Synthesis of Hydrazine
Acid Test
up to the distillation of water dissolvable hydrazine to form the
salt.
I will submit a surefire recipe.I have worked it out theoroeticlly.
A WORD OF WARNING:
This is for individual experiment only.I use this procedure only to
further my knowledge in chemistry and do not sell or dispose my
substances down the drain(except for normal lab waste)What i can
recycle i can.NH2-CO-NH2 is a body toxin!!!!!!!!!!!!Do not use to
make phenethylamines where doses over 10mg are required.
DO SO AT YOUR OWN RISK!!!!!!!!!
This is no joke..
DO NOT TRAFFIC ANY SUBSTANCE FROM THIS PROCEDURE...
THIS INCLUDES GIVING AWAY
Hypothesis:
(1)NH2-CO-NH2+2NH3=2NH4+NCON
(2)NCON+2NH4+CH3HCCH2=2NH4+NH2-CO-NH2+HCHCCH=>
2NH4+HCHCCH=2NH3+CH3CCH2+4NH2+
NH2-CO-NH2=>heat=>2NH2-NH2 +NH2-CO-NH2+CH3CCH2
Prepatory Procedures:
-appx 3oz of your own urine.Add 3 times the weight of ammonia to
this.This can be stored in a jar in your fridge.
-Oxidize 4 oz of iso-propyl alcohol
with k2Cr2O7(or other oxidizing agent you may have)
About 5-10 drops of a 4 PH should do(2-4 % solution).
Distill ketone,then crystalize the
remaining K2Cr2O5.
Synthesis:
Take 4 oz of treated urine and add it to a flask.Add 1/2 oz of ketone
and add to flask.Stir and let sit for about 6 hours.Add heat and keep
heating until the mixture no longer gives off ammonia fumes.Reduce
heat to low and let it distill at low heat.Keep this up until you
have about 5-10 ml of substance.Turn off heat.In this liquid is
dissolved hydrazine hydrate.
A word of caution:
This prepreation was created for substances that give psychoactive
responses at low doses(under 10 ml).A word of caution NH2-CO-NH2 and
NCON are poisonous and will cause stomach cramps and a general
feeling of not feeling good.Even at these low doses a short 2 minute
reaction occurs about 6-8 hours after ingestion.
Be warned...Do not use this substance for prepreation of any
phenethylamine where doses over 10mg are required.
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hanson
wrote in message news:4005881b$1...@127.0.0.1...
mmmhh :<|)
:< /)
mmmhh :<|)
:< /)
mmmhh :<|)
:< /) :< /) :< /) :< /) mmmhh :<|) :<|) :-)
hahah :-) :-) :-) :-)) wwwhhooooaahh :-)))
hahahah...hahah.....hohhhhhhohho..hahahah....
uuhhhhhaaahhahahah....wohahhh..hahaha.....
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hahahaaaa........whoahhhhhhhh........hohohoh.......
uuhhhhhaaahhahahah....wohahhh..hahaha.....
hahaha.......hahah..... :-)) :<) :-))) ;>))
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hahahah....wohahhh..hahaha.....hahaha.......
hahah.....hohhhhhhohho..hahahah....wohahhh..
hahahaaaa........whoahhhhhhhh........hohohoh.......
uuhhhhhaaahhahaha.....:-)) :<) :-))) ;>))
hohhhhhhohho..hahahah....wohahhh..hahaha....
hahaha.......hahah.....hohhhhhhohho..hahahah....
.....:-)) :<) :-))) ;>)) hahaha....hahahah...hahah.....
hohhhhhhohho..hahahah....wohahhh..hahaha.....
hahahaaaa........whoahhhhhhhh........hohohoh.......
uuhhhhhaaahhahaha.......hahah.....hohhhhhhohho..
wohahhh..hahaha.....hahaha....hahahah...hahah
hohhhhhhohho..hahahah....wohahhh..hahaha.....
hahaha............:-)) :<) :-))) ;>)) hohhhhhhohho..
wohahhh..hahaha.....hahaha....hahahah....
Eppendorf
"hanson" <han...@quick.net> wrote in message
news:SFgNb.9312$zj7....@newsread1.news.pas.earthlink.net...
Efverse23
demonstrate precisely why the activities suggested within the post should not
be done... In other words, exotic psychoactives are bad, but poorly executed
homebrews of such are far worse!
-Synthon
Efverse23
Chloral Hydrate: Eat a bunch of salt before bedtime. Salt has 1/2 of 1
chlorine, or 1 whole 1/2 chlorine if you like. Get shitface drunk BEFORE bed
(not during the night or you will feel bad and not really good). The ethanol
will react with the Chlorines, the sodium will prevent oxidashun to ethylene
glycol. What we have now is ethanol trichloride. Human urine contains
methylidines, which will donate the extra hydroxy needed to make Chloral.
(hydroxies from methylidine+H2O---> -OH).
Try at your own danger, this hipnotic will be very impure. Tastes awful too!
Muhammar
all the secret chemical procedures were laid bare for the
international evildoers to use. Rocket fuel and explosived obtained by
means of urine distillation is only one element of this wide-spread
nukular threat.
"hanson" <han...@quick.net> wrote in message news:<SFgNb.9312$zj7....@newsread1.news.pas.earthlink.net>...
hanson
news:a6cffac9.04011...@posting.google.com...
> Don't laugh. It was copied from the infamous "Kandahar Manual"
> where all the secret chemical procedures were laid bare for the
> international evildoers to use. Rocket fuel and explosived obtained by
> means of urine distillation is only one element of this wide-spread
> nukular threat.
>
Yeah, Muhammar, that is a real pisser, indeed......ahahahahaha...
"Only one element" is true too. For an entire huge Kandahar industry
has to be borne to make the whole thing with all the elements.
A new military-industrial complex....ahahahaha....an infamy indeed.....
It is i.e true that the alchemists obtained urea, white Phosphor etc.
from dry distillation of urine. This brings up the intriguing question,
whether you've ever pissed into a campfire, standing down-wind?
Nobody, not even the most fanatic terrorist, could stand the stink
from distilling the 10s of thousand of gallons piss it would take to
make sufficient reactants to produce sufficient material for a suicide
bomber vest (The oxidizer production is another pot to piss in).
--- The "international evildoers" MO continues to be successful almost
solely because of the emotional victory they got, which *we* handed them
through the preconditioned fears that environmentalism had instilled into
the public at large.
--- Secondly, they are successful because they provide new employment
opportunities for millions in the Homeland security gag. Hence, getting
rid of this new cabinet bureaucracy will bring bigger problems than the
damages that brought it into existence.
--- INSTEAD: Take 1% of the money we spend on that phony homeland
security shit and give it to the various Mafioso's (Like in WW2) and other
vile goons, turned terrorist hunters, and pay them when they present
pixs, ears and balls of real and potential terrorists (Muslim & Jews, and
any asshole who disturbs peace by violent means) at designated US govt.
redeeming stations. Terrorism against the public at large will disappear
within 12 months.
Meanwhile, enjoy chemistry and fuck environmentalism.
hanson
Cary Kittrell
<"Muhammar" <muha...@hotmail.com> wrote in message
<news:a6cffac9.04011...@posting.google.com...
