I think "a fallen Syria" allows the subjunctive interpretation where
as "fallen Syria" can only mean Syria has already fallen. They could
have said instead of
"Kurds Prepare to Pursue More Autonomy in a Fallen Syria"
"Kurds Prepare to Pursue More autonomy, were Syria to fall"
Which is only one letter longer.
The NY Times is a mouthpiece for warmongering and I am sure the
ambiguity was intended (imprinting the false notion in the minds of
folks in Peoria etc.)