, papillary 2 (RCCP2)
Type(s) of cancer: breast, stomach
MFI2 Antigen p97
Other name(s): Melanotransferrin
Type(s) of cancer: melanoma
MITF Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor
Type(s) of cancer: melanoma
MLANA Melan-A
Other name(s): Melanoma antigen MART-1
Type(s) of cancer: melanoma
MUC1 Mucin-1, transmembrane
Other name(s): Carcinoma antigen 15.3 (CA15.3);carcinoma antigen 27.29
(CA27.29); CD227 antigen; episialin; epithelial membrane antigen
(EMA); polymorphic epithelial mucin (PEM); peanut-reactive urinary
mucin (PUM); tumor-associated glycoprotein 12 (TAG12)
Type(s) of cancer: breast, colorectal, lung, stomach
MUC2 Mucin 2, oligomeric mucus/gel-forming
Type(s) of cancer: breast, colorectal
MUC5B Mucin 5B, oligomeric mucus/gel-forming
Type(s) of cancer: breast
MUC7 Mucin 7, secreted
Type(s) of cancer: bladder, breast
OR51E2 Olfactory receptor, family 51, subfamily E, member 2
Other name(s): Prostate-specific G protein-coupled receptor (PSGR)
Type(s) of cancer: prostate
OSBP2 Oxysterol binding protein 2
Type(s) of cancer: colorectal
PAX3 Paired box gene 3
Type(s) of cancer: melanoma
PIP Prolactin-induced protein
Other name(s): Gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP-15)
Type(s) of cancer: breast
PLAUR Plasminogen activator receptor, urokinase-type
Other name(s): Urokinase receptor (uPAR); CD87 antigen
Type(s) of cancer: breast
PSCA Prostate stem cell antigen
Type(s) of cancer: prostate, stomach
PTHLH Parathyroid hormone-like hormone
Other name(s): PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-related protein)
Type(s) of cancer: breast, head & neck
S100A14 S100 calcium binding protein A14
Type(s) of cancer: breast, colorectal, prostate
S100A16 S100 calcium binding protein A16
Other name(s): S100F; aging-associated protein 13 (AAG13)
Type(s) of cancer: breast, colorectal, prostate
SBEM Small breast epithelial mucin
Other name(s): BS106; B511S
Type(s) of cancer: breast
SCGB1D2 Secretoglobin family 1D member 2 (Prostatein-like)
Other name(s): Lipophilin B (LPB, LPHB); antigen BU101
Type(s) of cancer: breast
SCGB2A1 Secretoglobin family 2A, member 1
Other name(s): Mammaglobin 2 (MGB2); mammaglobin B (MGBB); lacryglobin
(LGB); lipophilin C (LPC, LPHC)
Type(s) of cancer: breast
SCGB2A2 Secretoglobin family 2A, member 2
Other name(s): Mammaglobin (MGB); mammaglobin 1 (MGB1); mammaglobin A
(MGBA)
Type(s) of cancer: breast
SERPINB3 Serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade B
(ovalbumin), member 3
Other name(s): Squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1 (SCCA1)
Type(s) of cancer: esophagus, head & neck
SERPINB4 Serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade B
(ovalbumin), member 4
Other name(s): Squamous cell carcinoma antigen 2 (SCCA2)
Type(s) of cancer: esophagus, head & neck
SERPINB5 Serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade B
(ovalbumin), member 5
Other name(s): Mammary serine protease inhibitor (Maspin)
Type(s) of cancer: breast
SILV Silver homolog (mouse)
Other name(s): 95 kD melanocyte-specific secreted glycoprotein;
Pmel17; Gp100
Type(s) of cancer: melanoma
SPDEF SAM pointed domain containing ets transcription factor
Other name(s): Prostate epithelium-specific Ets transcription factor
(PDEF)
Type(s) of cancer: breast
TACSTD1 Tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 1
Other name(s): Colorectal carcinoma antigen CO17-1A; epithelial
glycoprotein 2 (EGP2); epithelial glycoprotein 40kD (EGP40);
epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM); epithelial-specific antigen
(ESA); gastrointestinal tumour associated antigen 733-2 (GA733-2);
KS1/4 antigen; KSA antigen; membrane component, chromosome 4, surface
marker 1 (M4S1); MK-1 antigen; MIC18 antigen; TROP-1 antigen
Type(s) of cancer: breast, colorectal, esophagus, lung
TERT Telomerase reverse transcriptase
Other name(s): Telomerase catalytic subunit
Type(s) of cancer: breast, colorectal, liver, melanoma, stomach,
thyroid
TFF1 Trefoil factor 1
Other name(s): Breast cancer estrogen-inducible sequence (BCEI);
gastrointestinal trefoil protein (GTF);pS2 protein
Type(s) of cancer: breast
TFF3 Trefoil factor 3
Other name(s): Intestinal trefoil factor (ITF);p1.B
Type(s) of cancer: breast, colorectal
TG Thyroglobulin
Type(s) of cancer: thyroid
TPO Thyroid peroxidase
Type(s) of cancer: thyroid
TSHR Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor
Type(s) of cancer: thyroid
TSPAN8 Tetraspanin 8
Other name(s): Transmembrane 4 superfamily member 3 (TM4SF3); CO-029
Type(s) of cancer: colorectal
TYR Tyrosinase Oculocutaneous albinism IA
Type(s) of cancer: melanoma
TYRP1 Tyrosinase-related protein 1
Other name(s): Melanoma antigen gp75
Type(s) of cancer: melanoma
UCHL1 Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1
Other name(s): Ubiquitin thiolesterase; protein gene product 9.5 (PGP
9.5)
Type(s) of cancer: lung
UPK1A Uroplakin 1A
Type(s) of cancer: bladder
UPK1B Uroplakin 1B
Type(s) of cancer: bladder
UPK2 Uroplakin 2
Type(s) of cancer: bladder
UPK3 Uroplakin 3
Type(s) of cancer: bladder
VIL1 Villin 1
Type(s) of cancer: colorectal