<> Don't laugh. It was copied from the infamous "Kandahar Manual"
<> where all the secret chemical procedures were laid bare for the
<> international evildoers to use. Rocket fuel and explosived obtained by
<> means of urine distillation is only one element of this wide-spread
<> nukular threat.
<>
<Ahahahaha......a nukular, nukelar or nuclear threat from piss?
<Yeah, Muhammar, that is a real pisser, indeed......ahahahahaha...
<"Only one element" is true too. For an entire huge Kandahar industry
<has to be borne to make the whole thing with all the elements.
<A new military-industrial complex....ahahahaha....an infamy indeed.....
<
<It is i.e true that the alchemists obtained urea, white Phosphor etc.
<from dry distillation of urine. This brings up the intriguing question,
<whether you've ever pissed into a campfire, standing down-wind?
<
<Nobody, not even the most fanatic terrorist, could stand the stink
<from distilling the 10s of thousand of gallons piss it would take to
<make sufficient reactants to produce sufficient material for a suicide
<bomber vest (The oxidizer production is another pot to piss in).
Hey, they used to make wading pools of the stuff, using it to
temporarily reduce indigo to a soluble form, so that they
could schlep it into fibers.
-- cary
Steve Turner
Oh, this stuff is great, LOL!. This is what my "comics" file is for.
Thanks for a primo addition.
Steve Turner
Real address contains worldnet instead of spamnet
hanson
news:20040114171259...@mb-m11.news.cs.com...
You might also tell him to improve the process via electro chemistry. After
becoming sufficiently pickled by eating salt or salted fish (= transvestite
Burmese pussy = tBp) and achieving minimum el. conductivity then getting
righteously drunk on cheap booze, he shall take any battery (12V auto, 9 V,
a TENS, or a similar electro toy and clamp the anode onto this dick and plug
the cathode up his ass. The following brutto reactions will take place:
NaCl ---> NaClO + Cl2.... and .....
NaClO + Cl2 + EtOH + H2O ---> (Cl3)C-CH(OH)2 + ancillary items.....
The anesthetic, narcotic, somnambulant effects of this in situ manufactured
Chloral hydrate will be accompanied by the electro sensation effects in
his recto-genital area which will stimulate his Kundalini, and it will
elevate and ascend him up his charkas into nirvana, especially if he gets
suffocated at the same time with tBp on his face. It will be a one way trip.
Therefore and however, I really like to get from Acid doctor Vilhalldorson
a pound of his NH4, which I believe he calls it AmmonIUM. He does know that
PotassIUM and LithIUM does exist, because he is familiar with pot, ass and
lithium. Hence, it may be his belief that Ammonium, well, Mammonium does
also exist. The latter of which he of course does not have any at all.
This combination and most of all the environmental teaching he embraces is
what got him where he is today. His kind of environmentalism must be
encouraged. For obvious reasons.
ahahahahaha.......ahahahahahanson
donald j haarmann
>
> Nobody, not even the most fanatic terrorist, could stand the stink
> from distilling the 10s of thousand of gallons piss it would take to
> make sufficient reactants to produce sufficient material for a suicide
> bomber vest (The oxidizer production is another pot to piss in).
>
And the French............
Geoffery Matin and William Barbour
Industrial Nitrogen Compounds and Explosives
D Appelton New York 1915
Ammonia and ammonium salts
(8) From Sewage and Urine. A very rich source of ammonia is ordinary urine.
100,000 heads of population could produce per year about 6,000 tons of NH4. If all the
ammonia corresponding to London urine were collected, more than 60,000 tons of
ammonium sulphate could be annually produced therefrom.
The method of collection of urine and its working up into ammoniacal compounds
has been carried on at Paris and at Nancy. In 1909 France obtained 13,000 tons of
ammonium sulphate therefrom, 10,000 being obtained in Paris alone. However, the
collection and utilisation of animal excrement is so nauseous and costly and dangerous
a process, that the bulk of the enormous ammonium supplies producible from this
source are run to waste.
The process consists in allowing the urine to ferment into ammonium carbonate. The
clear liquor is distilled and the ammonia recovered as in gas-liquor.
For further details see Ketjen, Zeit. angew. Chem., 1891; 294; Butterfield and
Watson, English Patent, 19,502/05; Taylor and Walker, U.S. Patent, 603,668; Young,
English Patent, 3,562/82 ; Duncan, German Patents, 27,148, 28,436.
------------
Poudrette. - The French word "poudrette" is applied to a preparation of sewarge, or rather
night-soil [shit], with sulphuric acid. The acid is generally added to the excrecement in the
pails used to transport it to the works........
To prevent a nuisance arising from its manufacture, the whole process must be conducted in
within a closed building.......... [Pity they working inside!!]
&c., &c.
SO -
Spons' Encyclopedia of the industrial Arts, Manufactures, and Commerical Products.
Volume 4 [Of 4] pg. 1271 & ff
E & F N Spon
London & New York 1881
-----------
Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology
James F. W. Johnston
C. M. Saxton New York 1855
THE URINE OF MAN.
1. The urine of man. Human urine consists, in 1000 parts of-
Water, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932
Urea, and other organic matters containing nitrogen . . . . . . 49
Phosphates of ammonia soda, lime, and magnesia, . . . . . . . 6
Sulphates of soda and ammonia, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Sal-ammoniac, and common salt, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1000 lb. of urine, therefore, contain 68 lb.of dry fertilising matter of the richest quality,
worth, at the present rate of selling artificial manures in this country, at least 10s. a cwt.
As each full-grown man voids about 1000 lb. of urine in a year, the national waste
incurred in this form amounts, at the above valuation, to 6s. a head. And if 5 tons of
farmyard manure per acre, added year by year, will keep a farm in good heart, 4 cwt. of
the solid matter of urine would probably have an equal effect; or the urine alone
discharged into the rivers by a population of 10,000 inhabitants would supply manure to
a farm of 1500 acres, and would yield a return of 4500 quarters of corn, or an
equivalent produce of other crops. MIr. Smith of Deanston considered the urine of two
men to be a sufficient manuring for an acre of land, and that when mixed with ashes, it
would produce a fair crop of turnips. (Report of Committee on Metropolitan Sewerage.)
An important chemical distinction exists between the urine of man and that of the cow,
the horse, and the sheep. It contains, as is shown in the previous page, about 6 per
cent of phosphates, while these compounds are entirely absent from the urine of the
other animals. The presence of the phosphoric acid contained in these phosphates,
adds very much to the manuring value of human urine.
If milk or lime be mixed with fermenting human urine, this phosphoric acid is
precipitated with a portion of the animal matter. Dr. Stenhouse found a precipitate of
this kind, when dried at 212o. F., to contain 40 per cent of phosphoric acid and of
organic matter, including about 1 per cent of ammonia. By the use of this method, an
important part of the fertilising ingredients of human urine may be separated in a solid
state. It has recently been adopted with some success for the purpose of separating the
fertilising matters contained in sewage water.
6. Sulphated urine.- A better method than that of using gypsum has been lately
adopted by several manure manufactures. They mix much sulphuric acid with the urine
as is sufficient to combine with and fix the whole of the ammonia which may be
produced during the decomposition of the urine. The mixture is then evaporated to
dryness, and is old and applied to the land in the state of a dry powder.
This sulphated urine, containing as it does all the saline substance of the liquid urine,
with the addition of sulphuric acid, ought to prove a most valuable manure. If prepared
from human urine, it will promote the growth of nearly all crops ; but, from the sulphuric
acid it contains, it may exercise a special influence on beans, peas, and clovers. As a
top-dressing it may be applied alone ; but when used for root-crops, it ought to be
mixed with and to take the place of not more than one-half of the farmyard manure
usually applied. Used in this way, at a cost of Ł2 an acre, Mr. Finnie of Swanston
obtained, in 1843, four tons of turnips per imperial acre more than from an equal cost of
guano.
As a top-dressing for wheat, and probably also for other corn crops, this sulphated urine
may be advantageously mixed with an equal weight of sulphate of soda or of common
salt, with at least as much wood ashes, if they can be had, and with half its weight of
dissolved bones. The soda salts are especially desirable where the land lies remote
from the sea.
7. Ammoniaco-magnesian phosphate.-Boussingault fixes the ammonia and phosphoric
acid of human urine by adding to it, after it has acquired an ammoniacal odor, a solution
of sulphate or muriate of magnesia, when the double phosphate of magnesia and
ammonia falls to the bottom of the liquid. About 7 lb. of this salt are obtained from 100
lb. of urine ; and it has been ascertained to possess powerful fertilising properties.*
* In reference to liquid manures, I strongly recommend to my readers, the " Minutes of
Information collected on the Practical Application of Sewer Water, and Town Manures,
to Agricultural Purposes," publisbed by the General Board of Health
donald j haarmann
----------------------------------
You don't buy beer;
Your only rent it!
Anon
hanson
news:bu4md3$jqs$1...@oasis.ccit.arizona.edu...
and making stuff with the intent to make people die.
AFA the uses of piss is concerned it is/was versatile & widely used:
-- "Premarin" stands for Pregnant Mare Urine.
-- The first Electro Platers who plated items with Nickel in their
Watt's Nickel bath (NiCl2+NiSO4+H3BO3) continuously pissed
into their bath. Urine constituents interrupted the Ni xx growth
and provided for the production of a bright nickel plate.
-- In the 14th century annals of alchemy you can read under the
large chapter of "How to create Life from dead material" it says:
"Put a bale of straw into a corner of an empty room without
windows .... Piss onto the straw .... Lock the room and leave it
undisturbed for at least 2 weeks until next full moon .... When
entering you will see new life created ..... in form of mice......"
ahahaha....ahahahanson
hanson
"donald j haarmann" <donald-...@worldnet.att.net> wrote in message
news:25mNb.16189$VS4.5...@bgtnsc04-news.ops.worldnet.att.net...
More from the French..... during Napoleons time, before/when Chilean
Salpeter (NaNO3) became rare. According to some history source the
intellectuals at the Sorbonne came up with the solution and regulations
went in effect for every farmer to paint the inside walls of his cow barn
with Whitewash (Ca(OH)2). After drying it was to be moistened with
human/cow urine. The ever-present azo-bacteria produced Ca(NO3)2
crystals growing on/off the wall, dubbed Salpeter flowers, which were
collected and given to the military/govt collectors. The Calcium nitrate
was then treated with Potash from the burnt wood in the ashes of
the stoves and fireplaces per Ca(NO3)2 + 2 K2CO3 --> 2 KNO3 + CaCO3,
the Potassium nitrate being the oxidizer for the gunpowders of the army.
But the at was then, when everybody stank. Today, there aint enough
fanatical Muslims around to do the same trick. Its cheaper to steal it.
After all, the enviro regulations in the USA STILL demand that every user
of such hazardous stuff must make mass mailings to inform the community
within 1000 feet of said locations where the biz stores said stuff.
So much for the enviros being a root cause and enablers for terrorism.
Fuck enviros!
hanson
Cary Kittrell
All very interesting, but none more so than:
<-- The first Electro Platers who plated items with Nickel in their
< Watt's Nickel bath (NiCl2+NiSO4+H3BO3) continuously pissed
< into their bath. Urine constituents interrupted the Ni xx growth
< and provided for the production of a bright nickel plate.
I'm not sure I follow that one. What's "Ni xx", and why wouldn't
one want it growing?
-- cary
donald j haarmann
"hanson" <han...@quick.net
> Yeah, Donald, very, good.
>
> More from the French..... during Napoleons time, before/when Chilean
> Salpeter (NaNO3) became rare. According to some history source the
> intellectuals at the Sorbonne came up with the solution and regulations
> went in effect for every farmer to paint the inside walls of his cow barn
> with Whitewash (Ca(OH)2).
[snip]
-------------------
SALTPETRE, NITRATE, OF POTASSA.
Wagner’s Chemical Technology 1872
(A translation of Rudlof Wagner’s “Handbuch der Chemischen” 8th Edition 1870)
Republished by Lindsay Publications
(KNO3 = 101.2. In 100 parts, 46.5 Parts Potassa, and 53.5 parts nitric acid.)
SALTPETRE. This salt is to some extent a native as well as a chemical product. The
well-known flocculent substance often observable on walls, especially those of stables,
is composed in a great measure of nitrates; a similar phenomenon is seen in
subterranean excavations, and even in many localities the surface of the soil is covered
with an efflorescent saline deposit, consisting largely of nitrate of potassa. These
deposits are most common in Spain, Hungary, Egypt, Hindostan, on the banks of the
Ganges, in Ceylon, and in some parts of South America, as at Tacunga in the State of
Ecuador; while in Chili and Peru nitrate of soda, so-called Chili saltpetre, is found in
very large quantities under a layer of clay, the deposit extending over a tract of land
some 150 miles in length.
OCCURRENCE OF NATIVE SALTPETRE. Although native saltpetre is met with under
a variety of conditions they all agree in this particular, that the salt is formed under the
influence of organic matter. As already stated, the salt covers the soil, forming an
efflorescence, which increases in abundance, and which if removed has its place
supplied in a short time. In this manner saltpetre or nitre as it is sometimes called, is
obtained from the slimy mud deposited by the indundations of the Ganges, and in Spain
from, the lixiviation of the soil, which can be afterwards devoted to the raising of corn, or
arranged in saltpetre beds for the regular production of the salt. The chief and main
condition of formation of saltpetre, which succeeds equally well in open fields exposed
to strong sunlight, under the shade of trees in forests, or in caverns, is the presence of
organic matter, viz., Humus, inducing the nitre formation by its slow combustion; the
collateral conditions are dry air, little or no rain, and the presence in the soil of a
weathered crystalline rock containing feldspar, the potassa of which favours the
formation of the nitrate of that base. All the known localities where the formation of nitre
takes place naturally, including the soil of Tacunga, formed by the weathering of
trachyte and tufstone, are provided with feldspar. The nitric acid is due to the slow
combustion of nitrogenous organic matter present in the humus, it having been proved
that the nitric acid constantly formed in the air in enormously large quantities by the
action of electricity and ozone, as evidenced by the investigations of MM. Boussingault,
Millon, Zabelin, Schonbein, Froehde, Bottger, and Meissner, has nothing whatever to
do with the formation of nitre in the soil, a fact also supported by Dr. Goppelsroder's
discovery of the presence of a small quantity of nitrous acid in native saltpetres.
The mode of obtaining saltpetre in the countries where it is naturally formed is very
simple, consisting in a process of lixiviation with water, to which frequently some potash
is added for the purpose of decomposing the nitrate of lime occurring among the salts
of the soil, the solution being evaporated to crystallization. Soils yielding saltpetre are
termed Gay earth or Gay saltpetre. The process by which nitrate of potassa is naturally
formed is imitated in the artificial heaps known as saltpetre plantations, formerly far
more general than at the present time, it having been found that the importation of
Indian saltpetre, and the manufacture of nitrate of potassa by conversion from nitrate of
soda, are cheaper sources. Thus, saltpetre beds are to be met with only under peculiar
conditions, as, for instance, in Sweden, where all landed proprietors are required to pay
a portion of their taxes in saltpetre.
MODE OF OBTAINING SALTPETRE. The mode of making, these plantations may be
briefly described as follows:—Materials containing, much carbonate of lime—for
instance, marl, old building rubbish, ashes, road scrapings, stable refuse, or mud from
canals—is mixed with nitrogenous animal matter, all kinds of refuse, and frequently with
such vegetable substances as naturally contain nitrate of potassa, such as the leaves
and stems of the potato, the leaves of the beet, sunflower plants, nettles, &c. These
materials are arranged in heaps of a pyramidal shape to a height of 2 to 2 ½ metres,
care being taken to make the bottom impervious to water by a well puddled layer of
clay, the heap being in all directions exposed to the action of the atmosphere, the
circulation of which is promoted through the heap by of straw. The heap is protected
from rain by a roof, and at least once a week watered with lant (stale urine). The
formation of saltpetre of course requires a considerable length of time, but, when taught
by experience, the workmen suppose a heap “ripe”, the watering is discontinued, the
salt containing saltpetre soon after efflorescing over the surface of the heap to 6 to 10
centims. in thickness; this layer is scraped off, and the operation repeated from time to
time until the heap becomes decayed and has to be entirely removed. In Switzerland
saltpetre is artificially made by many of the farmers, simply by causing the urine of the
cattle, while in stable in the winter time, to be absorbed by a calcareous soil purposely
placed under the loose flooring of the stables, which are chiefly built on the slope of the
mountains, so that only the door is level with the earth outside, the rest of the building
hanging over the slope, and being supported by stout wooden poles; thus a space is
obtained, which, freely admitting air, is filled with marl or other suitable material. After
two or three years this material is removed, lixiviated with water, mixed with caustic lime
and wood ash, and boiled down. The liquor having been sufficiently evaporated, is
decanted from the sediment and left for crystallization; the quantity of saltpetre varying
from 50 to 200 lbs. for each stable.
TREATMENT OF THE RIPE SALTPETRE EARTH. The crude salt from the heaps is
converted into potassic nitrate by the following processes: a. The earth is lixiviated with
water, this operation being known as the preparation of raw lye. b. The raw lye is
broken, that is to say, it is mixed with a solution of a potash salt in order to convert the
nitrates of magnesia and lime present into nitrate of potassa. c. Evaporation of this
liquor to obtain crude crystallized saltpetre. d. Refining the crude saltpetre.
PREPARATION OF RAW LYE. The ripe earth is lixiviated to obtain all the valuable
soluble matter it being expedient to use as little water as possible in order to save fuel
in the subsequent evaporation, for which the liquor is ready when it contains from 12 to
13 per cent. of soluble salts.
BREAKING UP THE RAW LYE. The raw lye sometimes known as soil water, contains
the nitrates of lime, magnesia, potassa, soda, the chlorides of calcium, magnesium, and
potassium ; also ammoniacal salts and organic matter of vegetable as well as of animal
origin. In order to convert the nitrates of lime and magnesia into nitrate of potassa, the
raw lye is broken up as it is termed, that is to say, there is added to it a solution of 1
part potassic carbonate in 2 parts water:—
Nitrate of lime, Ca(N03)2 ] [ Nitrate of potassa, 4KNO3.
Nitrate of magnesia, Mg(N03)2 ] = [Carbonate of lime, CaC03.
Carbonate of potassa, 2K2C03 ] [Carbonate of magnesia, MgC03.
The chlorides of calcium and magnesium are also decomposed, being converted into
carbonates, while chloride of potassium is formed. The addition of the solution of
potassa, to the raw lye is continued as long as a precipitate is formed; in order,
however, to have some approximative idea of the quantity of carbonate of potash which
may be required, a test experiment is made with 1/2 litre of the raw lye.
Sometimes sulphate of potassa is used instead of the carbonate, but in that case the
magnesia salts of the raw lye have first to be decomposed by milk of lime, an operation
which has to be followed by the evaporation of the fluid. If, after this, sulphate of
potassa is added, sulphate of lime is precipitated—
[Ca(N03)2 + K2S04 = 2KN03 + CaS04].
When chloride of potassium is used for the decomposition of raw lye, the salts of
magnesia are first removed by the addition of milk of lime; and the clear supernatant
fluid having been decanted from the sediment, there is added a mixture of equal
molecules of chloride of potassium and sulphate of soda, the result being the formation
of gypsum, while the sodic nitrate generated exchanges with the chloride of potassium,
carrying over to the latter the nitric acid, and taking up the chlorine to form common salt.
BOILING DOWN THE RAW LYE. The clarified raw lye decanted from the precipitate of
the earthy carbonates consists of a solution in which there are present the chlorides of
potassium and sodium, nitrate of potassa, carbonate of ammonia, excess of potassic
carbonate, and colouring matter. The boiling down of this liquid is effected in copper
cauldrons, Fig. 64, so set in the furnace as to admit of the circulation of the hot air and
smoke from the fire-place, passing by c c below the heating pan, and thence by g into
the chimney. In some works this waste heat is utilized in drying the saltpetre flour. As
the bulk of the fluid in the cauldron decreases by evaporation, fresh lye enters by
means of a pipe and tap from the pan, d. About the third day the alkaline chlorides
begin to be deposited, and the workmen have then to take, great care to prevent these
salts from becoming what is technically termed burnt, which might give rise to serious
explosions, and for this purpose the liquid is stirred with stout wooden poles. After each
stirring the loose saline matte is removed from the boiling liquid by means of perforated
copper ladles. However, as a hard deposit is always formed, a peculiar arrangement
exhibited in Fig. 64, consisting of a shallow vessel, m, suspended by a chain, k, and
weighted with a piece of stone, is lowered into the middle of the cauldron to about 6
centims. from the bottom, the object being to catch the solid particles, which would,
when aggregating, form an incrustation, previously to their reaching the bottom of the
vessel; and as no ebullition takes place at m, the particles once deposited remain there,
and can be readily removed by raising the dish out of the cauldron, and emptying it into
a box placed over the cauldron, the bottom of the box being perforated to admit of any
liquor which may have been raised with the solid salt to return again to the cauldron,
The deposit thus removed consists chiefly of gypsum and carbonate of lime.
When a portion of the impurities contained in the boiling liquid have been removed, the
raw lye still frequently contains some chloride of sodium, as this salt is not, as is the
case with nitre, more soluble in boiling than in cold water. The abundant crystallization
of the saltpetre is a sign that the lye has been sufficiently evaporated; in order,
however, to prove this, a small sample is taken, and if on cooling the nitre crystallizes
so that the greater part of the sample becomes a solid mass, the liquid is run into tanks
and left for 5 or 6 hours, during which time impurities are deposited, and the liquid
rendered quite clear. As soon as the temperature of the liquid has fallen to 60o, it is
poured into copper crystallization vessel’s; after a lapse of 24 hours the crystallization is
complete, and the mother-liquor being separated from the salt is employed in a
subsequent operation.
REFINING THE CRUDE SALTPETRE. The crude saltpetre is yellow-coloured, and
contains on an average some 20 per cent. of impurities, consisting of deliquescent
chlorides, earthy salts, and water. The object to be attained by the refining is the
removal of these substances. At the present day a large portion of the refined saltpetre
met with in commerce is obtained by the refining of the crude saltpetre imported from
India. It may be noted that this importation is steadily increasing, there being, in 1860,
16,460,300 kilos., and in 1868, 33,062,000 kilos. of the salt brought to England; and,
indeed, the production of saltpetre from natural sources in Europe is now limited to very
few and unimportant localities.
The method of refining saltpetre is based upon the fact that nitrate of potassa is far
more soluble in hot water than are the chlorides of sodium and potassium. 600 liters of
water are poured into a large cauldron, and 24 cwt. of the crude saltpetre are added at
a gradually increasing temperature; as soon as the solution boils, 36 cwts. more crude
saltpetre are added. Supposing the crude nitre to contain 20 per cent. of alkaline
chlorides, the whole of the nitre will be dissolved in this quantity of water, while a portion
of the chlorides will remain undissolved even at the boiling-point. The non-dissolved salt
is removed by a perforated ladle, and the scum raising to the surface of the boiling
liquid by the aid of a flat strainer. The organic matter present in the solution is removed
by the aid of a solution of glue—from 20 to 50 grms. of glue dissolved in 2 litres of water
are taken for each hundredweight of saltpetre. In order that the saltpetre may
crystallize, the quantity of water is increased to 1000 litres, and as soon as this water is
added the organic matter entangled in the glue rises as a scum to the surface and is
removed. The operation having progressed so far, and the liquid being rendered quite
clear, it is kept at a temperature of 88o for about twelve hours, and then carefully ladled
into copper crystallizing vessels, constructed with the bottom a little higher at one end
than at the other. The solution would yield on cooling large crystals of saltpetre, but this
is purposely prevented by keeping the liquid in motion by means of stirrers, as to
produce the so-called flour of saltpetre, which is really the salt in a finely divided state.
This is next transferred to wooden boxes termed wash-vessels, 10 feet long by 4 feet
wide, provided with a double bottom, the inner one being perforated; between the two
bottoms holes are bored through the sides of the vessel and when not required plugged
with wooden pegs. Over the flour of saltpetre contained in these wooden troughs, 60
lbs. of a very concentrated solution of pure nitrate of potassa are poured, and allowed
to remain for two to three hours, tile plugs being left in the holes. The plugs are then
removed, the liquor run off, the holes again plug, and the operation twice repeated, first
with a fresh 60 lbs., and next with 24 lbs. of the solution of nitrate of potassa, followed
in each case by an equal quantity of cold water. The liquors which are run off in these
operations are of course collected, the first being added to the crude saltpetre solution,
while the latter, being solutions of nearly pure nitre, are again employed. The saltpetre
is next dried at a gentle heat in a shallow vessel, sifted, and packed in casks.
PREPARATION ON NITRATE OF POTASSA FROM CHILE-SALTPETRE. During the
last twenty years the preparation of nitrate of potassa from Chili-saltpetre has become
an important branch of manufacturing industry. The product obtained by any of the
following processes is called "converted-saltpetre," to distinguish it from the preceding
preparation. The method of procedure may be one of the following –
The nitrate of soda is decomposed by means of chloride of potassium—
100 kilos. of sodic nitrate
87.9 kilos. of potassium chloride
yield
119.1 kilos. potassa nitrate.
68.8 kilos. common salt.
MM. Longehamp, Anthon, and Kuhlmann first suggested this mode of preparation,
which is now generally used on the large scale, as the decomposition of both salts is
very complete, and as the common salt as well as the saltpetre can be utilized. The
chloride of potassium is obtained by the decomposition of carnallite, or by means
already mentioned.
Equivalent quantities of nitrate of soda and of chloride of potassium are dissolved in
water contained in a cauldron of some 4000 litres cubic capacity. As the nitrate of soda
of commerce (Chili - saltpetre) does not, as regards purity, very much from 96 per cent.,
some 7 cwts. are usually taken, while of the chloride of potassium, which varies in purity
from 60 to 90 per cent., a quantity is taken corresponding, as regards the amount of
pure chloride, to the quantity of nitrate of soda. The chloride of potassium is first
dissolved, the hot solution being brought to a sp. gr. = 1.2 to 1.21, next the nitrate of
soda is added, and the liquid brought, while constantly heated, to a sp. gr. = 1.5. The
chloride of sodium continuously deposited is removed by perforated ladles, and placed
on a sloping plank so that the mother-liquor may flow back into the cauldron, care being
taken to wash this salt afterwards, so as to remove all the nitrate of potassa, the
washings being poured back into the cauldron. When the liquid in the cauldron has
been brought to 1.5 sp. gr.—an aqueous solution of nitrate of potassa at 15o, with a sp.
gr. = 1.144, contains 21.074 per cent. of that salt—the fire is extinguished, the liquid left
to clear, the common salt still present carrying down all impurities, and when clear it is
ladled into crystallizing vessels, which being very shallow, the crystallization is finished
in twenty-four hours. The mother-liquor having been run off, the crystals are thoroughly
drained and covered with water, which is left in contact with the salt for some seven to
eight hours, and then run off; this operation is repeated during the next day; the
mother-liquor, and washings are poured back into the cauldron at a subsequent
operation.
2. Nitrate of soda is first converted into chloride of sodium by means of chloride of
barium, nitrate of baryta being formed, and in its turn converted into nitrate of potassa
by the aid of sulphate of potassa:—
a. 85 kilos. of nitrate of soda yield 130.5 kilos. nitrate of baryta.
122 kilos. of chloride of barium 58.5 kilos. of common salt
b. 130.5 kilos. of nitrate of baryta 87.2 kilos. of potassic sulphate,
require for conversion into or
nitrate of potassa 69.2 kilos. of potassic carbonate
When sulphate of potassa is used, permanent-white, barite-white, or sulphate of baryta
is obtained as a by-product, while if carbonate of potassa is used, carbonate of baryta
remains, and of course may be readily re-converted into chloride of barium. In order to
estimate the advantages of either process, the following points must be kept in view :—
a. Taking into consideration that it is profitable to convert native carbonate of baryta into
chloride of barium—for instance, by exposing witherite to the hydrochloric acid fumes
produced in alkali works by the decomposition of salt and to precipitate an aqueous
solution with dilute sulphuric acid to obtain permanent white, it may be inferred that it
will also pay to obtain it as a by-product. b. Not-withstanding the complication of this
process, it is advantageous as producing a far purer nitrate of potassa.
Nitrate of soda is converted by means of potash into the nitrate of that base, pure soda
being obtained as a by-product:—
85 kilos Chili-saltpetre 101.2 kilos. of potassic nitrate
69.2 kilos. carbonate of potassa yield 53 kilos. of soda (calcined).
This mode of manufacturing saltpetre was first introduced into Germany during the
Crimean War (1854-55) by M. Wöllner, of Cologne, who established works to prepare
saltpetre in this way, and very soon after, during the continuance of the war, five other
manufactories of potash-saltpetre had been established on this method. In 1862 the
production amounted to 7,500,000 lbs. of potash-saltpetre, the carbonate of potassa
required being obtained from beet-root molasses, the soda resulting as a by-product
even superior to that produced by Leblanc's process.
4. Nitrate of soda being decomposed by caustic potassa yields potassic nitrate and
caustic soda.
According to M. Lunge's description, this process, first suggested by MM. Landann and
Gentele, afterwards modified by M. Schnitzer, and practically applied by M. Nollner, is
carried on in Lancashire in the following manner:—There is added to a caustic potash
lye of 1.5 sp. gr., containing about 50 per cent. of dry caustic potassa, an equivalent
quantity of nitrate of soda, and the whole, after a short time, crystallized. The nitrate of
potassa having been separated from the mother-liquor, that fluid, the density of which
has been greatly decreased by the reaction, is by evaporation again brought to its
former density, and yields on cooling another crop of crystals of potash-saltpetre.
Usually there then only remains a solution containing caustic soda with saline
impurities; sometimes, however, a third crop of crystals is obtained. The deposit during
the evaporation is chiefly carbonate of soda derived from the chloride of sodium
contained in the potassium chloride from which the caustic potassa is made, this
chloride being also converted into carbonate. The small quantities of undecomposed
chlorides of potassium and sodium and sulphate of lime are retained in the
mother-liquor, which is evaporated to dryness and ignited, yielding a dry caustic soda of
a bluish-colour. The crystallized nitrate of potassa is now carefully refined to remove all
impurities to about 0.1 per cent. of chloride of sodium, converted into saltpetre-flour,
and treated as already described. Notwithstanding that the various operations have
been carried on in iron vessels, the salt does not contain any of this metal, nor is the
colour in any way affected. The flour is dried in a room 2 metres wide by 5 metres in
length, built of brick-work, similarly to the chloride of lime rooms, and having a pointed
arched roof 2 metres in height. The saltpetre-flour is spread on a wooden floor, under
which extends a series of hot-air pipes, keeping the temperature at 70o, and very
rapidly effecting the drying.
TESTING THE SALTPETRE. If, when perfectly pure, saltpetre is carefully fused, and
allowed to cool, it becomes a white mass, exhibiting a coarsely radiated fracture; even
so small a quantity as 1/80th of chloride of sodium causes the fracture to appear
somewhat granular; with 1/40th the centre is not at all radiated, and is less transparent;
and with 1/30th the radiation is only slightly perceptible at the edges of the fracture.
Nitrate of soda has the same effect. This method of testing the purity of nitre, due to M.
Schwartz, is employed in Sweden, where every landowner pays a portion of his taxes in
saltpetre of a specified degree of purity. A great number of methods of testing saltpetre
have been suggested by various authors for the purposes of the manufacture of
gunpowder, not, however, in sufficiently general use to interest the reader. Werther's
test for chlorine and sulphuric acid is by solutions of the nitrates of baryta and silver; the
silver solution is such that each division of the burette corresponds to 0.004 grm. of
chlorine, and with the baryta solution to 0.002 grm. of sulphuric acid. According to
Reich's plan, 0.5 grm. of dried and pulverized saltpetre is ignited to a dull red heat, with
from 4 to 6 times its weight of pulverized quartz; the nitric acid is expelled, the loss of
weight consequently indicating the quantity, the sulphates and chlorides not being
decomposed at a dull red heat. If the loss = d, we have, 1.874 nitrate of potassa, or
1.574 d nitrate of soda.
QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF THE NITRIC ACID SALTPETRE. This method, due
to Dr. A. Wagner, is based upon the fact of that when saltpetre, or any other nitrate, is
ignited, access of air being excluded, with an excess of oxide of chromium and
carbonate of soda, the nitric acid oxidises the chromic oxide according to the formula
Cr2O3 + NO5 = 2CrO3 + NO2. 76.4 parts, by weight, of oxide of chromium are oxidised
to chromic acid by 54 parts of nitric acid, or of 1 of chromic oxide by 0.7068 of nitric
acid. The operation is performed by taking from 0.3 to 0.4 grm. of the nitrate, mixing it
intimately with 3 grms. of chromic oxide and 1 grm. of carbonate of soda, introducing
this mixture into a hard German glass combustion tube, one end of which is drawn out,
and a vulcanised india-rubber tube attached to it, which is made to dip for about a
quarter of an inch into water, while to the other open end, by means of a cork and glass
tube bent at right angles, an apparatus is fitted for the evolution of carbonic acid gas
which is made to pass through the tube before igniting it, and kept passing through all
the time until the tube is quite cool again after ignition. The contents of the tube are
placed in warm water, and after filtration the chromic acid is estimated by Rose's
method. This process of estimating nitric acid has been found to yield very accurate
results.
USES OF SALTPETRE. This salt is employed for many purposes, the most important
being:— 1. The manufacture of gunpowder. 2 The manufacture of sulphuric and nitric
acids. 3 Glass-making, to refine the metal as it is formed. 4. As oxidant and flux in
many metallurgical operations. By the ignition of 1 part of nitre and 2 of argol, in some
cases refined argol (cream of tartar), “black- flux” is formed consisting, of an intimate
mixture of carbonate of potassa and finely divided charcoal. The ignition of equal parts
of saltpetre and cream of tartar gives “white flux”, consisting of a mixture of carbonate of
potassa and undecomposed saltpetre; both these mixtures are often used. Black flux
may also be made by intimately mixing carbonate of potassa with lamp-black and white
flux. 5. When mixed with common salt and some sugar in the salting and curing of
meat. 6. For preparing fluxing and detonating powders. Baumes fluxing powder is a
mixture of 3 parts of nitre, 1 of pulverised sulphur, and 1 of sawdust from resinous
wood; if some of this mixture be placed with a small copper or silver coin in a nutshell
and ignited, the coin is melted in consequence of the formation of a readily fusible
metallic sulphuret, while the nutshell is not injured. Detonating powder is a mixture of 3
parts saltpetre, 2 carbonate potassa, and 1 pulverised sulphur; this powder when
placed on a piece of sheet-iron, and heated over a lamp, will explode with a loud report,
yielding a large volume of gas:-
Saltpetre, 6KN03, Nitrogen, 6N.
Potassic carbonate, 2K2.CO3, = Carbonic acid, 2CO2,
Sulphur, 5S, Sulphate of Potassa, 5K2SO4.
7. For manure in agriculture. 8. In many pharmaceutical preparations. 9. For the
preparation of Heaton steel.
SODIC NITRATE. This salt, also known as cubical saltpetre, Chili-saltpetre, nitrate of
soda, NaN03, containing in 100 parts 36.47 soda, and 63.53 parts nitric acid, is found
native in the district of Atacama and Tarapaca, near the port of Uquique, in Peru, in
layers termed “caleche” or terra “salitrosa”, 0.3 to 1.0 metre in thickness, and extending,
over more than 150 miles, nearly to Copiapo, in the north of Chili. The deposit chiefly
consists of the pure, dry, hard salt, and is close to the surface of the soil. It is also found
in other parts of Peru mixed with sand, in some places close to the surface of the soil,
in others at a depth of 2.6 meters. Valparaiso being the great exportation depot for
Peru, Bolivia, and Chili, both surface and deep soil salts are met with in the trade of that
important port. The unrefined Chili-saltpetre is crystalline, brown or yellow, and
somewhat moist; but the salt sent to the European markets is commonly semi-refined
by being dissolved in water and evaporated to dryness. The composition of a sample in
100 parts is:—
Nitrate of soda…………… …94.03
Nitrate of soda………………… 0.31 [?]
Chloride of sodium…………..…1.52
Chloride of potassium……….…0.54
Sulphate of soda………………..0.92
Iodide of soda…………………...0.29
Chloride of magnesium…..….…0.96
Boric acid………………………...traces
Water………………………….…1.96
Being deliquescent the salt is not employed in the manufacture of gunpowder, but may
be used for blasting powder. It is largely used for the preparation of sulphuric and nitric
acids; for purifying caustic soda; for making chlorine in the manufacture of bleaching;
for the preparation of arseniate of soda ; in the curing of meat; glass-making; in the
preparation of red-lead; in large quantities in the conversion of crude pig-iron into steel,
by Hargreaves's and by Heaton's processes ; for preparing nitrate of potassa ; and for
the preparation of artificial manures and composts, it being used unmixed as a manure
for grain crop.
It may be from the analysis of nitrate of soda quoted above that that salt contains a
small quantity of iodine, which at Tarapaca is extracted from the mother-liquor
remaining from the re-crystallisation. According to M. L. Krafft the iodine amounts to
0.59 grm. in 1 kilo. of crude nitrate; 40 kilos. of iodine being prepared per day. M.
Nollner thinks that the formation of the nitre deposits in Chili and other parts of South
America has taken place under the influence of marine plants containing iodine. In
order to give some idea of the large and increasing exportation of Chili-saltpetre, we
quote from the published statistics, that in 1830, 18,700 cwts., and in 1869, 2,965,000
cwts., were shipped.
--
donald j haarmann — independently dubious
donald j haarmann
> Yeah, Donald, very, good.
>
> More from the French..... during Napoleons time, before/when Chilean
> Salpeter (NaNO3) became rare. According to some history source the
> intellectuals at the Sorbonne came up with the solution and regulations
> went in effect for every farmer to paint the inside walls of his cow barn
> with Whitewash (Ca(OH)2). After drying it was to be moistened with
> human/cow urine. The ever-present azo-bacteria produced Ca(NO3)2
> crystals growing on/off the wall, dubbed Salpeter flowers, which were
> collected and given to the military/govt collectors. The Calcium nitrate
> was then treated with Potash from the burnt wood in the ashes of
> the stoves and fireplaces per Ca(NO3)2 + 2 K2CO3 --> 2 KNO3 + CaCO3,
> the Potassium nitrate being the oxidizer for the gunpowders of the army.
>
[snip]
--------------
Indeed in Sweden ca. 1875 "all landed proprietors [were] required to pay a
portion of their taxes in saltpetre"
Rudolf Wagner. [Translated by William Crookes, FRS]
A Handbook of Chemical Technology.
D. Appleton & Co. 1872
(Lindsay Publications reprint.)
------------------
digesteth, fermenteth, and ripeneth
The Rise and Progress of the British Explosives Industry
Published under the auspices of the:—
VIIth International Congress of Applied Chemistry
E A Brayley Hodgetts editor
Whittaker and Co. London 1909
The old method of obtaining saltpetre was to collect vegetable and animal refuse
containing nitrogen, the sweepings of slaughter- houses, weeds, etc., into heaps
and to mix this with limestone, old mortar, earth and ashes. These heaps were
sheltered from the rain, and kept moist from time to time with runnings from
stables and other urine.
As late as in the reign of James I (1624), we find in an indenture between the
King and Thomas Warricke, Peter Sparke, Michael Townshend and John Fells,
the statement that " for making of the saltpetre which hath been formerly and
now is made it has been found a matter of mere necessity to dig houses, cellars,
vaults, stables, dovehouses and such like places, wherewith divers of his
Majesty's subjects have found themselves grieved. " We are also informed that
the conveyance of the liquors, vessels, tubs, ashes, etc, from place to place in
carts had been a frequent source of nuisance and litigation.
The above persons purporting to have invented a new process for making
saltpetre undertake to make it " as good and perfect as any hath formerly been,
and shall be vented at cheaper and easier rates than formerly his Majesty or his
loving subjects have paid for-the same, which said saltpetre as His Majesty is
informed is to be or may be made of an artificial mixture or composition of chalk,
all sorts of limestone and lime, marl, divers minerals, and other nitrous mines
and other kind of ordinary earth, street dirt, or rubbish, stable dung, emptying of
vaults, the excrements of all living creatures, their bodies putrified, all vegetables
putrified or rotted, or the ashes, of them, and these or any of these mixed
together in proportion as they may be most conveniently had, and shall be found
most useful in such places where the said works shall be thought fit to be
erected, which said artificial mixture or composition of any or all the foresaid
ingredients is often times moistened with urine of men and beasts, petre, or
nitrous wells, and springs, and all other concrete juices and blood of all sorts as
can be gotten, and shall be fit and convenient for it, and divers times turned and
removed, by which means the mixture in time digesteth, fermenteth, and
ripeneth, from whence there is engendered the seed or mine of saltpetre which
afterwards is to be extracted with common water, urine, the water of petre or
nitrous wells, and springs, and then either breathed away in the sun or air, or
stoved with gentle heat or boiled with a stronger fire with his proper additament
of ashes, lime, and such like for separating the common salt and other mixtures
naturally growing in the liquor and afterwards refined into perfect saltpetre. "
The King then granted the patentees licence to exercise their invention for a term
of twenty-one years and to set up houses for preparing the artificial earth, etc.
On 26th December of the same year " was issued a proclamation, commanding
that no dovehouses or cellars be paved, except that part of the cellars where the
wine and beer is laid, in order that the growth of saltpetre might not be
obstructed." (Patent Roll, 22 James I, part 4, No. 9 dorso.)
donald j haarmann
-----------------------------------
And that it was a great pity, so it was,
That villainous saltpetre should be digg'd
Out of the bowels of this harmless earth.
Act 1, Henry IV.
Serge Oliva
hanson
> In article <EnmNb.9657$zj7....@newsread1.news.pas.earthlink.net>
"hanson" <han...@quick.net> writes:
>
> All very interesting, but none more so than:
> <-- The first Electro Platers who plated items with Nickel in their
> < Watt's Nickel bath (NiCl2+NiSO4+H3BO3) continuously pissed
> < into their bath. Urine constituents interrupted the Ni xx growth
>
> I'm not sure I follow that one. What's "Ni xx", and why wouldn't
> one want it growing?
> -- cary
>
xx = abbreviation for crystal. ---- Why not growing it?
When you electrodeposit/plate metals you get a myriad
of nucleation sites on the matrix or substrate.
Each site is the locus and start of one single crystal that
begins to grow. Their axis are oriented randomly different
and hence light is reflected differently.
-- When many of these xx reach the size to where the unaided
human eye can differentiate them, you get a plate that looks like
the broken surface of a broken zinc diecast piece/toy or even
like the spangled surface of a galvanized sheet metal part.
-- When you interrupt** the crystal growth and make constantly
new nucleation sites such that the xx stay within a certain size ,
below your eyes resolution capability, and the xx are oriented in
more or less the same direction, you'll get a uniformly reflective
surface that appears as bright or shiny (mirror like).
**Brighteners like the mentioned urine do that. The most common
brightener today happens to be the normal household Saccharin.
The chemical mechanism of why and how this happens I will not
go into here.
-- When you keep the xx size too small (by too much brightener
addition) and the xx orientation too random, then the surface reflects
light in a diffuse way and appears as dull and non reflective.
-- Even further down when the xx become amorphous, the surface begins
to absorb light and appears i.e dull, smutty and darkgrey to black.
---> **
Vignette:
(1) Not all brighteners work the same. Some of them have a devastating
effect. At one of the leading automobile headlight producers, they had
an automatic line for plating the reflectors with bright nickel coatings in
a 150'000 gallon tank, for running 24/7/365. X-mas eve. Everybody went
home except the skeleton crew. No supervision. ~ midnight the alarm
went off. Dull parts. Cause, culprit and origin unknown. Carbon filtration
and all other methods didn't help. Drain and recharge. A few years
later after the farewell party for a retiree the rumor went around
that on said x-mas eve the crew took their whiskey and beef jerky out
and celebrated too. In their celebratory condition allegedly one of the
guys had to take a shit, but was to loaded/lazy to go to the bath room
and dumped into the beautiful darkgreen plating tank.......goto (1)
hanson
Take care, dude,
hanson
PS: Ohhh my gaaaahhhd! I almost forgot:
Enjoy chemistry, but fuck enviros!
Martin Brown
hanson <han...@quick.net> writes
>"Muhammar" <muha...@hotmail.com> wrote in message
>news:a6cffac9.04011...@posting.google.com...
>> Don't laugh. It was copied from the infamous "Kandahar Manual"
>> where all the secret chemical procedures were laid bare for the
>> international evildoers to use. Rocket fuel and explosived obtained by
>> means of urine distillation is only one element of this wide-spread
>> nukular threat.
>>
>Ahahahaha......a nukular, nukelar or nuclear threat from piss?
I expect GWB believes in it. Not found any WMD in Iraq yet has he?
>Nobody, not even the most fanatic terrorist, could stand the stink
>from distilling the 10s of thousand of gallons piss it would take to
>make sufficient reactants to produce sufficient material for a suicide
>bomber vest (The oxidizer production is another pot to piss in).
It used to be part of how it was done to acquire the nitrates for
gunpowder. ISTR one of the procedures included a classic phrase along
the lines. "Keep the boiling mixture stirred until crystals begin to
form and your apprentice says the liquor tastes sweet".
>--- Secondly, they are successful because they provide new employment
>opportunities for millions in the Homeland security gag.
And you can't even do that right. Washington Dulles airport insecurity
managed to let a guy board a plane to London yesterday carrying live
ammunition in his pocket. London Heathrow grabbed him in transit - they
at least are on the ball.
Regards,
--
Martin Brown
Acid Test
I now have a clandistine distillation setup so now i can do the proper
procedure for chemical analysis.
(1)NH2-CO-NH2+NH3+heat=4NH4+NH3(g)
+NCON
(2)NCON+CH3CHOCH2CH3+4NH4=2NH4+H2O+
NH2NH3+2CH3CHOCH2CH3
I Have discovered that the whitish watery substance is actually
NH2NH3
and not NH2O or (N2H2)O as i had thought previously.I had written the
equation wrong last night.From now on I'll rewrite equations the next
day after doing the experiment.I lost about 5 ml of product from this
mistake.I now have only 3 ml of product to work with.I tried
purifying the water thinking it was nitrated water.
A couple note on the distillation.
-Don't distill until the first step is done.There is an interval where
NH3 will stop evolving for a period of time.Stop boiling.Add ketone
SLOWLY,then prepare distillation.
-NH3 will start producing again for a period of time,then the
distillate will give off water vapours.Once the distillate starts
giving off any other fume except water fumes STOP distillation.The
distillate is your finished product of NH2NH3.It is a watery milky
appearence.Its PH is between 6-8.
It has the flavour of stale water.
hanson
wrote in message news:4006cb79$1...@127.0.0.1...
> I now have a clandistine distillation setup
> (2)NCON+CH3CHOCH2CH3+4NH4=2NH4+H2O+
> NH2NH3+2CH3CHOCH2CH3
> I Have discovered that the whitish watery substance
> is actually NH2NH3 and not NH2O or (N2H2)O
>
It ain't gonna work this way, dude. What you are lacking is a
large crystal of NH4-O-C6H2(NO2)3 aka Ammoniumprickate
and you are sorely and totally missing Na4Fe(NO)(CN)5 aka
Sodiumpussiate. You could flavor and spice your staleness
with an ancient Salt preparation aka Sal Ami.
hanson
Marvin Margoshes
off. The vapor is unstable. Fortunately, I was cautious, and used only a
small amount and had it in a fume hood with the sash down. No harm done
other than a few pieces of glassware fragmented.
Maybe the guys playing with this stuff will remove themselves.
"Acid Test" <vilhal...@icqmail-dot-com.no-spam.invalid> wrote in message
news:4005881b$1...@127.0.0.1...
sheldon white
(more chemical gibberish deleted...)
You aren't a reincarnation of Ludwig Plutonium, by any chance?
Synthon
How's life over there on Planet X? ....Acid Test. Unfortunately for
you, such analyses are not available at most raves.
Cary Kittrell
Most fascinating. Thanks for typing all that in.
Interestingly, when I attended a summer chimistry camp sort of
thingie, one of our professors told exactly your footnote story...
but attributed to expectorant of tobacco.
-- cary